Download Respiratory Physiology

Respiratory Physiology
1. What are the five functions of the respiratory system?
2. What is the purpose of ventilation?
3. Where does gas exchange take place?
4. What structure uses the oxygen?
5. What is the process of bringing air in and out of the lungs?
6. What are the only organs that do not have smooth muscle?
7. What special type of tissue is found in the lungs?
8. Can the lungs inflate on their own?
9. What do they need to get volume changes?
10. What regulates air flow to the lungs?
11. When the partial pressure of a gas is increased, what does
that indicate about the concentration of the gas?
12. How are the lungs protected from pathogens and
accumulation of debris?
13. What moves oxygen into the blood?
1)
2)
3)
4)
Respiration
Acid-base balance
Vocalization
Defense against pathogens and
debris
5) Route for water and heat loss
To bring oxygen to the blood
Between alveoli and blood plasma
Between plasma and hemoglobin in RBC
Mitochondria; they use it to make ATP
Ventilation
The Lungs do not have smooth muscle
and instead have elastic tissue.
However, the bronchioles have smooth
muscle.
Elastic tissue
NO
They need to be tethered to muscles
Volume changes regulate air flow
The concentration of the gas is
increased.
Macrophages (millions in the lungs)
Pressure gradients (just like
concentration gradients)
14. What two gases are involved in external respiration?
Oxygen and CO2
15. What is the route that oxygen takes when diffusing down
its concentration gradient?
Lungs  plasma  cells
16. What is the route that CO2 takes when diffusing down its
concentration gradient?
Cells  plasma  lungs
17. When gases move from lungs to cells and from cells to
lungs, what is that process called?
External respiration
18. How do the mitochondria use oxygen?
They use it as an electron acceptor (they
place two H+ on it, which turns it to
water).
Excess water leaves the cell and enters
the tissues.
19. Where does the water go when mitochondria make it?
20. The constant removal of oxygen from the plasma and the
addition of water to the tissues creates a driving force
known as what?
Starling’s principle
21. What is Starling’s Principle?
22. What is internal respiration?
What is cellular respiration?
23. Define Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Since the new water made by
mitochondria released into the tissues
does not have particles in it, oxygen
(which is a particle) will be sucked into
the tissues.
Gas exchange that occurs at the tissue
capillary beds
Actual use of oxygen as a final electron
acceptor (process called oxidative
phosphorylation)
Odorless, colorless gas from incomplete
burning of fuel
24. How does CO differ from Oxygen?
Binds to hemoglobin 200x stronger than
Oxygen, so it drives Oxygen out of
hemoglobin and attaches and stays
there.
25. What effect does CO have on oxygen transport?
CO decreases the amount of Oxygen
that can be transported by hemoglobin
26. If a person dies from suffocation and their lips are cherry
red, what does that mean?
What if their lips were blue?
Cherry red – died of carbon monoxide
(CO) poisoning
Blue – cyanide poisoning
27. What is called when oxygen is on a hemoglobin molecule?
oxyhemoglobin
28. Define dissociation of hemoglobin:
When the oxygen is released and enters
the tissues.
29. When does it increase?
30. What is the waste product of cellular respiration?
When the pCO2 levels increase
Carbon dioxide
31. How does the body get rid of this waste product?
CO2 will attach onto the hemoglobin
and be taken to the lungs to be expelled.
32. What happens to the CO2 when it enters a RBC?
It reacts with water in the RBC and turns
into carbonic acid (H2CO3)
33. What happens after carbonic acid formed and what does it
break into to?
Carbonic acid breaks apart into a
hydrogen ion (an acid) and bicarbonate
ion (HCO3- a base).
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3  H+ + HCO3-
34. What is the reaction for CO2 breakdown?
35. Does the above reaction go to the right or the left in the
tissues?
36. Does it go to the right or the left in the lungs?
Goes to the right in the tissues
Goes to the left in the lungs
37. What ions control the PH of the body?
Hydrogen ions lower the body’s pH,
while bicarbonate ions raise the pH.
38. In what form is CO2 predominately transported into the
blood?
Bicarbonate
39. How is the number of H+ in the blood affected by CO2
levels?
