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CHAPTER 3
Activity solutions
3.1 The Tick
1
What does the Tick mean? What information does the Tick provide to consumers
about healthy eating?
The Tick means that a food is a healthier choice than a similar food product. It tells
consumers that that food item is a healthier choice compared to similar food items and
contains less bad things such as saturated fat and salt and more nutrients such as fibre.
2
Explain how the Tick is making foods healthier.
It encourages manufactures to produce foods that meet the nutrition guidelines of the
Tick program.
3
Explain how foods are able to earn the Tick.
Foods can earn the Tick by being a healthier option than another food in the same
category. Foods need to meet requirements for levels of saturated fat, trans fats,
kilojoules, salt, fibre, calcium and serve size.
4
Why is there a cost associated with the Tick?
Food companies with eligible Tick products pay a licence fee to cover the costs of
running the Tick program.
5
Why do you think that the Heart Foundation might be concerned about ‘copycat
ticks’ on food items?
The Heart Foundation may be concerned about copycat ticks as they could mislead
consumers, making them think they are making a healthier food choice when they
are not.
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3.2 Cancer incidence
1
Using Figure 3.6, identify the three most common cancers diagnosed in 2008,
including the incidence of each.
The most common cancer diagnosed in 2008 was prostate (20 750 new cases),
followed by bowel (14 225 new cases) and breast (13 680).
2
Using Figure 3.7, identify the three types of cancer that had the highest
mortality rates in 2009. Include the mortality rate for each cancer identified.
Lung cancer caused the most deaths (7786) in 2009 followed by bowel (4004) and
prostate (3111).
3
Identify two trends in Figure 3.8.
Student response will vary. Two trends were:
4
•
From 1968 to 2009, males experienced a higher rate of cancer.
•
Both male and female rates of cancer have dropped from 1968 to 2009.
Explain a possible reason for one of these trends.
As methods for detecting and preventing cancer have improved since so have the
number of people surviving cancer.
3.3. Preventing injury to Australia’s youth
1
Investigate some of the safety initiatives that are targeted specifically at keeping
youth safe on Victorian roads (e.g. changes for learner and probationary
drivers and school speed limits).
Answers should be based on the following initiatives targeted specifically at keeping
youth safe on Victorian roads:
•
Learner drivers under 21 must have at least 120 hours driving experience,
including 10 hours at night.
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•
Must have held a learner permit for at least 12 months before applying for a
probationary license test.
•
Must carry learner permit while driving.
•
P1 drivers under 21 will not be allowed to carry more than one passenger aged
16–21.
•
No mobile phone use or any messaging of any kind.
•
A two-stage probationary license system with a P1 license for the first 12
months, then a P2 license for three years.
•
Drivers over 21 when first licensed will skip the P1 period.
•
A poor driving record will extend the P1 or P2 license by six months.
•
P1 drivers are not permitted to tow except for work or when under instruction
•
Drink drivers – For drivers aged under 26 and probationary drivers all drink
driving offenders will have to fit an alcohol ignition interlock after regaining
their licence, for a minimum of six months.
•
High powered vehicle restrictions will prevent probationary drivers from
driving vehicles with:
2
1
Engines with 8 or more cylinders
2
Turbo charged or super-charged engines
3
Nominated high-performance 6 cylinder engines
4
Engines that have been modified to increase the vehicle performance
Write a report on how you think these initiatives will help to prevent and
control injury.
Student responses will vary but some points that may be included in the report could
be:
•
Learner drivers under 21 must have at least 120 hours driving experience, including
10 hours at night – a minimum amount of time spent on the road and in different
driving conditions will improve confidence on the road.
•
Must have held a learner permit for at least 12 months before applying for a
probationary license test – new drivers will not be able to get through the leaner to
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licensed driver period too quickly. There will be more of a focus on learning to drive
rather than learning to pass a driving test.
•
Must carry learner permit while driving – a safeguard for ensuring learners are
accompanied by a fully licensed driver and that learners do not attempt to drive
alone before they are licensed.
