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LIST OF EXAM QUESTIONS FROM PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
(medical faculty).
1. The object and purpose of pathophysiology, relationship with other sciences, values for the
clinic. Pathophysiology as a subjects. History of pathophysiology in Ukraine (N.A.
Hrzhonschevskyy, V.Pidvysotskyy, O.O. Bogomolets, O. Reprov, D. Alpern). The
contribution of famous Ukrainian scientists of pathophysiology in the development of science
(examples).
2. Methods of pathophysiology. Experiment and its significance to address fundamental
problems of medicine. Types of experiment. Main stages of experimental research. Modern
methods and techniques of pathological processes modeling (diabetes, inflammation,
hypertension, hepatic and renal failure).
3. Basic concepts of nosology: health, disease, pathological condition, a pathological process, a
typical pathological process pathological reaction. Principles of diseases classification.
4. Periods of the disease. Variants of disease outcomes. The concept of terminal states: agony,
clinical death, biological death. Principles of reanimation.
5. Etiology, definition. Main directions of etiology study: monocausalism, conditionalism,
constitutionalism, psychosomatic concept. The problem of causality in pathology, the current
state of its decision.
6. Main directions of the study about disease (humoral, solidary, cellular pathology), their
current state. Philosophical, medical-biological and social aspects of the study about disease.
7. . Classification of etiological factors, the concept of risk factors. "Diseases of civilization".
Principles of etiological, pathogenetic and symptomatic therapy.
8. . Pathogenesis, definition. Pathological (destructive) and adaptive - compensatory (protective)
effects in the pathogenesis (explain on th examples of acute radiation disease, inflammation,
bleeding). Cause-effective relationships, role of the circulus visiosus in pathogenesis, concept
of main and additional link of pathogenesis.
9. Role of reactivity in pathology. Reactivity and resistance: definition, types, mechanisms.
Dependence of reactivity from age, sex, heredity, state of the nervous and endocrine systems.
10. Chromosomal diseases, their etiology and pathogenesis. General characteristics of Down’s,
Klinefelter’s, Turner’s syndromes. Role of chromosomal aberrations in the etiology and
pathogenesis of tumors.
11. Physiological role of connective tissue in the resistance to the action of pathogenic agents
(O.O.Bogomolets). Biological barriers, classification, role in pathology
12. Anomalies of the constitution as a risk factor for disease development. Classification of
constitutional types according to Hippocrates, Sigo, Kretchmer, Sheldon, I.P.Pavlov, A.A.
Bogomolets, M.V.Chornorutskiy
13. Aging. Structural, functional and biochemical signs of aging. Progeria. Modern theories of
aging.
14. The concept of prenatal pathology. gametopathy, blastopathy, embryopathy and fetopathy.
Teratogenic factors. Critical periods in prenatal ontogeny. Intrauterine malnutrition, infection,
hypoxia. Diseases and mothers bad habits as causal or risk factors for fetal pathology.
15. Pathogenesis of monogenic diseases with non-classical inheritance. Polygenic (multifactorial)
disease. Principles of hereditary diseases diagnosis. Cytological methods. Methods of DNA
diagnosis. Principles of hereditary diseases prevention and treatment
16. Characteristics of monogenic diseases according to the type of inheritance. Molecular and
biochemical basis of monogenic diseases with the classic mode of inheritance pathogenesis:
defects of enzymes, receptors, transport, structural proteins and proteins that regulate cell
division.
17. Hereditary and congenital diseases. Mutations as a cause of hereditary diseases (types, causes,
effects of mutations). Mutagenic effects. Disorders of DNA repair and elimination of mutant
cells as risk factors of mutations and diseases.
18. Overview of the immune system disorders: abnormal immune response to exoantigens and
loss of tolerance to autoantigens. Mechanisms of the immune system tolerance to
autoantigens. Causes and consequences of its abolition.
19. Violation of phagocytosis: causes, mechanisms and consequences. Types of immune
deficiency. Etiology and pathogenesis of primary and secondary immunodeficiencies. Typical
manifestations of immune deficiency.
20. Etiology and pathogenesis of AIDS. Pathophysiologic characteristic of HIV infection periods.
Typical clinical manifestations. Principles of HIV infection prevention and treatment.
