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transpiration
the process by which
plants release water vapor
into the air through
stomata
cuticle
a waxy or fatty and
watertight layer on the
external wall of epidermal
cells
stoma
one of many openings in a
leaf or a stem of a plant
that enable gas exchange
to occur
xylem*
the tissue that conducts
water and minerals in
vascular plants
phloem
the tissue that conducts
food (sugars, amino acids,
and mineral nutrients) in
vascular plants
absorption
*
The movement of a
substance, such as a liquid
or solute, across a cell
membrane by means of
diffusion or osmosis
aerobic
describes a process that
requires oxygen
anaerobic
describes a process that
is without oxygen
autotroph
an organism that produces
its own nutrients from
inorganic substances of
from the environment
instead of consuming
other organisms
heterotroph
an organism that obtains
organic food from
molecules by eating other
organisms of their by
products and that cannot
synthesis organic
compounds from inorganic
materials
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, an
organic molecule that acts
as the main energy source
for cell processes;
composed of a nitrogenous
base, a sugar and three
phosphate groups
cellular
respiration
the process by which cells
produce energy from
carbohydrates;
atmospheric oxygen
combines with glucose to
form water and carbon
dioxide
chlorophyll
a green pigment that is
present in most plant cells,
that gives plants their
characteristic green color,
and that reacts with
sunlight, carbon dioxide
and water to form
carbohydrates
mitochondrion
in eukaryotic cells, the cell
organelle that is
surrounded by two
membranes and that is the
site of cellular respiration,
which produces ATP
chloroplast
an organelle found in plant
and algae cells where
photosynthesis occurs
C6H12O6
glucose
CO2
carbon dioxide
fermentation
the breakdown of
carbohydrates by
enzymes, bacteria, yeasts,
or mold in the absence of
oxygen
Digestive
System*
The muscular tube that
forms the part of the
digestive tract extending
from the stomach to the
anus and consisting of the
small and large intestines.
esophagus
a long, straight tube that
connects the pharynx to
the stomach
stomach*
muscular organ in the
digestive system which
breaks down food with
acids and enzymes.
intestine*
The muscular tube that
forms the part of the
digestive tract extending
from the stomach to the
anus and consisting of the
small and large intestines.
colon
a section of the large
intestine
photosynthesis
the process by which
plants, algae, and some
bacteria to use sunlight,
carbon dioxide, and water
to produce carbohydrates
and oxygen
Circulatory
System*
the system of organs and
tissues, including the
heart, blood, blood
vessels, lymph, lymphatic
vessels, and lymph glands,
involved in circulating
blood and lymph through
the body
heart*
the hollow muscular organ
in vertebrates whose
contractions propel the
blood through the
circulatory system
artery
a blood vessel that carries
blood away from the heart
vein
in biology, a vessel that
carries blood to the heart
capillary
a tiny blood vessel that
allows an exchange
between blood and cells in
tissue
valve
a fold of membranes that
controls the flow of a
fluid
plasma
in biology, the liquid
component of blood
red blood
cell
a disc-shaped cell that has
no nucleus, that contains
hemoglobin and that
transports oxygen in the
circulatory system
white
blood cell
a type of cell in the blood
that destroys bacteria,
viruses, and toxic proteins
and helps the body
develop immunities
Respiratory
System*
The system of organs in
the body involved in
respiration
pharynx
the muscular flap that
leads from the mouth to
the digestive tract
larynx
the area of the throat
that contains the vocal
cords and produces vocal
sounds
trachea
in insects, myriapods and
spiders, one of a network
of air tubes; in
vertebrates, the tube
that connects the pharynx
to the lungs
alveolus
any of the tiny air cells of
the lung where oxygen and
carbon dioxide are
exchanged
lung
the central organ of the
respiratory system in
which oxygen from the air
is exchanged with carbon
dioxide from the blood
bronchus
one of the two tubes that
connect the lungs with the
trachea
diaphragm
a dome-shaped muscle
that is attached to the
lower ribs and that
functions as the main
muscle in respiration
digestion
the breaking down of food
into chemical substances
that can be used for
energy