The more CO2 in the blood, the more H+
in the blood, which makes the blood
acidic.
bicarbonate ions are absorbed to raise
the pH
40. If the blood is too acidic, how do the kidneys compensate?
41. If the blood is too alkaline, how do the kidneys
compensate?
bicarbonate ions are excreted to lower
the pH
42. What happens to a person’s breathing rate if they have
excess H+ ions in their blood?
They will breathe more rapidly
43. If a person has an airway obstruction, what happens to CO2
levels, and how does this affect blood pH?
44. What is it called when a person has low pH?
They cannot exhale excess CO2, so blood
levels of CO2 (an acid) build up, and pH
decreases.
acidosis
45. What happens if enzymes are not in their optimal pH
range?
They don’t work and chemical reactions
stop
46. How does hyperventilation affect CO2 levels in the blood,
and how does this affect the pH?
47. What is it called when a person has high blood pH?
Hyperventilation means they are
exhaling too much CO2, so there is too
little CO2 in the blood. That will increase
the blood pH (more basic)
alkalosis
48. What are changes in lung volume dependent on?
Change in thoracic cavity volume
49. What causes alterations in the space inside the thoracic
cavity?
Contractions of the diaphragm,
intercostals muscles
50. How are these muscles innervated?
By neurons in the respiratory centers of
the brain stem (medulla and pons)
51. What parts of the brain control and regulate the rate of
respiration?
The Medulla Oblongata and the Pons
52. Which part of the brain contains the pneumotaxic center?
The Pons
53. What effect does the Pneumotaxic Center have on
breathing rate?
It decreases breathing rate.
54. How does the dorsal portion of the Medulla Oblongata
affect breathing rate?
It increases it.
55. During quiet respiration, is the ventral portion of the
Medulla Oblongata active or inactive?
Inactive
56. During forced expiration, is the ventral portion of the
Medulla Oblongata active or inactive?
Active
57. Name the 3 different chemoreceptors?
Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen Ion and
Oxygen
58. Of the 3 chemoreceptors which are the central and which
are the peripheral receptors?
The central chemoreceptors are Carbon
Dioxide and Hydrogen Ions and the
peripheral chemoreceptors is Oxygen.
Located in the medulla their functions
are to sense the levels of O2, CO2, and
pH in the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid).
To sense the Oxygen levels in the blood.
59. What are the functions of the Central Chemoreceptors
(these are the ones in the brain)?
60. What are the functions of the Peripheral Chemoreceptors
(these are the ones in the aorta and carotid arteries)?
61. What are 2 cranial nerves that carry information on O2
levels from the aorta and carotid chemoreceptors and take
the information to the brain?
62. What does the brain do with information received from
chemoreceptors?
63. What does the brain do if blood O2 levels are too low?
Aortic chemoreceptors - CN X
Carotid chemoreceptors – CN IX
Maintains proper respiratory rates.
If blood O2 levels are too low, will
increase breathing rate.
64. What if blood CO2 levels are too low?
If blood CO2 levels are too low, will
decrease breathing rate.
65. What if blood pH is too low?
If blood pH is too low (acidic), will
increase breathing rate to get rid of
more CO2, which is an acid.
Relaxed breathing
66. What type of breathing requires the diaphragm to contract
for inspiration, and for the diaphragm to relax for
expiration?
67. What muscles are required during Forced breathing?
68. Respiratory centers are most sensitive to what in the
blood? CO2 or O2?
Forced breathing requires the
diaphragm plus muscles that raise and
lower the ribs (external intercostals for
inspiration, internal intercostals for
expiration).
They are most sensitive to the level of
CO2 in the blood.
10. The most effective stimulus to the respiratory center is
An increase in pCO2
69. How is blood flow to tissues controlled?
70. What is the level of O2, CO2, pH, and temperature in cells
and tissues that are undergoing increased aerobic activity?
By sphincters (smooth muscle) in the
capillary beds. This allows the body to
adjust the amount of blood flowing to
particular tissues.
Less oxygen, more CO2, lower pH, and
increased temperature.
71. Is ATP used during inhalation?
Yes
72. Does normal exhalation require ATP?
NO it does not
73. People with respiratory problems use what substance more
so than normal?
ATP
74. Why do people with respiratory problems need skeletal
muscles in the thoracic cage?
Skeletal muscles in the thoracic cage are
needed to change the thoracic volume,
which changes the pressure gradients.
No.