•
P1 drivers under 21 will not be allowed to carry more than one passenger aged 16–
21 – may help prevent situations of careless driving through distraction or lack of
concentration. Will ensure young drivers are able to gain more safe driving
experience.
•
No mobile phone use or any messaging of any kind – all driver distraction needs to
be prevented.
•
A two-stage probationary license system with a P1 license for the first 12 months,
then a P2 license for three years – a more structured system whereby new drivers
need to move through a process of continued experience before becoming fully
licensed.
•
Drivers over 21 when first licensed will skip the P1 period – a more mature driver
may not be able to adhere to the P1 restrictions if they have a family or employment
for which they need their licence.
•
A poor driving record will extend the P1 or P2 license by six months – a good
deterrent for unsafe driving practices. Learning doesn’t stop once you have your
licence.
•
P1 drivers are not permitted to tow except for work or when under instruction –
ensuring those who have experience or who are with an experienced person may
reduce towing-related accidents
•
High-powered vehicle restrictions – younger more inexperienced drivers will have
the opportunity to gain enough experience in all traffic conditions and not be
distracted if they have to wait before they are able to progress to higher powered or
modified vehicles.
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3.4 Promoting mental health and SenseAbility
1
Explain how resilience promotes health.
Resilience promotes strong social and emotional skills. People who are resilient are
better able to cope with the stressors of daily life, perform better at school and have
stronger relationships with parents, teachers and peers. These skills make it less
likely for young people to experience significant mental health problems in the
future, particularly as these skills promote a sense of self-worth, feelings of
belonging and ability to cope with the changes and challenges of life.
2
Explain what the SenseAbility program is.
SenseAbility is a program consisting of modules designed to promote and develop
resilience in school-aged youth. The focus of the program is building individual
skills in the resilience of young people. Having these skills makes it less likely that a
young person will experience significant mental health problems in the future.
3
4
Identify the five essential skills outlined in the SenseAbility program.
•
Helpful thinking and self-talk
•
Emotion recognition and regulation
•
Life problem solving
•
Communication
•
Planning and time management
Identify the six Sense modules outlined in the SenseAbility program.
The six senses of SenseAbility are:
1
Self-worth (belief in one’s strengths)
2
Control (coping with life’s challenges)
3
Belonging (feeling valued)
4
Purpose (finding meaning in life)
5
Future (hopefulness about the future)
6
Humour (seeing the funnier side of life)
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5
Analyse how SenseAbility aims to promote the mental health of youth.
Developing resilience skills is an integral part of promoting optimal mental health.
The program promotes the mental health of young people by focusing on the skills
they need to be able to cope with the stresses of everyday life, such as teaching
problem solving and coping with challenges, communication and helpful thinking. It
not only focuses on the mental dimension of health, but recognises the
interrelationships of health, with keeping well (including a focus on physical health)
and emotion recognition and regulation (strengthening social health) included as key
skills as well. This program is developing the skills needed to have a strong sense of
self and increases student awareness of thinking patterns empowering young people
to realise their own abilities and make a contribution to their community. All of
these skills are important for optimal mental health.
6
Evaluate whether you feel the program will be successful. Why or why not?
Student answers here will vary based on their evaluation on whether the program
will be successful. Factors to consider would include:
•
Program is comprehensive
•
Program flexibility – schools can use one or all modules
•
Availability – the program has been delivered to all secondary schools and
resources are easily accessed
•
Engaging and relevant curriculum for young people, including the
incorporation of ICT
•
No special training is required to deliver the program
•
Support provided and readily available from BeyondBlue
•
Wide variety of choices through modules and activities available
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3.5 Media analysis
1
According to recent research, how many Australians are at high risk of
developing type 2 diabetes in the next five years?
More than 2.5 million Australian workers are at high risk of developing type 2
diabetes in the next five years.
2
Identify how much money the Australian Government can expect to save in
healthcare costs if it funds a powerful and proven national type 2 diabetes
prevention program.
