Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download LI(Group8)
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
LI(Group8).doc (216 KB) Pobierz Learning Issues:  Chronic- long term (longer than 2 weeks)  Acute- short term (less than 2 weeks)  What are Pet Tabs? Scored tablets containing 18 essential vitamins and minerals. Daily dietary supplement. Are Airplane Plants or Cast Iron Plants dangerous or poisonous to dogs? Both are safe, non toxic plants for pets and people. What are the vaccines given in Washington, and how do they differ from typical Louisiana vaccinations? DA2PL – distemper, adenovirus 2, parainfluenza, leptospirosis.              CPV – canine parvovirus, Rabies – Core vaccines at Washington State are DA2PP and Rabies, nothing found for Louisiana.                  ***Leptospirosis can cause kidney. Diseases from Washington State include Salmon Poisioning. Salmon Poisoning Disease is a potentially fatal condition seen in dogs that eat certain types of raw fish. Salmon (salmonid fish) and other anadromous fish (fish that swim upstream to breed) can be infected with a parasite called Nanophyetus salmincola. Overall, the parasite is relatively harmless. The danger occurs when the parasite itself is infected with a rickettsial organism called Neorickettsia helminthoeca. It’s this microorganism that causes salmon poisoning. “Salmon poisoning occurs most commonly west of the Cascade mountain range,†says Dr. Bill Foreyt, a veterinary parasitologist at Washington State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine. He adds, “Canids (dogs) are the only species susceptible to salmon poisoning. That’s why cats, raccoons and bears eat raw fish regularly with out consequence.â€Â Generally clinical signs appear within six days of a dog eating an infected fish. Common symptoms of salmon poisoning include:                      vomiting                      lack of appetite                      fever                      diarrhea                      weakness                      swollen lymph nodes                      dehydration If untreated, death usually occurs within fourteen days of eating the infected fish. Ninety percent of dogs showing symptoms die if they are not treated. What is the purpose of a dog eating grass? Found a lot of theories, doesn’t seem relevant. (Upset stomach, nutritional deficiency) What are common diseases in Cocker Spaniels? Progressive retinal atrophy, glaucoma, cataracts, autoimmune diseases including autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, skin problems, luxating patellas and hip dysplasia. What are possible dangers of not spaying? Diseases of female reproductive system, Pyometria, Uterine rupture, acute nephritis, cystic endometrial hyperplasia, uterine aplasia, uterine prolapse, cystic ovarian disease, vaginitis, vaginal hyperplasia. Mastitis and mammary tumors. Define the normal estrous cycle: 4 stages: proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus, estrus occurs twice a year. Estrus averages nine days but can be as short as 3 days. First 9 days proestrus, next 9 days estrus, those two make up “Heat†then 60 days of diestrus or pregnancy then 90 to 150 days of anestrus, those two together make up interestrus. What is the nutritional content of Science Diet Light cat food; does it contain anything that would be harmful to dogs? Is there any possibility of acclimatization problems? This is mainly a problem in horses. Chronic heat stress can look like adrenocorticism or Addison’s disease. What is Adrenocorticism? A deficiency in adrenal cortisol hormone common in middle aged dogs. Primary cause not known. Possibly autoimmune. Most common in young adult female dogs. Is there a way to distinguish between lethargy associated with normal aging and lethargy caused by a disease? Aging causes a dog to slow down, sleep more, etc ; common underlying causes: arthritis, scenility, obesity, vision/hearing loss. Many ailments can cause lethargy as well, like hypothermia, fever, endocrine disorders, hypoglycemia, malnutrition or toxins. Probably the best way to determine if lethargy is associated with other emergent clinical signs is to obtain a detailed history of the particular dog’s normal behavior before its illness. What is the normal TPR, weight?: T- 102 plus or minus 1, HR= 70-120, RR = 18-34, 15-30 lbs. Heartworms: Heartworms reach maturity at 6-7 mos and start shedding antigens into the dog’s bloodstream; Signs: General lethargy, loss of condition, decreased stamina, exercise intolerance, prolonged recovery time, shortness of breath, and coughing -Can cause renal damage – immune complex glomerular disease (proteinuria) -HW + animals can have elevated ALT and ALP values -Urinalysis may reveal proteinuria that can be semiquantitated by a urine protein:creatinine ratio Diabetes symptoms: Normal fasting value for blood glucose in dogs is 75-120 mg/dL Clinical