75. Are lungs muscular structures?
76. Which direction does air flow in relation to pressure?
Air flows from high pressure to low
pressure.
77. Boyle’s Law is what formula?
P1V1=P2V2
78. What two factors are inversely related in Boyle’s Law?
Pressure and volume
79. Every time a molecule strikes the wall of a container what
does it cause?
Pressure
80. What increases the number of collisions of particles against
the side of a wall, thereby increasing pressure?
Decreasing volume
81. Decreasing volume does what to pressure?
Increases
82. In a large container with few molecules, would there be less
or more air pressure in the lungs?
83. What must the lungs have to create a pressure change?
Less
A volume change
84. What is required to have air move into and out of the
lungs?
A volume change which creates a
pressure change
85. What two muscles contribute to increased volume in the
thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm and External Intercostals
86. Which muscle contributes the most to increase the volume
in the thoracic cavity?
Diaphragm
87. When the diaphragm contracts which way does it pull?
Downward
88. When the chest wall expands, why do the lungs expand
with it?
The lungs are stuck to the chest wall
because the serous fluid in the pleural
cavity makes the lungs stick to the chest
wall like two pieces of wet glass stuck
together.
When lungs expand, their volume
expands.
Their pressure drops, so air flows from
outside (higher pressure) to the inside of
the lungs (lower pressure).
89. When the lungs expand, what happens to their volume?
What happens to the pressure inside them, compared to
the outside air? Where does air then flow?
90. As air flows in, what happens to the volume and pressure
in the alveoli?
The alveoli expand, so volume expands
and pressure decreases
91. When alveolar pressure decreases, where does air flow in
from?
Air flows in from the bronchi
92. At higher altitudes, does the concentration of oxygen
change?
No, it is always 21%, whether you are at
sea level or high altitude.
93. At higher altitudes, does the pressure of air increase or
decrease?
Air pressure decreases at higher
altitudes
94. Does it require ATP to exhale?
No, just relax the muscles.
95. When you exhale, what makes the lung volume decrease?
96. What happens to the pressure?
The elastic tissue will recoil.
97. What is the definition of lung compliance?
98. What is compliance the opposite of?
99. What effect does low lung compliance have on the
pressure and volume?
100. More energy is needed to breathe in a person with high
or low lung compliance?
Pressure decreases
How much the lung volume changes
when the pressure changes
It is the opposite of stiffness
Would need a greater change in
pressure to change the volume. Instead
of needing only 10 mmHg pressure
difference between the outside air and
the lungs, would now need a 20 mm
difference.
More energy is needed in low
compliance
101. How does low lung compliance affect the depth and rate
of breathing?
Shallow breaths and increased rate.
102. The outside air has a higher level of pressure than the
inside of the lungs. That means there is a pressure gradient.
103. How are the pressure gradients switched so the air in the
lungs is lower than the outside air?
104. Are the lungs MUSCULAR structures?
According to Boyle’s law we will need to
create volume changes! The volume in
the lungs will have to decrease, so the
pressure in the lungs will decrease to
something below atmospheric pressure.
NO
105. What is the Flow Rule?
(Patm – Palv) divided by Resistance
106. What does Patm, Palv, and Resistance mean?
Patm is the pressure of the air in the
atmosphere. Palv is the pressure of air in
the alveoli. Resistance relates to how
obstructed or clear the passageway is.
Less air flow when resistance is
increased
107. How does resistance affect air flow?
108. What are the two types of air pressures?
Atmospheric pressure
Alveolar (pulmonary) pressure
109. What is required to have a pressure gradient between
atmospheric and alveolar pressure?
There needs to be a difference in
pressure
110. What happens if both types of pressures equal each
other?
-
Air will not flow
111. In what pathological condition will there be no pressure
gradient between the outside air and the lungs?
112. Will air flow in this condition?
-
Pneumothorax
113. In what normal condition is there no pressure gradient?
114. What are two scenarios where air will not flow into the
lungs?
No air will flow.
After maximum inhalation, when the
atmospheric pressure and alveolar
pressure are equal to each other.
1) After maximum inhalation
2) Pneumothorax
115. What are two scenarios where air will not flow out of the
lungs?
1) After maximum exhalation
2) Pneumothorax
X-axis is the partial pressure of oxygen
(pO2)
Y-axis is saturation of Hgb with O2
116.