The Australian Government can expect to save an estimated $1.37 billion in
healthcare costs.
3
Outline steps that can be taken to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.
Student responses may include:
•
Increasing physical activity and less active pastimes such as television, video
games and computers
•
Losing weight as increased body weight can lead to increased insulin
resistance
•
Changing food intake and reducing consumption of foods that are high in
saturated and trans fats and low in fibre
•
4
Quit smoking
Explain how the Life! program was able to help Richard Voss.
The Life! Program taught Richard to set small, achievable goals and focus on the
things he can do. Lifestyle changes Richard made included losing 50 kg through
walking four times a week and giving him advice and support. He is now leading a
much healthier lifestyle.
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5
How many people died from diabetes in 2007?
In 2007, 7500 people died from diabetes (type 1 and type 2) and diabetes
complications.
6
How many new cases of diabetes are diagnosed each day?
There are 275 new cases of diabetes every day.
7
Outline a program you would implement to address the incidence and
prevalence of diabetes.
Student responses will vary but their suggested program should focus on any or all
of the following: sustained lifestyle change, maintaining a healthy body weight and
healthy eating.
3.6 Swap it, don’t stop it
1
Explain what motivated Tracey to take the 12-week Swap It challenge.
Tracey experience a defining moment while standing in a fitting room. She felt ‘fat,
fifty and about to become a grandmother’. She did not want to buy the size 18 jeans
she was holding and knew she needed to change her lifestyle.
2
Outline what it was about the 12-week Swap It challenge that attracted Tracey
to this program.
Tracey was attracted to the program because if was not a diet program and didn’t
require an expensive gym membership. It was about making small swaps that you
can fit into your daily life.
3
Outline some of the simple ‘swaps’ Tracey made to her lifestyle.
Tracy’s swaps included:
•
Walking with the family dog for 40 minutes twice a week
•
Swapping her second cup of coffee for green tea
•
Reducing portion sizes
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4
•
Stopping eating the kids leftovers
•
Swapping white bread for sourdough bread
•
Trying new activities such as boot camp and Zumba
Evaluate whether the 12-week Swap It challenge has been effective for Tracey.
Provide evidence from the article to support your answer.
The challenge was effective for Tracy. She continued to build more small lifestyles
changes into her everyday lifestyle such as trying new activities like boot camp and
Zumba. She lost 20 centimetres during the 12 week program and 13.5 kilograms.
She also felt proud of herself for sticking with the challenge, and described the
program as being ‘such a great journey for me’. She is now a much fitter and
heartier grandmother and she is now back in her size 12 jeans.
5
Identify the features of this program that you feel help to make it effective.
It is small, simple changes that can easily be incorporated into everyday life. Some
smart swap tips are included to help people get started and stick to the challenge.
People feel confident and in control and are able to make the changes that are
relevant to them, such as portion control, and fried for fresh. It focuses on healthier
lifestyle not simply diet.
6
Outline the long-term health benefits to people of adopting a healthy lifestyle
advocated by the Swap It, Don’t Stop It program.
The long-term health benefits of the program include reducing the risk of health
conditions such as obesity, preventable chronic diseases, type 2 diabetes, heart
disease and some cancers.
3.7 Memory Lane Café program
1
Explain what the Memory Lane Café program is.
The Memory Lane Café is a program available for people with a diagnosis of
dementia and their family members. The café provides opportunities for time to be
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spent together with some refreshments and entertainment, with people in a similar
situation themselves.
2
Describe how the Memory Lane Café program can promote the physical,
mental and social health of people with dementia.
Students’ answers should include some comment on the following:
•
•
•
3
Physical health:
–
Healthy eating
–
Physical activity as getting out and about from home base
Social health:
–
Interaction with others in society
–
Level of acceptance by others
–
Interaction within different groups of people
Mental health:
–
Level of / ability to contribute to community life through café attendance
–
Feelings of belonging and self-esteem levels
Discuss why you think Alzheimer’s Australia Vic is now supporting other local
café-style support programs such as the Reflections Café program in the city of
Wyndham.
