Download ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER REVIEW

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2ND SEMESTER REVIEW
The second semester exam will cover the following systems: Circulatory, Nervous,
Lymphatic, Digestive, Urinary, Respiratory, and Reproductive.
NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. State the functions of the nervous system.
2. Differentiate between the following divisions of the nervous system:
a. central and peripheral
c. autonomic and somatic
b. afferent and efferent
d. parasympathetic and sympathetic
3. Differentiate between
a. neurons and neuroglia.
d. gray matter and white matter
b. a neuron and a nerve
e. afferent and efferent neurons
c. a nerve and a ganglia
4. What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
5. Draw a neuron. Label and state the function of the following parts of a neuron:
a. dendrites
e. Schwann cells
b. axon
f. Axon terminals
c. Nissil bodies
g. Nodes of Ranvier myelin sheath
6. Describe the charge distribution across the cell membrane of a neuron which is
not stimulated. Explain how a stimulus is conducted through a neuron and then
across a synapse.
7. Describe the charge distribution across the cell membrane of a neuron which is
not stimulated. Explain how a stimulus is conducted through a neuron and then
across a synapse.
6. What is a synapse? What is the most common neurotransmitter?
7. Define reflex. Describe the pathway of a reflex arc.
8. Label the following structures on a diagram of the brain and be able to state the
function of each structure:
a. cerebrum
b. cerebellum
c. brain stem: pons, midbrain, mellua
9. Describe at least three ways the brain is protected.
10. How do the brain and spinal cord differ in structure in terms of gray and white
matter?
11. What is the function of the spinal cord?
12. Label diagrams of the eye and ear
13. What is meant by the term "general sense"? What are the general senses?
14. What is meant by the term "special sense"? What are the special senses?
15. Where are the photoreceptors of the eye located?
16. Where are the taste buds located?
17. Where on the tongue do you sense each of the following: sweet, bitter, sour,
salty.
18. Define the following terms:
rods
cones
myopia
hyperopia
presbyopia
19. In order to taste a substance it must be ____.
20. Trace the flow of sound waves as they travel from outside the ear to the auditory
nerve.
HEART REVIEW
1. Describe heart muscle cells. What is an intercalacated disc? What is its function?
2. Be able to label the following structures on a diagram of the external heart anatomy:
superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, apex, left coronary artery, right coronary
artery, aortic arch, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, atria
3. Be able to trace the flow of blood through the heart and lungs
4. Be able to label the follow structures on a diagram of the internal anatomy of the
heart: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, right and left atrium, interventricular
septum, apex, base, aortic arch, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, right and left
ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, aortic semilunar valve, tricuspid valve,
bicuspid valve, chordae tendonae, pectinate muscle
5. How is fetal hemoglobin different from adult hemoglobin?
6. Explain how the heart beat is passed through the heart.
7. Label an ECG and state what each part represents.
8. Describe the sound made by the heart beat. What makes each sound?
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM REVIEW
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What is the liquid portion of the blood called?
What is meant by the term "formed elements of the blood"? Name the
formed elements of the blood.
Describe and state the function of each of the following blood cells:
A. erythrocytes B, eosinophils C. leukocytes D. thrombocytes
E. basophils
What are the most abundant cells in the blood?
What element is included in the hemoglobin molecule?
Describe platelets. What is another name for platelets?
What is the function of fibrin?
Distinguish between the terms thrombocyte, thrombus, embolus.
Differentiate between antigens and antibodies. What kind of antigens
and antibodies are in "O" blood? "A" blood? "B"blood? "AB" blood?
Who can receive a transfusion of "O" blood? "A" blood? "B"blood?
"AB" blood?
What is meant by "Rh"?
If a drop of anti-A serum is mixed with a drop of blood and agglutination
occurs, what do you know about this person's blood?
State if each of the following describes an artery, a vein or a capillary:
a. carries blood toward the heart
b. has valves to prevent the backflow of blood
c. blood vessel is so narrow that the cells have to travel single file
d. carries blood away from the heart
e. has no pulse or pressure
f. typically carries oxygenated blood
g. is an exchange vessel
What is normal blood pressure for an adult male?
Distinguish between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Describe how to take pulse and how to take blood pressure. Name the
device used to take blood pressure.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM REVIEW
1. Label the diagrams of the digestive system.
2. State the function of each part of the digestive system.
3. What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
4. State what each of the following is broken down into by the digestive tract: starches,
proteins, nucleic acids
5. State what each of the following digests and where it is found: amylase, lipase,
pepsin, trypsin, pepsidase, ,
6. What are the subdivisions of the small intestine?
7. What is bile? Where is it produced? Where is stored? Where does it function?
What is its function?
8. What are the subdivisions of the large intestine?
9. What is the function of the HCl produced in the stomach?
10. Where does most chemical digestion occur?
11. Distinguish between the epiglottis and the uvula.
URINARY SYSTEM REVIEW
1. Label the diagrams of the kidney, the urinary system, the nephron.
2. Name the filtering units of the kidney.
3. State the functions of the kidney.
4. Name three organs that play a role in excretion.
5. Describe the location of the kidneys.
6. What is the function of the adrenal glands.
7. Name the three layers of connective tissue that cover the kidneys.
8. Describe the basics of urine formation. What is filtered out of the blood in the
glomerulus? What is reclaimed in the convoluted tubules?
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM REVIEW
1. Label the following structures on a diagram of the respiratory system: trachea,
bronchi, lungs
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Study your last review and test.