On this graph, what is the X-axis?
What is the Y-Axis?
117. Are the partial pressure of respiratory gasses in the
arteries similar to the alveolar pressures?
Yes
118. How much Hbg is saturated when it leaves the lungs?
98%
119. What is the pO2 in tissues?
70 mm Hg
120. How much Hbg is saturated when it first arrives at the
tissues?
98%
121. What is the pO2 in the lungs?
100 mm Hg
122. In the lungs (when the pO2 is 100 mm Hg), what is the
saturation of hemoglobin?
100%
123. In the body cells (when the pO2 is 40 mm Hg), what is the
saturation level of hemoglobin?
75%
124. What does the 25% difference of O2 saturation mean
when the RBC’s are passing by cells that need oxygen?
That hemoglobin is only giving up 25% of
its oxygen to body cells as it passes by.
125. What are the three factors that would cause an
Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve to shift left?
pH increase
CO2 decreased
Temperature decreased (hypothermia)
pH decrease
CO2 increase
Temperature increase (fever)
126. What three factors would cause the Oxyhemoglobin
disassociation curve to shift right?
127. Will a left or right shift increase oxygen’s affinity for
hemoglobin?
Left shift.
128. In a left shift, will oxygen stay on the hemoglobin or come
off and go to the tissues?
Oxygen will stay on the hemoglobin
129. What can happen when oxygen’s affinity for hemoglobin
increases?
Tissue hypoxia (even when there is
sufficient oxygen in the blood).
130. What are some left shift conditions?
Alkalosis and hypothermia.
131. What are some right shift conditions?
Acidosis and fever.
132. What happens when oxygen’s affinity for hemoglobin
decreases?
Hemoglobin will release oxygen more
readily.
133. What thin tissue surrounds each lung?
134. What thin tissue lines the thoracic cavity where the lungs
touch it?
135. What do the serousal cells in the parietal and visceral
pleura make and what is its function?
-More oxygen will be released to the
cells but less oxygen will be carried from
the lungs.
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
136. What could lack of lubrication lead to?
A lubricating fluid that prevents the
lungs from rubbing against the thoracic
cavity.
Heat generation denature of proteins
137. If the vacuum of the lungs is disengaged what will happen
to the lungs?
They will recoil like a deflated balloon
(pneumothorax).
138. How is a pneumothorax treated?
How does that fix the problem?
With an oxygen mask; it increases the
outside pressure so air is driven into the
lungs to re-inflate them until they stick
to the wall again.
Moves inferiorly
139. When the diaphragm contracts during inspiration, does it
move up or down?
140. Does that increase or decrease thoracic volume?
141. What other muscle contracts during inspiration?
142. Why are the lungs right up against the chest wall?
143. Can lungs actively move?
Increases thoracic volume
External intercostals
The pleural fluid is watery, and makes
the lungs stick to the inside of the chest
cavity with a strong vacuum, like two
wet pieces of glass stuck together. As
long as no air gets into the pleural cavity
(between the lungs and the chest wall),
the vacuum will hold.
No, because they are not muscular
organs
144. What is a pneumothorax?
air in the pleural cavity
145. What is the condition where blood leaks into the pleural
cavity?
Hemothorax
146. How does Hemothorax occur?
147. What is atelectasis?
Injury (Gun shot,
stabbing), Spontaneous (tissue erosion,
disease lung),Bleeding wound
Alveolar collapse or entire lung collapse
148. Is normal expiration an active or passive process?
Passive
149. What is the difference between an active and passive
process in the lungs?
Active (normal inhalation) means it uses
energy because it needs muscle
contraction. Passive (normal exhalation)
requires no muscles to contract; you just
relax the diaphragm.
internal intercostals and abdominal
muscles
150. What two muscle groups are used for forced expiration?
151. What happens to a person that has to forcefully exhale
with each breath, demanding the internal intercostals and
abdominal muscles to contract a lot?
152. High or low compliance signifies that the lungs are
working normally
They get a barrel chest.
153. What does low compliance indicate?
Some pathological condition is present
that interferes with air movement
154. Do people with emphysema have increased or decreased
lung compliance?
Low
155. During exhalation, why do COPD patients have to
forcefully exhale?
The bronchiole walls stick to each other
due to inadequate surfactant.