21. Infectious process, the general conformities of development. Mechanisms for protecting the
organism from infection
22. Conformities of mechanical injury. Traumatic shock. Crush-syndrome. Conformities of
mechanical injury. Traumatic shock. Crush-syndrome.
23. General and local effects of thermal factors on the organism. Pathological and adaptivecompensatory changes in the pathogenesis of hypo- and hyperthermia.
24. Allergy, definition. Principles of allergic reactions classification. Multifactorial nature of
allergic diseases. Classification and characteristic of allergens
25. Allergic reactions of 1st type (anaphylactic), according to Coombs and Gell. Etiology,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of local and systemic anaphylactic reactions. Mediators
of anaphylaxia. "Pseudo anaphylactic" reactions
26. Allergic reactions of 2nd type (cytotoxic, mediated by antibodies), according to Coombs and
Gell. Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.
27. Allergic reaction of 3rd type(immune complex mediated) according to Coombs and Gell.
Etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations of local and systemic reactions. Serum sickness
28. Allergic reaction of 4th type (cellular mediated), according to Coombs and Gell. Etiology,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.
29. Allergic reactions of 5th type (cell dysfunction mediated by antibodies). Etiology,
pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.
30. Autoimmune reactions / diseases: general description, principles of classification, current
understanding of etiology and pathogenesis.
31. Fundamentals of organs and tissues transplantation. Causes and mechanisms of graft reaction,
means of prevention.
32. Local and general effects of ionizing radiation on the organism. Acute radiation disease, its
form. Pathogenesis of bone-marrow form of acute radiation disease. Long-term effects of
ionizing radiation
33. Mechanisms of pathogenic action of ionizing radiation on the organism. Radiosensitivity of
tissues. Overview of forms of radiation injury. Pathogenic effects of excessive and insufficient
insolation of ultraviolet rays. Photosensitivity.
34. Chemical pathogenic factors as a problem of ecology and medicine. Toxicity, carcinogenicity,
teratogenicity of the chemicals. exointoxications. Pathophysiological aspects of smoking,
alcoholism and drug addiction.
35. Effects of high and low barometric pressure on the organism. Pathogenesis of compression
and decompression syndromes. Explosive decompression.
36. . Injury of the cells, principles of classification. Cell death (necrosis, apoptosis), their signs.
Universal mechanisms of cellular injury. Mechanisms of cell protection and adaptation of
cells to the injury factors.
37. Arterial and venous hyperemia: definitions, signs, types, causes and mechanisms of
development, outcomes.
38. Ischemia: definition, signs, types, causes, mechanisms of development, outcomes.
Mechanisms of ischemic cell damage. Syndrome of ischemia - reperfusion.
39. Thrombosis: definition, types of blood clots. Causes, mechanisms and consequences of
thrombosis
40. Embolism: definition, types of embolus. Features of the pathogenesis of embolism of the
large and small blood circulation and the portal vein system.
41. . Violation of microcirculation, classification. Stasis: definition, types, causes, pathogenesis,
consequences. Sludge - syndrome: definition, causes and mechanisms of development.
Violation of local lymph circulation, types, causes and mechanisms of development
42. . Inflammation: definition, principles of classification. Etiology, characteristics of acute and
chronic inflammation. General and local signs of inflammation.
43. Pathogenesis of acute inflammation, its components. Combination of pathological and
compensatory-adaptive changes in the dynamics of acute inflammation. Alteration, types,
causes, mechanisms.
44. . Exudation in the area of inflammation, its causes and mechanisms. Phases of increased
permeability of the vascular wall. Types of exudates
45. Emigration of leukocytes in the area of inflammation. Sequence, causes and mechanisms of
leukocyte emigration. Role of leukocytes in the development of local and general
manifestations of inflammation. Mechanisms of microbes neutralization by the leukocytes.
46. Mediators of inflammation and their classification. Mechanisms of formation and biological
effects of plasma mediators of inflammation
47. Inflammatory mediators of cellular origin, description of their biological effects.
48. . Changes in local blood circulation at the area of inflammation (according to Konheym).
Pathogenesis of of vascular reactions stages at the area of acute inflammation. Metabolic
disorders at the area of inflammation
49. Cell proliferation at the area of inflammation and its mechanisms. Mechanisms of mitogenic
action of growth factors and cytokines. Regeneration and fibroplasia as ways of healing.