Because the program is providing support to not only people suffering from
dementia but also provides for carers and family members as well. It provides a
place where people can come together in a supported environment and has a
community focus, working with people within the area. Dementia is recognised as
the most significant neurological disorder and due to morbidity and mortality rates,
programs like these need to be encouraged and supported.
4
Explain why you think family members of those suffering with dementia are
also encouraged to attend the café programs.
Family members can also receive support through the program. The café provides an
opportunity for family members to enjoy some time out away from home. Time
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together with some refreshments and some entertainment create a positive time and
help to encourage all to participate in their community with a focus on social health.
The café is also a great place for carers to network and meet with others who are
experiencing the same as they are. This provides support for people by people who
have direct experience with caring for adults with dementia. There are also trained
staff and volunteers available to provide support and assistance for family members.
3.8 National Health Priority Areas
1
Explain what the National Health Priority Areas (NHPA) initiative is.
The National Health Priority Areas initiative is a collaborative initiative by the
Commonwealth, state and territory governments to focus the health sectors’
attention on diseases or conditions that have a major impact on the health of
Australians.
2
Discuss reasons why the particular diseases and conditions were selected.
The diseases selected were chosen because they have the largest burden of disease
and potential cost to the Australian community. Diseases selected were:
•
Type 2 diabetes
•
Asthma
•
Coronary heart disease
•
Stoke
•
Lung cancer
•
Colorectal cancer
•
Osteoarthritis
•
Osteoporosis
•
Dementia
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3
Copy and complete the following table:
NHPA
Summary
(what it is)
Why it is an
NHPA
Cardiovascular
health
All diseases and
conditions of the
heart and blood
vessels encompasses
coronary heart
disease, stoke, heart
failure and peripheral
vascular disease
A range of diseases
categorised by
uncontrolled and
abnormal cell
growth, which can
spread to other parts
of the body, causing
further damage
To improve cardio
vascular health by
reducing coronary
heart disease and its
impact on the
population
Cancer control
Injury
prevention
and control
Mental health
Diabetes
mellitus
Falls in older people
and children,
drowning or near
drowning and
poisoning in
children
Emotional
wellbeing
A metabolic disease
where the body
cannot maintain
normal blood
glucose levels
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Risk factors
How it is being
addressed
(promotional
initiatives)
Blood pressure, high The Tick
blood cholesterol,
program, Swap
body weight, age,
It, Don’t Stop It
sex, genetics,
tobacco smoking,
physical inactivity
and diet
Because it can
contribute
significantly to
disease burden
being the leading
cause in Australia –
cancer is a leading
cause of mortality in
Australia
Because injuries are
a leading cause of
mortality and
disability
Sex, genetics, diet,
tobacco smoking,
alcohol
consumption, lack
of physical activity,
exposure to the sun
The National
Bowel Cancer
Screening
Program, Quit
and SunSmart,
BreastScreen
Age, sex, alcohol
consumption,
occupation
It is one of the
leading causes of
non-fatal burden of
disease and injury in
Australia, being
responsible for a
large number of
disability cases and
hospitalisations
The incidence of
diabetes is on the
rise and contributes
significantly to ill
health, disability and
premature death in
Australia and has the
potential for improved
health outcomes
Age, sex, alcohol
consumption and
elicit drug use
Arrive Alive,
The National
Falls Prevention
for Older People
Initiative, Safer
Playgrounds
headspace,
Beyondblue,
MindMatters,
Lifeline and
Kids Help Line
Genetics, age, body
weight, lack of
physical activity and
diet
© Goodacre, Collins, Slattery 2014
The National
Diabetes Action
Program, Life!
program
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Asthma
A chronic condition
that affects the small
air passages of the
lungs
Arthritis and
musculoskeleta
l
conditions
Part of a broader
group of disorders
of the muscles and
bones called
musculoskeletal
disorders of which
there are over 100
forms – the NHPA
focus is on
osteoarthritis,
rheumatoid arthritis
and osteoporosis
Refers to the
presence of excess
fat tissue in the
body, according to
the body mass
index, which is
more than 30%
body fat
Dementia is a
syndrome that is
associated with
many different
diseases relating to
the impairment of
brain function
Obesity
Dementia
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The physical, social
and economic
burden it places on
the community – it
is a leading cause of
school absenteeism
and hospital
emergency
attendance for
children.