156. How does oxygen in a high concentration help a person
with COPD to breathe?
Oxygen in high concentration helps get
air into their lungs but it reduces their
drive for them to breathe on their own.
CO2
157. Which is the powerful driving force for ventilation in a
normal person: O2 or CO2?
158. What becomes the driving force for a person with COPD?
High
Oxygen.
Why?
They have less CO2 because they cannot
exhale normally.
159. What happens when a person with COPD is given oxygen? Their drive to breathe becomes
diminished.
160. What does CPAP stand for?
-They eventually end up on a positive
pressure ventilator (CPAP) and if the
disease progresses they can die from
suffocation.
Continuous positive airway pressure
(machine).
161. Are the lung and chest wall elastic?
Yes.
162. What do both the lung and chest wall have a tendency to
do after inhalation?
Recoil.
163. What is recoil?
The tendency to snap back to resting
position.
164. Which way does the chest wall recoil?
-(Like when a stretched rubber band
recoils when you let go of one end).
Outward (springs out)
165. Which way does the lung recoil?
Inward (collapses)
166. What happens to the intra-alveolar pressure when:
 Lung volume is increased?
 Lung volume is decreased?
167. What is the alveolar pressure when there is no air
flowing, such as when you are done inhaling or done
exhaling?
168.



What is pressure:
Of the outside air called?
Within the alveoli of the lungs called?
In the intra-pleural spaces called?
11. normal intrapleural pressure during quiet respiration,
relative to atmospheric pressure is negative or positive?
169. Where does air go when atmospheric pressure is greater
than alveolar pressure?
Decreases intra-alveolar pressure.
Increases intra-alveolar pressure.
Zero.
Atmospheric Pressure.
Intra-alveolar pressure.
Intra-pleural pressure.
Negative, because of the lack or air in
the intra-pleural spaces
Air flows into the lungs
170. Where does air go when atmospheric pressure is less than Air flows out of the lungs
alveolar pressure?
171. What is the difference between the alveolar and intrapleural pressures called?
Transpulmonary pressure
172. When the pressure gradient is caused by changing the
Palv, what type of breathing is it?
Negative pressure breathing
How do you help a patient do negative pressure breathing?
173. Changing the Patm gradient is called what type of
breathing?
How do you help a patient do that?
174. What was invented for polio patients, whose respiratory
nerves were paralyzed?
175. Why is the iron lung more like a negative pressure
breathing?
Put them in an iron lung
Positive pressure breathing
CPR air bag, O2 mask, or mouth to
mouth
Iron lung
176. What are the symptoms of acute mountain sickness
(altitude sickness)?
It works like a reverse vacuum. There is
less air pressure in the tank, so there is
less pressure on the chest, so the chest
recoils more, to help get air in. The
vacuum then reverses, increases
pressure on the chest, air flows out.
Severe headache, fatigue, dizziness,
palpitation and nausea
177. What can this cause?
Pulmonary edema
178. Why do you get pulmonary edema?
181. How many ml of air do you usually breathe in?
You get it from having pulmonary
hypertension (increased pulmonary
arterial and capillary pressures)
You get it from hypoxia (lack of oxygen)
in the pulmonary capillaries. The blood
pressure rises, attempting to get more
O2 there.
Going to a high elevation without a
chance to gradually adjust. High
elevations have lower pO2 levels.
500 ml
182. How much of that reaches the alveoli?
350 ml
183. Where is the rest of that air?
It stays in the conductive zone (trachea
and bronchi
184. What is the formula for total ventilation?
Tidal volume x breathing rate
500 x 12 = total ventilation
185. What is the formula for alveolar ventilation?
186. What is spirometry used for?
(Tidal volume – dead space) x breathing
rate. For example:
(500 – 150) x 12 = alveolar ventilation
To measure lung volume
187. What can be measured directly with a spirometer, be
specific?
Tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory
and expiratory reserve volume.
179. How do you get pulmonary hypertension?
180. How can a healthy person get hypoxia
188. How much air is exhaled during the first second of
exhalation?
80%
189. What is vital capacity?
The volume of air a patient can exhale
maximally after a forced inspiration
190. What is expiratory reserve volume?
The amount of air you blew out in one
second
191. Expiratory reserve volume divided by vital capacity should 80%, less than that indicates an
equal to ? What is suggested if it’s less than that amount?
obstructive pulmonary disorder
192. What are the characteristics of obstructive lung disease?
Inflamed and easily collapsible airways,
obstruction to airflow, and frequent
hospitalizations.