50. Role of reactivity in the development of inflammation. Relationships between pathological
immune response and inflammation. Influence of hormonal factors on inflammation.
51. Fever: stages of development, changes in thermoregulation, metabolism and physiological
functions. Protective value and pathological manifestations of fever. Principles of antipyretic
therapy. Concept of pyrotherapy.
52. . Fever: definition, principles of classification. Relationship between fever and inflammation.
Types of pyrogens. Formation of pyrogens during infection, aseptic injury and immune
reactions. Chemical nature and origin of secondary pyrogens, mechanism of their action. The
main differences between fever, exogenous overheating and other forms of hyperthermia.
53. Starvation: definition, classification. External and internal causes of starvation. Characteristic
of disorders of basal metabolism and metabolism in different periods of complete starnation
(with water).
54. Pathophysiology of incomplete and partial (qualitative) starvation. Types, causes and
mechanisms of the most important manifestations. Protein-energy deficiency. Pathogenesis of
main clinical manifestations. The concept of medical starvation.
55. Hypoxia: definition, classification, etiology, pathogenesis. Pathological changes and adaptivecompensatory reactions at hypoxia. Etiology and pathogenesis of tissue hypoxia. Principles of
hypoxia therapy. Possible negative effects of oxygen therapy.
56. Tumors: definition, principles of tumors classification. General conformities of tumor growth.
Molecular - genetic basis of unlimited growth and potential immortality of tumor cells.
57. Typical features of benign and malignant tumors. Types of anaplasia. Ways and mechanisms
of metastasis.
58. Etiology of tumors. General characteristics of carcinogens. Risk factors (genetic /
chromosomal defects, anomalies of the constitution) and the conditions of tumors
development.
59. Physical and chemical carcinogens: principles of classification, characteristics of main groups.
Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Cocarcinogenesis and syncarcinogenesis.
60. Biological carcinogenic factors. Classification of oncogenic viruses. Virus - associated tumors
at animals and humans. Mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis. Pathogenesis of tumor growth.
Role of molecular (genetic) mechanisms of cell division regulation disturbances in the process
of malignant transformation. Methods for protooncogenes converting to oncogenes. Properties
of oncoproteins.
61. Experimental study of tumors etiology and pathogenesis: methods of induction,
transplantation, explantation. Mechanisms of natural antitumor defense, immune and
nonimmune. Pathophysiological basis of tumors prevention and treatment.
62. Tumor progression: definition, causes and mechanisms, typical symptoms. The mechanisms of
invasive growth and metastasis. Acquisition of resistance to chemotherapy. Influence of tumor
on the organism. Pathogenesis of cancer cachexia.
63. Disorders of lipid metabolism: causes, mechanisms, manifestations. Dependence of
dyslipoproteinemia from environmental factors, heredity, concomitant diseases. Principles of
dyslipoproteinemias classification. Etiology and pathogenesis of primary (hereditary) and
secondary hyperlipoproteinemias.
64. Etiology and pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus 1st type (value of hereditary factors and
environmental factors in the development of absolute insulin deficiency). Violation of protein,
carbohydrate, lipid, water -electrolyte metabolism, and acid-base balance. Clinical
manifestations.
65. . Etiology, pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus 2nd type. Role of hereditary factors. Causes of
relative insulin deficiency. Metabolic and physiological functions. Clinical manifestations.
66. Complications of diabetes. Causes and mechanisms of different types of com at diabetes.
Long-term complications of diabetes.
67. Positive and negative nitrogen balance. Types of hyperasotemias. Changes in protein
composition of blood. Inherited disorders of amino acids metabolism.
68. Hypo- and hypervitaminosis: types, causes and mechanisms of development. Pathogenesis of
main clinical manifestations. Principles of vitamin deficiencies correction.
69. Violation of water-salt metabolism. Forms of hyper- and hypohydration, their etiology,
pathogenesis, consequences. Edema: definition, types, causes and mechanisms of edema
(according to Starling). Metabolic disturbances of sodium and potassium: causes, mechanisms
and clinical manifestations.
70. Acidosis: definition, classification, causes of development. Compensatory and pathological
reactions. Indexes of acid-base balance in different types of acidosis, principles of correction.
