Download Geography Released Items - Parkway C-2

The following question is based on the following map.
5. The varying widths of the lines on the map most probably indicate the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
C
strength of ocean currents
type of trade
volume of trade
type of transportation used
The following question is based on the following map.
6. The movement of what international product is shown on the map? Give two reasons why
the product is shipped to the places indicated on the map.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response indicates that the product is oil (or petroleum, crude fuels, crude, fossil fuels). The
response gives two reasons why oil is shipped to the places indicated on the map.
Partial
The response correctly identifies the product as oil, and may or may not give one reason for why
it is shipped.
Inappropriate
The response does not correctly identify the product as oil or give two reasons for why it is
shipped.
Student demonstrates knowledge of the general pattern of petroleum import/export and the
reasons for the trade.
Notes:
Credited responses could include
Countries that import oil
 are industrialized—need fuel as an energy source or for something—factories,
 are insufficient or have no reserves;
 can't produce because of expense of extracting from own country; and/or
 are conserving of own resources — cheaper abroad.
"Industrialized" by itself is okay. Countries that export
 have excess reserves/must have excess of oil;
 can profit from sale; and/or
 earn foreign currency for economic development.
Also accepted
 Oil—some
places don't have much; Middle East has plenty. Score is 3
Not Accepted
 gasoline, fuel, natural gas;
 oil without reason for trade is 2;
 oil with one correct reason is 2;
 oil with two correct reasons is 3;
 two correct reasons but no oil is 1.
cars, etc.;
7. Give two reasons why early civilizations flourished in the valley of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response gives two valid reasons why river valleys were important to the early civilization
of Iraq.
Partial
The response gives only one valid reason for the importance of the river valley to the ancient
civilization of Iraq or, it mentions two reasons but one is unclear or general.
Inappropriate
The response gives no reasons for the importance of river valleys in the ancient civilization of
Iraq. It may provide an inadequate response, such as, people settled in the valley because it was
the best place to live.
The following question refers to the two population pyramids below.
8. What percentage of the total population of Country 1 is age 70 or over?
A.
Key
1.0%
B. 1.2%
C. 2.2%
D. 3.0%
C
The following question refers to the two population pyramids below.
9. Describe the difference in population patterns for people age 60 and over in countries 1
and 2. Give one possible explanation for the difference you have identified.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies one difference in age distribution above age 60 between the two
countries and gives a correct explanation. Correct answers may be chosen from the list given or
include some other appropriate response.
Partial
The response identifies one difference between the two population pyramids over the age of 60,
but does not give a correct explanation of the difference
OR
Gives a difference that relates to absolute numbers with an acceptable reason
Inappropriate
The response does not give any acceptable reason to explain the difference in age distributions
over the age of 60 between the two countries as suggested in the list below.
10. Major oil-producing nations joined together to form the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) as a means of
A.
B.
C.
D.
increasing their control of markets and prices for their product
limiting the access of other nations to solar power
promoting the production of high-quality fossil fuels
improving communication and transportation among developing nations
Key
A
11. Tropical forests are being destroyed at the rate of at least eleven million hectares each
year, an area the size of Pennsylvania. About half of all tropical forests are already
gone.
Discuss two major reasons for this high rate of tropical deforestation.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response provides two reasons for tropical deforestation.
Partial
The response provides one reason for tropical deforestation.
Inappropriate
The response does not provide any appropriate reasons why the rates of tropical deforestation are
high. Responses may provide incorrect answers such as: the rates of deforestation are high
because people are cutting down trees.
12. What religion is practiced by most people who live in India?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Confucianism
Buddhism
Christianity
Hinduism
D
13. How do the forces listed below affect the natural environment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Gravity
Ice
Water
Wind
They are major causes of erosion.
They are important influences on human settlement.
They are responsible for seismic activity.
They cause continental drift.
A
The following question refers to the passage below.
When the warm ocean current El Niño replaces the cooler Peruvian, or Humboldt, current along
the coast of Peru, the supplies of anchovies on which sea birds feed decrease. As a result, the
number of sea birds roosting on the coastal islands decreases.
14. The passage describes the effect of El Niño on Peru's
A.
B.
C.
D.
wind currents
weather
ecosystem
coastal erosion
Key
C
The following question refers to the passage below.