193. What are 3 examples of obstructive lung disease?
Asthma, bronchitis, (COPD) chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease
194. What are the characteristics of restrictive lung disease?
decreased lung volume
It takes more work to breathe (get tired)
Inadequate oxygenation
Decreased vital capacity.
195. What type of breathing is typical of restrictive lung
disease?
rapid, shallow breathing
196. List four restrictive lung diseases
a.
b.
c.
d.
197. Label the graph, 1-10
1. Maximum inspiration
2. Maximum expiration
3. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
4. Tidal Volume (TV)
5. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
6. Residual Volume (RV)
7. Functional Residual Capactiy (FRC)
8. Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
9. Vital Capacity (VC)
10. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Cystic Fibrosis
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Weak respiratory muscles
Pneumothorax
198. What is a single cycle of inhalation and exhalation?
Respiratory cycle
199. What is respiratory rate?
Number of breaths per
minute
200. A normal breath in and out is called what?
Tidal Volume
201. The amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a
normal inhalation in known as?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
202. After taking a normal breath in and out, the amount of air
that can be forcefully exhaled after normal exhalation is
known as what?
Expiratory Reserve Volume
203. The amount of air left in your lungs after you exhale
maximally?
Residual Volume
204. What is Vital Capacity?
The volume of air a patient can exhale
maximally after a forced inspiration.
205. What two disorders can be differentiated by vital capacity? obstructive (VC normal)
restrictive (VC reduced).
206. What is the equation to determine if your vital capacity is
normal?
VC/ERV should be 80%
207. How is TLC calculated?
the sum of all lung volumes
208. What is the definition of inspiratory capacity?
amount of air for a deep breath in after
normal exhalation
209. What is the definition of functional residual capacity?
amount of air left in your lungs after a
normal exhale. You have to calculate this
210. What is the formula to calculate FRC?
FRC = ERV + residual volume
211. In COPD, is the FRC increased or decreased?
FRC decreases
212. In COPD, are the following increased or decreased: lung
recoil, tidal volume, exhalation ability
Less recoil
Decreased tidal volume
Cannot exhale enough
Area where air fills the passageways and
never contributes to gas exchange.
213. What is the definition of Dead Space?
214. What is the formula for Minute Respiratory Volume
(MRV)?
MRV = Tidal Volume (TV) x Respiration
Rate (RR).
215. What is the formula for Alveolar Ventilation Rate (AVR)?
AVR = (TV – DS) x RR.
AVR = (Tidal volume – Dead Space) x
Respiratory Rate
a. Decreased VC.
b. Increased TLC, RV, and
FRC.
c. FEV/VC < 80%.
216. What effect do the following have on people with
Obstructive Disease
a. VC
b. TLC, RV, FRC
c. FEV/VC ratio
217. What effect do the following have on people with
Restrictive Disease
a. VC
b. TLC, RV, FRC
c. FEV/VC ratio
a. Decreased VC.
b. Decreased TLC, RV,
and FRC.
c. FEV/VC = normal.
218. What is the Minute Respiratory Rate
volume of air that enters the airways
(passes the lips) each min
219. What is the Alveolar ventilation rate
volume of air that fills all the lung’s
respiratory airways (alveoli) each minute
220. What is the formula to calculate Alveolar ventilation rate?
AVR = (tidal volume – dead space
volume) x rate of breathing
221. What region of the lungs gets more blood flow?
The deeper regions
222. What region of the lung has more air flow?
The upper regions.
10. The following reversible reaction occurs with CO2 and H2O
CO2+H2O
H2CO3
H+HCO3
It goes to the right in the tissues and to
the left in the lungs.
Does this reaction go mainly to the left or right in the lungs?
Does this reaction go mainly to the left or right in the tissues?
223. What is hyperventilation, and how does this affect the
amount of air sent to the alveoli?
The rate and depth of ventilations
increases, so more air gets to alveoli.
224. What is the consequence of voluntary hyperventilation?
Apnea (no breathing) eventually occurs
b/c the arterial blood will have less
carbon dioxide than the body wants to
get rid of.