71. Alkalosis: definition, classification, causes of development. Compensatory and pathological
reactions. Indexes of acid-base balance in different types of alkalosis, principles of correction.
72. Dabetes mellitus, definition, classification (WHO). Overview of the main types of diabetes
(type of insulin deficiency, its origin, peculiarities, typical symptoms). Experimental modeling
of diabetes.
73. Characteristic of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, criteria euglycemia, hypoglycemia,
hyperglycemia, glucose tolerance disorders. Role of changes of neuro-humoral regulation of
carbohydrate metabolism in the pathogenesis of hypo- and hyperglycemic states. Causes and
mechanisms of hypoglycemic states.
74. Obesity: definition, classification, etiology and pathogenesis of certain forms. Experimental
modeling of obesity. Medical problems associated with obesity.
75. Purine and pyrimidine metabolism disorders. Etiology and pathogenesis of gout
76. . Violation of energy metabolism: etiology, pathogenesis, consequences. Concept of the
energy necessity of the organism, positive and negative energy balance. Changes of basal
metabolism in pathology
77. . Insufficiency of heart: definition, principles of classification. Causes of heart overloading by
volume and resistance. Mechanisms of immediate adaptation of the heart to excessive load.
78. Mechanisms of the heart long-term adaptation to excessive load. Hypertrophy of the heart, its
pathogenesis (according to F.Meerson). Features of hypertrophied myocardium.
79. Myocardial insufficiency of the heart. Etiology, pathogenesis noncoronarogenic injury of
heart. Experimental modeling.
80. Ischemic heart disease: types, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations. Pathogenesis of
manifestations and complications of myocardial infarction.
81. Insufficiency of coronary circulation: definition, causes and mechanisms of development,
clinical manifestations. Mechanisms of ischemic and reperfusion injury of cardiomyocytes.
82. Cardiac arrhythmias. Experimental modeling. Causes, mechanisms of automatism,
excitability, conductivity violations, typical electrocardiographic manifestations.
83. Extramyocardial cardiac failure. Injury of pericardium: causes, mechanisms of development.
Acute cardiac tamponade, manifestations and consequences.
84. Arterial hypertension: definition, principles of classification. Primary and secondary
hypertension. Hemodynamic variations. Causes and mechanisms of secondary arterial
hypertension, experimental modeling.
85. . Primary hypertension as a multifactorial disease, current understanding of etiology and
pathogenesis of hypertension. Role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension.
86. Secondary arterial hypertension. Role of kidney disease and endocrine glands in the
mechanisms of secondary arterial hypertension.
87. Arterial hypotension definition. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute and chronic arterial
hypotension
88. Arteriosclerosis: definition, classification. Characteristics of the main forms: atherosclerosis
(Marshan’s), mediacalcinosis (Menkeberg’s), arteriolosclerosis.
89. Atherosclerosis. Etiology of atherosclerosis: risk factors, causative factors. Modern theory of
atherogenesis - "inflammatory" and "receptor". The role of inherited and acquired disorders of
receptor-mediated transport of lipoproteins in atherogenesis
90. Circulatory failure: definition, principles of classification, causes and mechanisms of various
types development. Pathogenesis of chronic circulatory failure main clinical manifestations.
91. Insufficiency of the heart: definition, principles of classification. Causes of heart overloading
by volume and resistance. Mechanisms of the heart immediate adaptation to excessive
loadMechanisms of long-term adaptation of the heart to excessive load. Hypertrophy of the
heart, its pathogenesis (according to the F.Meerson). Features of hypertrophied
myocardiumMyocardial insufficiency of the heart. Etiology, pathogenesis of noncoronary
injury of myocardial. Experimental modeling.
92. Cardiomyopathy: definition, principles of classification, etiology, pathogenesisInsufficiency
of coronary circulation: definition, causes and mechanisms of development, clinical
manifestations. Mechanisms of ischemic and reperfusion injury of cardiomyocytes. Ischemic
heart disease: types, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations. Pathogenesis of
myocardial infarction manifestations and complications.
93. Cardiac arrhythmias. Experimental modeling. Causes, mechanisms of automatism,
excitability, conductivity violations, typical electrocardiographic manifestations.