When the warm ocean current El Niño replaces the cooler Peruvian, or Humboldt, current along
the coast of Peru, the supplies of anchovies on which sea birds feed decrease. As a result, the
number of sea birds roosting on the coastal islands decreases.
15. In Peru, the developments described have an impact on
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
D
the money earned from tourists who visit its beaches
the ability of ships to dock at its ports
warm weather in coastal areas
the export of anchovies
16. The map above shows the changes in the population center of the United States over a
200-year period of time.
Identify and explain some important factors that contributed to the changes in the
population center shown on the map.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response states or implies an understanding of the population trend shown on the map. The
response explains at least two factors that significantly contributed to the westward movement
(or southern movement, if explained correctly). TREND and two factors
Essential
The response states or implies an implicit understanding of the trend shown on the map AND the
response explains one factor that significantly contributed to the westward movement. TREND
and one factor
Partial
The response states or implies an implicit understanding of the trend shown on the map. The
response does not explain any factors that significantly contributed to the westward movement
OR gives at least one significant migration factor, but does not relate it to the westward trend.
TREND or one factor
Inappropriate
The response does not address the trend shown in the map or give any acceptable reasons
contributing to this trend, such as those in the list given. Unacceptable reasons might be such as,
people are always moving.
17. Look at the table above. The region described in this table is
A.
B.
C.
D.
South America
Africa
North America
Oceania
Key
A
18. The "Corn Belt" is a region defined on the basis of
A.
population
B.
C.
D.
economic activity
transportation networks
political organization
Key
B
Question 19 refers to Atlas [1]
19. Look at the World Facts page inside the front cover of the atlas. Which continent
contains the most large urban areas?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Africa
Asia
North America
South America
Key
B
Question 20 refers to Atlas [1]
20. In 1990 Iraq invaded and occupied Kuwait. Look at pages 72 and 73 of the atlas. Based
on the geography of the region, give two reasons why Iraq might have wanted to take
control of Kuwait.
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates understanding of how geography of a region can lead to conflicts between
countries.
Score & Description
Complete
Response gives two reasons, based on regional geography, why Iraq wanted to take control of
Kuwait.
Partial
Response gives one reason, based on regional geography, why Iraq wanted to take control of
Kuwait.
Inappropriate
Response does not give any reasons, based on regional geography, why Iraq wanted to take
control of Kuwait.
Credited responses could include:
 Iraq
could have gained access to additional oil in Kuwait and Persian Gulf (including
Bahrain, Qatar, and U.A.E.)
 Iraq could have gained a longer shoreline on Persian Gulf from which it could disrupt or
control oil shipping.
 Iraq would have moved closer to the Saudi Arabian oil fields
 Taking over Kuwait would give Iraq military strategic advantages for other attacks.
 Kuwait is by the water/has access to the coast.
Question 21 refers to Atlas [1]
21. Look at the time zone map on page 19. If it is 2:00 A.M. on July 15 in Jakarta,
Indonesia, what is the time and date in Edmonton, Canada?
A.
B.
C.
D.
12:00 noon, July 14
5:00 P.M., July 14
11:00 A.M., July 15
6:00 P.M., July 16
Key
A
Question 22 refers to Atlas [1]
22. Look at page 47 of the atlas. Study the small map showing distances drawn with red
lines. What can you learn from this map?
A. Ships going from New York to South America must go through the Panama
Canal.
B. Ships going from San Francisco to South America must go through the Panama
Canal.
C. Without the Panama Canal, ships would have to travel 13,000 miles to get from
New York to San Francisco.
D. Without the Panama Canal, ships would have to travel 8,370 kilometers to get
from San Francisco to New York.
Key
C
Question 23 refers to Atlas [1]
23. You are writing a report about the growth and development of cities (urbanization) in
the United States. Pages 32-35 and 40-41 in the atlas contain maps and charts that
would be useful to you when writing your report. Identify three specific maps or charts
from these pages that you would use. In the spaces below, write the names of the maps
or charts and explain how the information in each one helps you understand
urbanization.
1. Map or chart:_____________________________
Explanation:
2. Map or chart:_____________________________
Explanation:
3. Map or chart:_____________________________
Explanation:
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates understanding of urbanization and ability to find appropriate information
in an atlas.