findings: Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia with weight loss, bilateral cataracts, and weakness. Diabetic animals have decreased resisitance to bacterial/fungal infections and often develop chronic or recurrent infections such as: cystitis, prostatitis, bronchopneumonia, and dermatitis. Hepatomegaly (fatty liver) is also common in diabetic animals Chemistry Panel:          Blood Glucose (GLU) - High levels can help diagnose diabetes and can indicate stress, excess of the hormone progesterone, an overactive adrenal gland. Low levels can indicate liver disease, tumors or abnormal growth on pancreas, an underactive adrenal gland. o        Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) - BUN is produced by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. Decreased levels are seen with low protein diets, liver insufficiency, and the use of anabolic steroid drug. Increased levels indicate any condition that reduces the kidney's ability to filter body fluids in the body or interferes with protein breakdown. o        Creatinine (CREA) - Creatinine is a by-product of muscle metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys. Elevated levels can indicate kidney disease or urinary obstruction, muscle disease, arthritis, hyperthyroidism, and disbetes. An increased BUN and normal creatinine suggest an early or mild problem. An increased creatinine and increased BUN with elevated phosphorus indicate a long standing kidney disease. o        Total Protein (TP) - Increases indicate dehydration or blood cancer, bone marrow cancer; decreases indicate malnutrition, poor digestion, liver or kidney disease, bleeding or burns. o        Albumin (ALB) - Produced by the liver, reduced levels of this protein can point to chronic liver or kidney disease, or parasitic infections such as hookworm. High levels indicate dehydration and loss of protein. o        Calcium (CA) - Blood calcium levels are influenced by diet, hormone levels and blood protein levels. Decreased levels indicate acute damage to the pancrease or undersctive parathyroid. Muscle twitches may occur in decreased level. Increased levels can be an indicator of certain types of tumors, parthyroid or kidney disease. Dr. Goldstein mentioned in his book, Nature of Animal Healing that low calcium level may indicate deficiency of pancreatic enzymes, and high calcium level may indicate poor metabolism of fats and protein. o        Phosphorus (PHOS) - Affected by diet, parathormone and kidney. Decreased levels shows overactive parathyroid gland and malignancies, malnutrition and malabsorption. Increases with underactive parathyroid gland and kidney failure. o        Cholesterol (CHOL) - Decreased levels are found in an overactive thyroid gland, interstinal malabsorption. Elevated levels of cholesterol are seen in a variety of disorders including hypothyroidism and diseases of the liver, kidneys, cardiovascular, diabetes, stress. o        Total Billirubin (TBIL) - A component of bile, bilirubin is secreted by the liver into the intestinal tract. High levels can lead to jaundice and indicate destruction in the liver and bile duct. o        AST – aspartate aminotransferase, dects liver damage o        Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - An enzyme that becomes elevated with liver disease. o        Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP) - An enzyme produced by the biliary tract (liver). High levels indicate bone disease, liver disease or bile flow blockage. o        GGT – gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; screens for liver disease o        CPK – creatine phosphokinase o        Sodium & Potassium - levels affected in diseases of the adrenal glands, heart, kidneys, or various medications. Changes in their levels can lead to secondary problems like preventing the heart, nerves, and kidneys from functioning correctly. o        Chloride - electrolyte  What is ALP? Alkaline Phosphatase removes phosphate groups. Elevated ALP values can indicate bone deposition, liver damage, and biliary tract disease What is ALT? Alanine Aminotransferase is involved in the degradation and synthesis of amino acids. Elevated ALT values can indicate liver disease and toxic damage to liver or muscle damage. What is a lipoma? Sebaceous Adenoma? Lipomas are common benign tumors of well-differentiated adipocytes. They may contain collagen (fibrolipoma) or blood vessels (angiolipomas). They are common in dogs, especially females. Commonly found: Subcutaneous, in trunk, gluteal, proximal limbs. They are well-circumscribed, encapsulated, and freely movable. A small percentage are infiltrative, still benign. They are slow-growing. -Sebaceous Adenomas are very common in dogs and involve sebocytes with few basaloid reserve cells and ducts. Their peak incidence is in 8-13 yrs. Cockers have increased risk. They are multilobulated, mostly exophytic (grow outside), some invasive