The health and
economic burden
these diseases place
on the community –
highly prevalent and
large contributors to
illness pain and
disability
Although the actual
cause is still not
really understood,
risk factors may
include age,
genetics, sex,
tobacco smoking
and occupations
Asthma Cycle
of Care, Triple
A (Adolescent,
Asthma, Action)
Program, The
Asthma Friendly
Schools
Program
Genetics, age, sex,
smoking, diet,
physical inactivity
Waves Warm
Water Wellness
Program,
Arthritis
Victoria Waves
Program
High body weight is Genetics, diet and
responsible for a
physical inactivity
large percentage of
total burden of
disease and financial
cost in Australia
Get Set 4 Life,
Healthy Spaces
and Places, The
Stephanie
Alexander
Kitchen Garden
National
Program
Memory Lane
Café, National
Dementia
Helpline,
National
dementia
Support
program and
Spark of Life
Dementia is a
leading cause of
burden of disease in
Australia and is the
third leading cause
of death
Age, gender and
genetic
predisposition
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3.9 National Health Priority Areas – health promotion initiatives
1
Research a health promotion initiative that has been developed that has the
potential to address more than one NHPA. For example, Quit; Mums United;
Life!; or Swap It, Don’t Stop It.
Students will choose different initiatives. An example is the Quit program.
2
Identify who is responsible for implementing the initiative.
An example may be the Quit program, which is a joint initiative of the Cancer
Council of Victoria, DHS, the National Heart Foundation and VicHealth.
3
Outline the initiative and its aims/objectives.
The Tobacco Control Unit comprises the VicHealth Centre for Tobacco Control and
Quit Victoria. It is a joint initiative of and receives funding from the Cancer Council
of Victoria, VicHealth, DHS, and the National Heart Foundation. In collaboration
with local, national and international partners they increase understanding of the
harms and addictive nature of tobacco and strive to overcome the powerful forces
that promote tobacco use. The key goals are to reduce smoking prevalence by
encouraging and assisting smokers to quit and preventing the uptake of smoking.
4
Explain how the initiative will address the NHPA conditions.
The initiative will address the NHPA conditions by focusing on how smoking
affects the NHPAs, which in regard to smoking are cardiovascular health, cancer
control and asthma.
3.10 Media analysis
1
According to the article, identify the dietary behaviour/s that are raising a
concern for the health of many Australians.
Australians are eating too much of some foods and not enough of others. People are
consuming greater amounts of ‘treat’ foods, which are generally high in energy and
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low in nutrients. Also high-energy intakes from both total sugars and saturated fats.
People are not eating the recommended five serves of vegetables a day, adolescent
girls not enough dairy foods and some adults are not getting enough protein.
2
Outline two possible reasons for the poor dietary behaviours listed.
The cost of healthy foods is one possible reason provided and also the location of
where people live (i.e. rural communities).
3
Identify the NHPA conditions that individuals increase their risk of if they
follow the dietary behaviours listed in question 1.
4
•
Heart disease (Cardiovascular health)
•
Diabetes
•
Obesity
•
Some cancers (cancer control)
Identify the direct and indirect costs to the community of poor dietary
behaviours, according to the article.
5
•
Direct costs – Hospitals, GP services and medicines.
•
Indirect costs – Sick leave and forgone earning due to premature death.
Identify some direct, indirect and intangible costs to individuals who have poor
dietary behaviours.
•
Direct costs – Cost of medical appointment and cost of medicines.
•
Indirect costs – Time taken off work resulting in loss of income and future
earnings.
•
Intangible costs – Reduced quality of life, pain and suffering, loss of quality of
life and emotional stress.
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