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Minerals: Naturally occurring solid with a crystal structure and a unique set of properties Crystal structure is made of molecules arranged in a regular repeating pattern Ex: Topaz, Quartz, Diamond Physical Properties: o Hardness o Luster o Color o Streak (the color left on a streak plate from rubbing) o Density o Crystal shape o Cleavage and fracture Rocks: Solid mixture of crystals of one or more minerals Often classified into groups depending on the mineral it contains Composition is its chemical make-up (combination of minerals of which it is made) 4 textures: o Glassy= no crystals o Fine-grained= small crystals or grains o Porphyritic= both large and small grains o Coarse-grained= large crystals or grains (larger than pebbles) The texture depends on the shape and position of the minerals 3 Types: o Igneous Formed when minerals in magma cool and harden Size of the crystals determines the texture; texture depends on the time it takes to harden (cool) Volcanic glass will not have crystals Can be found beneath the Earth’s surface, islands, volcanoes, and bordering magma chambers 2 Types: Intrusive- formed from magma inside the earth Extrusive- formed from lava that cools on the Earth’s surface o Sedimentary Formed when pieces of rock are carries and deposited by wind or water, then cemented (fused) together by pressure May contain fossils Tend to be soft rocks Sometimes show layers Ways sediments can be produced: Animal burrowing Wind Water Glacier movement When water gets into cracks of rock and freezes/ expands to break the rock 3 types: Clastic= forms over time from pressure and cementing. Ex: sandstone, shale, siltstone Chemical= form when mineral come out of a solutions and settle on the ocean floor. Ex: limestone, coquina Organic= forms from the remains of once living things. Ex: coal o Metamorphic Formed when rocks are chemically changed due to heat, pressure, or both; the rock does not get hot enough to melt Tend to be hard rocks The new rock properties are different from the original rock 2 types: Foliated= banded/ visible layers. Ex: slate, schist, gneiss Non-foliated= no bands/ no visible layers. Ex: marble, quartzite