Only the conductive zone (the trachea,
bronchi, and bronchioles).
225. What region of the lungs is affected by hypoventilation?
226. When panting, what happens to the air? Do the alveoli
get more oxygen from panting?
The shifting of air in the conducting
zone. Not increasing air to the alveoli.
227. Is panting hyper or hypoventilation?
Hypoventilation
228. How can you compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
Only the kidneys can compensate. They
do so by excreting an alkaline urine
Can you just hypoventilate to compensate?
Cannot hypoventilate since
hyperventilation is the problem in the
first place!
229. How can you compensate for respiratory acidosis?
Only the kidneys can compensate. They
do so by excreting an acidic urine
Can you just hyperventilate to compensate?
Cannot hyperventilate since
hypoventilation is the problem in the
first place!
230. How can you compensate for metabolic acidosis?
Kidneys compensate by excreting an
acidic urine
Lungs compensate by hyperventilation
231. How can you compensate for metabolic alkalosis?
Kidneys compensate by excreting an
alkaline urine
Lungs compensate by hypoventilation
232. When the kidneys excrete an acid urine, what two pH
imbalances are being compensated for?
Respiratory and metabolic acidosis
233. When the kidneys excrete an alkaline urine, what two pH
imbalances are being compensated for?
Respiratory and metabolic alkalosis
234. What are 4 Acid-Base conditions?
a) Excessive Diarrhea
b) Ingesting excessive stomach antacids
c) Aspirin Overdose
d) Anxiety or Hysteria
235. What is the chemical formula for bicarbonate ( a base)?
HCO3
236. Excessive diarrhea causes the problem of high or low
bicarbonate (HCO3)?
Excessive Diarrhea causes low HCO3
(bicarbonate is a base)
237. Excessive diarrhea leads to an increase or decrease pH in
blood?
Decreases pH (Acidosis)
238. After the loss of bicarbonate from diarrhea, and before
the body compensates, blood CO2 levels are too high or
low?
CO2 becomes too high
239. How do the lungs compensate for problems associated
with excessive diarrhea?
The lungs want to decrease CO2 in the
blood.
Since loss of bicarbonate (a base) makes
the blood pH low (acidic), the body
compensates by Hyperventilating, to
exhale CO2, which is an acid.
240. Ingesting excessive stomach antacids causes the problem
of high or low HCO3?
Ingesting excessive stomach antacids
causes high HCO3
241. Ingesting excessive stomach antacids leads to an increase
or decrease in pH in blood?
Increase pH (Alkalosis)
242. After the increase of bicarbonate from ingesting
excessive stomach antacids, and before the body
compensates, blood CO2 levels are too high or low?
CO2 becomes too low.
243. How do the lungs compensate after the effects of
ingesting excessive stomach antacids?
Since CO2 levels in the blood are too
low, the person will Hypoventilate to
keep from losing more acid (CO2)
244. Aspirin Overdose causes the problem of high or low
HCO3?
Aspirin overdose causes a low HCO3.
245. Aspirin Overdose leads to an increase or decrease in pH in Aspirin overdose decreases pH in blood
blood?
acidosis
246. Is this respiratory or metabolic acidosis?
Metabolic acidosis
247. Aspirin Overdose causes an increase or decrease in CO2?
Increased CO2 in plasma (acidosis)
248. How do the lungs compensate for the problems caused
by aspirin overdose?
Hyperventilation, which decreases the
CO2 content in the blood,
thereby removing acid from the blood.
249. Why is panting considered to be hypoventilating instead
of hyperventilating?
Air does not go all the way to the alveoli
in panting. It just circulates in the
conductive zone (trachea and bronchi).
Therefore, less air than normal is getting
in, so it is hypoventilation
250. hypoventilaation causes the problem of high or low CO2?
high CO2
251. hypoventilation leads to an increase or decrease in pH in
blood?
decreases pH in blood (acidosis)
252. hypoventilation causes an increase or decrease in HCO3?
Bicarbonate levels will be low
253. Hyperventilation from fear or pain causes what problem?
Increase in blood pH (alkalosis) from too
much CO2 being exhaled.
254. How can the body compensate for acidosis caused by
hypoventilation?
The lungs cannot compensate since they
are the problem, but the kidneys can
compensate by increasing bicarbonate
secretion.