94. Extramyocardial cardiac failure. Injury of the pericardium. Acute cardiac tamponade,
manifestations and consequencesArterial hypertension: definition, principles of classification.
Primary and secondary hypertension. Hemodynamic variations.
95. Causes and mechanisms of secondary arterial hypertension, experimental modeling.
96. Primary hypertension as a multifactorial disease, modern understanding of hypertension
etiology and pathogenesis. Role of the kidney in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension.
97. Secondary arterial hypertension. Role of kidney disease and endocrine glands in the
mechanisms of secondary arterial hypertension.
98. . Hypertension of pulmonary circulation (primary, secondary). Causes and mechanisms of
development. Clinical and hemodynamic manifestations.
99. Arterial hypotension. Etiology and pathogenesis of acute and chronic arterial hipotension.
100.
Arteriosclerosis: definition, classification. Characteristics of the main forms:
atherosclerosis (Marshan’s), mediacalcinosis (Menkeberg’s), arteriolosclerosis.
101.
Atherosclerosis. Etiology of atherosclerosis: risk factors, causative factors. Modern
theory of atherogenesis - "inflammatory" and "receptor". The role of inherited and acquired
disorders receptor-mediated transport of lipoproteins in atherogenesis.
102.
Cardiomyopathy: definition, principles of classification, etiology, pathogenesis
103.
Circulatory failure: definition, principles of classification, causes and mechanisms of
various types. Pathogenesis of chronic circulatory failure main clinical manifestations.
104.
. Insufficiency of heart: definition, principles of classification. Causes of heart
overloading by volume and resistance. Mechanisms of immediate adaptation of the heart to
excessive load.
105.
Mechanisms of the heart long-term adaptation to excessive load. Hypertrophy of the
heart, its pathogenesis (according to F.Meerson). Features of hypertrophied myocardium.
106.
Myocardial insufficiency of the heart. Etiology, pathogenesis noncoronarogenic injury
of heart. Experimental modeling
107.
Insufficiency of coronary circulation: definition, causes and mechanisms of
development, clinical manifestations. Mechanisms of ischemic and reperfusion injury of
cardiomyocytes.
108.
Ischemic heart disease: types, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.
Pathogenesis of manifestations and complications of myocardial infarction.
109.
Cardiac arrhythmias. Experimental modeling. Causes, mechanisms of automatism,
excitability, conductivity violations, typical electrocardiographic manifestations
110.
. Anemia: definition, principles of classification. Regenerative, degenerative,
pathological forms of erythrocytes. Posthemorrhagic anemia: types, causes, pathogenesis,
blood picture.
111.
Hemolytic anemia, classification, causes and mechanisms of red blood cells hemolysis.
Clinical and hematological characteristics of various types of hemolytic anemia.
112.
Erythrocytosis: definition, types, etiology and pathogenesis.
113.
Etiology, pathogenesis ofbleeding. Pathogenesis of posthemorrhagic shock.
114.
Iron deficiency anemia: Causes and mechanisms of typical changes in peripheral blood
development, pathogenesis of main clinical manifestations. Iron refractory anemia.
115.
Causes and mechanisms of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency. Characteristics of
general disorders of the organism at vitamin B12 and / or folic acid deficiency. Hematological
characteristics of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency anemia.
116.
Violation of the total blood volume: classification, causes and mechanisms of
development.
117.
Etiology, pathogenesis of bleeding. Pathogenesis of posthemorrhagic shock.
118.
. Erythrocytosis: definition, types, etiology and pathogenesis. Differential diagnosis of
various kinds.
119.
Anemia: definition, principles of classification. Regenerative, degenerative,
pathological forms of erythrocytes. Postemorrhagic anemia: types, causes, pathogenesis, blood
picture.
120.
Hemolytic anemia, classification, causes and mechanisms of red blood cells hemolysis.
Clinical and hematological characteristics of hemolytic anemia various types.
121.
Causes and mechanisms of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency. Characteristics of
disturbances in the organism at vitamin B12 and / or folic acid deficiency. Hematological
characteristics of vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency anemia.
122.
Iron deficiency anemia: Causes and mechanisms of typical changes in peripheral blood,
pathogenesis of main clinical manifestations. Iron refractory anemia.
123.