component into dermis and subcut. Tissue. They can ulcerate with secondary infection but are benign and should be removed surgically. What is a nuclear sclerosis? Nuclear sclerosis is a normal occurrence in the lenses of older dogs. It appears as a grey miscoloration of the lens. It usually occurs in both eyes at the same time and is common in dogs over 6 years of age. The loss of transparency occurs b/c of compression of the linear fibers of the lens. The condition does not significantly affect the vision of the dog, and treatment is not recommended. What is her body condition score and what does this mean? Body condition scores give a numerical value to a dog’s overall muscle/fat condition. The scales may range from 1 (emaciated) to 5 or 9 (very obese). “Brandi†would be a 5 (or 9 depending on scale) meaning she is very obese. What is “sanguineousâ€? Bloody, abounding in blood (Blood, Saunders Dictionary) What is the normal capillary refill time (CRT) in a dog? <2 What is Pyometra? Acute infection that is regardless of age in bitches. High risk period right after bitch goes into heat. Should be treated as a medical emergency if suspected. Signs: Fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, excessive thirst, enlarged vulva, hyperproteinemia, and other indicators of sickness. Main risk period is 8 weeks after her peak standing heat (estrus cycle). Normally during this period, the cervix is beginning to close and the inner lining begins to adapt back to normal. However, cystic hyperplasia of the endometrium may occur at this time as an inappropriate response to progesterone. Under these circumstances bacteria (especially e. coli) that have migrated from the vagina into the uterus find the environment favorable to growth. Bloodwork may show dehydration, increased white blood cell count and increased alkaline phosphatase. X rays will show an enlarged uterus and ultrasound will confirm the presence of a fluid filled uterus. What are problems associated with feeding dogs table scraps? Dogs can eat table scraps under certain conditions, which do not alter their normal consumption of a well balanced meal. They require a consistent diet and such alterations may result in several health and behavioral problems. Table scraps do not provide the nutrition that dog’s need. Dogs that are fed table scraps frequently tend to be overweight and therefore are at greater risk for developing cardiovascular diseases. Sudden changes in some dog's diet may promote diarrhea, vomiting and in the instance of providing too much fat all of a sudden, pancreatitis. Pancreatitis is known as an inflammation of the pancreas caused by leakage of active digestive enzymes into the pancreatic tissue. When this occurs these enzymes start to digest the pancreas itself, and can affect the liver, small intestine, and stomach and cause widespread damage to the abdomen. Clinical signs seen in many dogs affected with pancreatitis include abdominal pain, depression, and decreased appetite. Vomiting and diarrhea may be seen as well. In severe cases there may be signs of shock or total collapse.  High fat diets, especially in combination with low protein intake, appear to contribute to the development of pancreatitis. A single high fat meal may cause pancreatitis in a pet whose normal diet is moderate or low in fat. Lyme Disease Issues  Urine formation – trace a drop of water from the bowl to the puddle. What are the four steps of urine formation in the kidney? 1)      Filtration 2)  Reabsorption 3)  Secretion 4)  Excretion  How is blood filtered through the kidney?                           About 25% of cardiac output is sent to the kidneys for filtration. In the kidney, filtration occurs across the wall of capillary networks called glomeruli. Afferent arterioles split into tufts of glomerular capillaries to control the rate and selectivity of the filtration process. The endothelium of the capillaries is fenestrated and covered by a glomerular basement membrane. The fenestrae allow the passage of water and non-cellular components from the blood into the space surrounding a glomerulus, Bowman’s space. The basement membrane includes several glycoprotein layers, including the outermost layer of podocytes, fingerlike projections wrapping around the capillaries. There are several selective processes that determine what is filtered through the capillary wall. Normally, only molecules smaller than 4 nm in radius can pass into Bowman’s space. Also, the glycoprotein layers cause cations to be filtered much more easily than their anionic counterparts. Some shapes of molecules filter out of the blood more readily as well. Plasma proteins are retained in the capillaries. The fluid that is collected in Bowman’s Space is called Glomerular filtrate, and is similar to plasma. The rate of glomerular filtration can be evaluated, giving a numeric value, the GFR in mL/min/kg. The rate depends on mean net filtration pressure. This is the pressure difference between the blood and Bowman’s Space. The main determinant in this pressure is the hydrostatic pressure of the blood. Bowman’s space is relatively low pressure, because none of the proteins cross the capillary barrier. The permeability of the capillary wall and the area available for filtration are other factors in filtration. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is one way in which the body regulates the GFR by hormonal regulation of renal blood flow. Renin is a hormone produced in the mesangial cells of the afferent arteriole, which is released when the kidneys are not being properly perfused. It converts angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I, which is further converted to Angiotensin II by Angiotensin converting enzyme. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, so it causes a blood pressure increase. It also causes the release of aldosterone and vasopressin, which affect salt and water retention and intravascular volume. Prostaglandin E2 and prostaglandin I2, two renal vasodilators, are released as a control over the angiotensin’s effects. There is also tubuloglomerular feedback, in which the sensitive macula densa cells detect high NaCl levels and release factors to inhibit renin release in the adjacent mesangial cells of the same nephron. The capillary endothelium also exerts some hormone control of blood pressure. Basically any modification of blood pressure in the kidney will affect the GFR. After the glomerular filtrate enters the renal tubules, it flows sequentially through the proximal tubules, loops of Henle, distal tubules, collecting tubules, and collecting ducts before it is excreted as urine. What is reabsortion in the kidney and how does it take place?          Reabsorption: Moving filtered material from the lumen of the nephron back to the blood as it flows through the peritubular capillaries. 99% of what is filtered needs to be reabsorbed! This occurs in the renal tubules, primarily (60%) in the proximal tubule. o        Movement of tubule fluid occurs in 2 ways here: 1) transcellular pathway, and 2) paracellular pathway.          The transcellular pathway fluid flows via a carrier-mediated transport (active) mechanism through the epithelial cells of the proximal tubule into the interstitial fluid on the blood side of the cells.          The paracellular pathway allows substances to passively diffuse from tubule fluid through tight junctions on the epithelial cells to the interstitial fluid.          Urea is reabsorbed along a concentration gradient that is formed by sodium and water being reabsorbed first.          Most plasma proteins are too large to be filtered, but some smaller proteins, hormones, and enzymes can pass through the filtration barrier and are then reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Proteins too large to be reabsorbed through channels/carriers can be taken up by endocytosis. o        The distal tubule segments include the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop and the distal convoluted tubule. These segments reabsorb salts and dilute the tubule fluids based on their different permeabilities. o        The collecting duct reabsorbs NACL and can secrete or reabsorb Potassium o        Starling’s Forces between the interstitium and the bloodstream favor uptake of fluids and solutes back into the bloodstream, thus reabsorption has occurred. What is secretion in the kidney and how does it take place?          Secretion: an active process that moves substances against their concentration gradients. Secretion enables the nephron to enhance excretion of a molecule. o        The proximal tubule also plays a part in secreting organic ions from the blood into the tubule fluid by a carrier-mediated process. How does excretion take place?          Peristaltic contractions of the ureters, which are initiated by parasympathetic stimulation, take place. These contractions force the urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder.          The bladder is made up of smooth muscle called detrusor muscle. o        As the fibers of the detrusor muscle contract these cause the bladder to empty.          The posterior urethra, also known as the neck of the bladder, also contains detrusor muscle as well as elastic tissue and an internal sphincter. The sphincter keeps the bladder from emptying un... Plik z chomika: kasatka Inne pliki z tego folderu: 20081124085635969.pdf (1025 KB) Auburn - Avian Board Review.doc (86 KB) Auburn - Bovine Board Review.doc (381 KB) Auburn - Canine Board Review 1.doc (235 KB) Auburn - Canine Board Review 2.doc (161 KB) Inne foldery tego chomika: ZgÅ‚oÅ› jeÅ›li naruszono regulamin Strona główna 5-minut consultation-series Anatomy Anesthesiology Animal Audio AktualnoÅ›ci Kontakt DziaÅ‚ Pomocy Opinie Regulamin serwisu Polityka prywatnoÅ›ci Copyright © 2012 Chomikuj.pl