Score & Description
Complete
Response identifies three maps/charts from the designated pages with useful information
regarding U.S. urbanization, and provides explanations of how each map/chart is
useful/pertinent.
Essential
Response identifies two or three maps/charts with useful information and gives two explanations.
Partial
Response identifies one, two, or three maps/charts with useful information and gives one
explanation.
Inappropriate
Response may or may not identify maps/charts with useful information but does not explain how
any of them are useful.
Notes:
Credit is awarded only to answers that pair a map/chart with an acceptable explanation. No credit
is awarded for naming a map/chart with no explanation or for an explanation when no map/chart
is identified.
Credited responses could include:
Physical map of the United States (pp.32-33) can be used to gain information on the
physical features associated with urbanization
Credit:
 Find out which cities are located near
 Fewer cities in mountainous regions
 Shows elevation at which people live
rivers
Do Not Credit:
 "Shows the elevation of the states"
 Answers that refer to the relative size of
cities
Political map of the United States (pp. 34-35) shows spatial distribution of urban areas of
different size, plus location of state capitals.
Credit:
 Shows
 Shows
the size of cities/relative size of cities
the location of cities
Do Not Credit:
 "Cities" (must qualify answer with location, size, distribution, etc.)
 "Capitals, cities, boundaries" (this comes directly from the map legend)
Land Use map (p. 40 top) shows the close association between land use and urbanization.
Credit:
 Urban areas are characterized by trade and manufacturing
 Land use map shows that people live where they do due to
that exist
 "You might want to know what they do in the city"
 "To show why people moved where they did."
the type of jobs or occupations
Do Not Credit:
 references to fertile land
 "The map shows what the land
is used for" (response must make some attempt to explain
relationship between land use and urbanization).
Highway map (p. 40 bottom) shows the relationship between urban areas and a major
transportation network.
Credit:
 "shows accessibility to cities/between cities"
 "Highways help support urban growth"
 Shows connection of cities to suburbs
 Denser highway system in east is related to more
urbanization there.
Do Not Credit:
 Responses
that copy from text "Can you get there from here?" next to map.
Population map (p. 40) shows the spatial distribution of population in relation to urban
areas. The map shows density, not actual population, so accept answers that recognize the
density issue even if they do not use the term. If response does not talk about spatial distribution
or density, it must be explicit about how the information in the map is related to urbanization.
Credit:
 Shows where cities have developed
 Population in and around cities is denser than population elsewhere
 "The population tends to increase toward the east (with exception of California)."
 "It shows you where the most highly populated areas are." (or "heavily populated")
 "It shows you where the urban areas are located."
 "Shows where cities have developed"
 "Tells you how many people there are per square mile in each area."
 "Can tell where population is more dense."
 "It shows how people are spread out."
 "It tells you which places have the most people."
Do Not Credit:
 "It shows where people are right now." (too vague)
 "Can see how populated an area is."
 "To see how populated some areas are."
 "You need to see how many people are in a place to
 "To show how much the population has grown."
 "To show how many people there are."
see if it grew."
Urban Population pie graph (p.40) shows growth in urban population and percentage of the
U.S. population living in urban and rural areas.
Credit:
 Shows where most people live.
 "Shows the growth of the urban population."
 "It shows the percent of people living in urban areas"
 "Shows how cities grew from 1920 till today."
Question 24 refers to Atlas [1]
24. Look at the United States annual rainfall and growing season maps on pages 36 and 37
of the atlas.
Which of the following states has the most area with an annual rainfall of 20 to 40
inches AND a growing season of 4 to 6 months?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Oklahoma
Iowa
New Mexico
Wyoming
Key
B
Question 25 refers to Atlas [1]
25. Look at the maps on pages 66 and 67 of the atlas. Find the parts of Europe where the
natural vegetation is grassland. What type of land use occurs in most of these areas?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Manufacturing and trade
Ranching and grazing
Forest products
Crops and livestock
Key
D
Question 26 refers to Atlas [1]
26. Russia and Ukraine share many cultural traits. This is partly because there has been
continuous interaction between Russian and Ukrainian populations over several
centuries.
Now look at the physical map of Europe on pages 60 and 61 of the atlas. Based on the
map, identify two physical characteristics of the regions that might have helped the
interaction between Russian and Ukrainian populations.
1.
2.
