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Bio 504
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Review: Unicellular Organisms
Part 1- Prokaryote vs Eukaryote
1. How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in terms of: size, DNA,
reproduction, # cells, and organelles. Prepare a table that contains
this information.
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Size
1-10um
100-1000um
DNA
Not in nucleus
Nucleus
Reproduction
Asexual
Sexual (except
protists)
# of Cells
Unicellular
Multicellular
Organelles
No organelles
organelles
2. Why are viruses not considered alive? Cannot live independently,
require a host, not cellular (not made up of cells), replicate-don’t
reproduce!!!
3. What is a capsid? Protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of
a virus
4. How are viruses classified? Capsid and diseases they cause
5. Draw and label the lytic cycle of a virus.
Lytic cycle includes: 1) attachment, 2) insert dna (entry) 3) Replication
4) Assembly 5) Lysis (Release)
6. Describe the lysogenic cycle of replication in a virus.
Lysogenic: Attach to a host, enters, viral DNA becomes part of host
cell’s chromosome (provirus formation), onset of disease at lytic cycle.
7. What is a prion? How can they cause diseases?
Prion-protein, no DNA or RNA, harmful when it changes molecular
shape.
8. Briefly describe 3 ways viruses are used in biotechnology.
Gene Therapy – addition of a specific gene into virus, deliver and
force organism to replicate gene “typos” corrected.
Bacteriophages- virus attacks bacteria
Reovirus – kills cancer cells
Part 2- Bacteria vs Archaea
1. What are the 3 most common shapes of bacteria and archaea. What
name is associated with each of these shapes?
Rod-bacilli
Cocci-spherical
Spiral-Spirilli
2. How do autotrophic bacteria make their food?
Photosynthesis, chloroplasts, sunlight
3. How do autotrophic archaea make their food?
Methane-methanogenesis
4. What are mesophiles? Give an example.
Bacteria-grow best in environments with moderate conditions, not
extreme
5. What are extremophiles? Give an example.
Archaea- live in extreme habitats, hot springs, deep sea vents, salt
lakes, volcanic craters.
6. How do binary fission and conjugation differ?
Replication/Reproduction
Binary Fission: cells with same genetic info, makes copies of single
chromosomes, cell elongates, builds separation
Conjugation: less optimal conditions, ability to exchange DNA, cells
with new genetic info
7. What is an endospore?
Bacteria- can withstand extreme conditions and heat.
8. Differentiate between a Gram positive and a Gram negative strain of
bacteria.
Gram positive: purple, thick protein layer, absorbs stain
Gram negative: pink stain, thin protein layer
9. Name 3 ways bacteria and/or archaea are detrimental to our health.
Refer to SMALL SMALL WORLD
Any Bacterial Infections ex: Strep
10. Name 3 ways bacteria and/or archaea are useful to us.
Sewage treatment, enzyme production, produce antibiotics, produce
vitamins
Biotechnology: food production, antibiotics, natural pesticides.
Part 3- Protists
1. Name 3 ways protists differ from
they similar?
Protists
Different
Eukaryote
Nucleus
Asexual + Sexual
Same
Single-cell
bacteria and archaea? How are
Bacteria & Archaea
Prokaryote
No Nucleus
Asexual
Unicellular
2. Name the 3 categories of protists.
Animal-like, plant-like, Fungus-like
3. What are the 2 roles of pseudopods? Name a protist that has these
structures.
Pseudopods: ingestion + movement
Ex: amoeba
4. What are the 2 roles of cilia? Name a protist that has these
structures.
Cilia: ingestion and movement
5. What is the role of a flagellum?
Movement
6. Name 2 characteristics of sporozoa.
No movement, parasitic
7. How are slime moulds and water moulds like fungi? Why are they not
considered fungi?
Fungi: like moisture (absorb)
Decomposers
Heterotrophs
Not like Fungi: Not complicated enough
8. What is phytoplankton?
Plant like protest, autotroph, photosynthesis
9. What is particular about the cell walls of diatoms?
Cell wall made of silica
10. What is special about the flagella in dinoflagellates? 2 flagella
11. What is a red tide? Bioluminescent, causes red color, toxic, growth
out of control
12. What is bioluminescence? Produces light-grow green blue
13. Why is it difficult to categorise the euglena? Both plant and animal
like, undergoes photosynthesis and moves and eat (heterotroph)
14. Name 3 types of seaweed. Red green and brown algae (Kelp,
Spirogyra, fucus
15. Explain why seaweed is considered a protist and not a plant even
though it is multicellular. Holdfast, no roots, no cell differentiation
16. What is a holdfast? No roots so attach to rocks