. Leukocytosis: types, causes and mechanisms of development. Nuclear changes of
neutrophilic granulocytes associated witg it. Leukemoid reactions.
124.
Leukopenia: types, causes and mechanisms of development. Agranulocytosis.
Neutropenia. Nuclear changes of neutrophilic granulocytes associated with it.
125.
Leukocytosis: types, causes and mechanisms of development. Nuclear shifts of
neutrophilic granulocytes associated with it. Leukemoid reactions Leukopenia: types, causes
and mechanisms of development. Agranulocytosis. Neutropenia. Nuclear shifts of neutrophilic
granulocytes associated with it.
126.
. Leukemia: definition, principles of classification. Etiology of leukemia. Anomalies of
the genotype and constitution as the risk factors at the development of leukemia
127.
Violation of bone marrow and peripheral blood cellular composition in acute and
chronic leukemia. Pathogenesis of leukemia: progression, metastasis, systemic disorders.
Principles of diagnosis and therapy of leukemia
128.
Leukemia: definition, principles of classification. Etiology of leukemia. Anomalies of
the genotype and the constitution as the risk factors at the development of leukemia
129.
Violation of cellular composition of the bone marrow and peripheral blood in acute and
chronic leukemia. Pathogenesis of leukemia: progression, metastasis, systemic disorders.
Principles of diagnosis and therapy of leukemia.
130.
Violation of vascular-platelet hemostasis. Etiology and pathogenesis of vasopathia,
thrombocytopenia, thrombocytopathia.
131.
Syndrome of disseminated intravascular coagulation, principles of classification,
etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations. Role in pathology
132.
Insufficiency of coagulative hemostasis. Causes and mechanisms of separate stages of
blood clotting disturbances.
133.
Hypertension of pulmonary circulation (primary, secondary). Causes and mechanisms
of development. Clinical and hemodynamic manifestations.
134.
Insufficiency of external respiration: definition, principles of classification.
Pathogenesis of main clinical manifestations. Dyspnea: types, causes, mechanisms of
development.
135.
Dysregulatory violation of alveolar ventilation. Causes and mechanisms of pathological
(disturbance of frequency, depth, rhythm) and periodic breathing.
136.
Asphyxia: definition, causes, pathogenesis. Terminal respiration.
137.
Causes and mechanisms of gases diffusion disorders in the lungs and pulmonary
circulation. Violation of general and regional ventilation-perfusion relationships in the lungs.
138.
. Violation of alveolar ventilation. Obstructive and restrictive mechanisms of
respiratory failure
139.
General characteristic of the stomach motive and secretory functions disorders.
Pathological gastric secretion, it types. Role of neural and humoral mechanisms at the
disorders of gastric secretion.
140.
Violation of cavitary digestion in the intestine, causes, mechanisms, manifestations.
Disorders associated with secretory insufficiency of the pancreas.
141.
Etiology and pathogenesis of gastric and / or duodenum ulcer. Etiology and
pathogenesis of symptomatic ulcers of the stomach and / or duodenum.
142.
Overview of motor and secretory functions of the stomach violations. Pathological
gastric secretion, it types. Role of neural and humoral mechanisms to initiate secretion.
143.
Causes and mechanisms of digestive disorders in the oral cavity. Etiology,
pathogenesis, experimental models of dental caries and periodontal disease. Causes,
mechanisms of salivation violations.
144.
Violation of intestinal absorption. Causes and mechanisms of malabsorption,
pathogenesis of main clinical manifestations.
145.
Pancreatitis: types, causes, pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic shock.
146.
Causes, mechanisms, clinical manifestations of antitoxic liver function insufficiency.
Theories of hepatic coma pathogenesis.
147.
Insufficiency of liver: definition, principles of classification, causes, experimental
modeling.
148.
Typical disorders of carbohydrate, protein, lipid, water-electrolyte metabolism,
metabolism of vitamins and hormones, systemic disorders in the organism at hepatic failure.
149.
Insufficiency of excretory liver function: causes, mechanisms and clinical
manifestations. Metabolic disorders of bile pigments in various kinds of jaundices. Cholemic
and acholic syndromes.
150.
Hemodynamic disorders of liver function. The syndrome of portal hypertension:
etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations.
151.
Causes and mechanisms of the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion in the
kidney violations. Functional tests to determine violations of renal function
152.
Causes and mechanisms of quantitative and qualitative changes of the urine: oliguria,
anuria, polyuria, hypostenuriya, isostenuria, proteinuria, hematuria, cylindruria, leukocyturia
153.
Syndrome of acute renal failure: definition, causes and mechanisms of development,
clinical manifestations.
154.
Syndrome of chronic renal failure: definition, causes and mechanisms of development,
clinical manifestations. Pathogenesis of uremic coma.
155.
General signs of renal failure functions disorders. Pathogenesis of edema, hypertension,
anemia, disorders of hemostasis, acid-base balance, osteodystrophy.
156.
Glomerulonephritis: definition, principles of classification, experimental modeling.
Etiology and pathogenesis of diffuse glomerulonephritis.
157.
Typical disurders of the endocrine glands, their causes and mechanisms of
development. Violation of direct and feedback regulatory relationships in the pathogenesis
dysregulatory endokrinopathy
158.
Glandular endocrinopathy. Causes and mechanisms of hormones biosynthesis,
deposition, and secretion disorders.
159.
Peripheral disorders of endocrine function. Disorders of hormones transport and
inactivation. Violation of hormones reception. Mechanisms of hormone resistance.
160.
Pathology of neuroendocrine system. Causes and mechanisms of the syndromes of of
pituitary hormones excess and insufficiency, their general characteristics.
161.
Hypothyroidism: Causes and mechanisms of main clinical manifestations pathogenesis
Goiter: types, etiology, pathogenesis, violation of the thyroid gland functional state.
162.
Hypo- and hyperfunction of the parathyroid glands: etiology, pathogenesis, typical
disorders in the organism.
163.
Hyperthyroidism: Causes and mechanisms of main clinical manifestations
pathogenesis.
164.
Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex. Primary and secondary hyperaldosteronism. Causes,
mechanisms and clinical manifestations. Differences between primary and secondary
hyperaldosteronism
165.
Hyperfunction of adrenal cortex. Cushing’s syndrome. Syndrome of congenital adrenal
hyperplasia (adrenogenital syndrome). Causes, mechanisms and clinical manifestations.
166.
Adrenal insufficiency, acute and chronic: Causes and mechanisms of main clinical
manifestations pathogenesis.
167.
Stress. Definition, causes and mechanisms of development, stages. The concept of
"diseases of adaptation."
168.
Dysfunction of sex glands: primary and secondary states of hyper- and hypogonadism.
Etiology, pathogenesis, common clinical manifestations.
169.
Pain. Principles of classification. Somatic pain. Modern views about the causes and
mechanisms of pain: theory of impulses distribution, theory of specificity. Pathological pain.
Reaction of the organism on the pain. Natural antinociceptive mechanisms.
170.
Injury of neurons as the cause of integrative functions of the nervous system violations.
171.
Comma: definition, types, causes and mechanisms of coma.
172.
Violation of the nervous system motive function. Experimental modeling of movement
disorders. Peripheral and central paralysis and paresis: causes, mechanisms, manifestations.
173.
Violation of the nervous system sensory function. Disorders of mechano-, thermo-,
proprio- and nociception.
174.
Violation of sensory information. Signs thalamic centers and sensory structures of the
cerebral cortex injury. Violation of autonomic nervous system functions, methods of
experimental design. Dystonia syndrome
175.
Causes and mechanisms of electrophysiological processes in neurons disorders.
Dysfunction of ion channels, violation of neurochemical processes. Pathological mechanisms
of excitation and inhibition of pathological nerve centers.
176.
Spinal shock. Violation of the nervous system motive function of subcortical origin.
Disorders associated with the injury of the cerebellum. Convulsions. Myasthenia gravis.
177.
Violation of trophic function of the nervous system. Neurogenic dystrophy. Structural,
functional and biochemical changes in denervated organs and tissues
178.
Comma: definition, types, causes and mechanisms of coma (hypoglycemic,
hyperglycemic, hyperhosmolar, hepatic, pancreatic).
179.
Causes and mechanisms of shock, clinical and pathophysiological manifestations
180.
Concept of extreme conditions. General characteristics (collapse, coma, shock, crush
syndrome).
“ Confirmed ”
Head of Department
Prof. Rikalo N.A.