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates understanding of how the location and physical features of a region can
influence cultural interactions between different populations.
Score & Description
Complete
Response identifies two map-based reasons for interaction.
Partial
Response identifies one map-based reason for interaction.
Inappropriate
Response does not identify any reasons for interaction.
Credited responses could include:
Proximity:
 Shared border/countries right next to each other
 Same type of land, so peoples may have similar cultures
Barriers:
 Relatively flat
land between two nations / same elevation / low elevation areas/"both are
at the same sea level" (i.e., same elevation)
 No water barrier for several hundred miles
 No mountain barriers
 Both are on the European Plain
Connections:
 Connecting rivers
or waterways making trade easier—can give the names of these rivers.
"They share rivers."
 Both countries share the Black Sea (must give name of sea)
 Both countries share the Sea of Azov
 Share coast lines, waterways
Question 27 refers to Atlas [1]
27. Find the political map of Africa on page 55 and the land use map on page 59. Which
city is a major center of manufacturing and trade?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kinshasa, Congo
Tunis, Tunisia
Lusaka, Zambia
Luanda, Angola
Key
A
Question 28 refers to Atlas [1]
28. First look at the map of coral reefs on page 95 of the atlas. Next look at the population
map on page 18. Coral reefs are in danger of becoming extinct because of
environmental changes caused by humans.
In which region of the world are coral reefs most threatened by dense human
populations?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Western Africa near Liberia and the Ivory Coast
The Persian Gulf near Iran and Saudi Arabia
South Asia near India and Sri Lanka
South America near Argentina and Chile
Key
C
Question 29 refers to Atlas [1]
29. Look at the maps of Australia on pages 88–93 of the atlas.
Identify the region in Australia where most people live.
Using information from the maps, give one reason that explains the settlement pattern of
Australia.
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates ability to find relevant information from among several maps and to read
population density map, and demonstrates understanding of factors affecting settlement patterns.
Score & Description
Complete
Response correctly identifies that most people in Australia live in coastal areas, particularly in
the southeast, and gives one reason to explain this settlement pattern.
Partial
Response correctly identifies that most people in Australia live in coastal areas, particularly in
the southeast, but does not explain settlement pattern
OR
Response partly identifies where most people in Australia live and gives one reason to explain
the settlement pattern.
Inappropriate
Response does not identify or explain settlement pattern
Credited responses for Where most people live:
 Near the water, along the coast, near the coast for
 Most people live in the Southeast.
 In the southern part
 In the east
 New South Wales and Victoria (must give both)
water, by the ocean
The following partially correct responses, when combined with a reason explaining the
settlement pattern, achieve a score of 2:
 New South Wales
 Victoria
 Sidney and Melbourne (must
give both)
 Urban
areas, cities
Credited responses for one reason to explain the settlement pattern:
 Factors
explicitly tied to climate: Lots of rain, good climate for farming, moderate
temperatures
 Access to good harbors, shipping, transportation for trade
 The middle of Australia is mostly desert/Central Australia has an inhospitable climate.
 Close to ocean resources like fishing
 Jobs and economic opportunities
Question 30 refers to Atlas [1]
30. Look at the political map of South America on page 49 of the atlas. Which of the
following countries has its capital located in the interior?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Colombia
Peru
Argentina
Guyana
A
Question 31 refers to Atlas [1]
31. Look at the land use map on page 16 of the atlas and the pie charts of Japan's trade on
page 87. Which of the following countries would be the most likely source of forest
products for Japan?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
South Korea
Germany
United States
Australia
C
Question 32 refers to Atlas [1]
32. Look at the land use map of Canada on page 30 of the atlas and at the other maps of
Canada on pages 26–31. Why is there no widespread use of the land along the lower
border between Alberta and British Columbia?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
There are no major highways in the area.
Numerous rivers make the ground too wet for agriculture.
The area is too far from major cities.
The area is covered with steep mountains.
D
The following question refers to the map below.
33. Write down the name of the state or district where you live.
I live in
Directly on the map, draw an "X" on the state or district where you live.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The X correctly locates the state or district written on the line.
Partial
The X does not point to precisely the correct point but is in the correct region, meaning a
bordering state in most areas of the country. Could credit a non-bordering state in areas of New
England where the states are more difficult to locate.
OR
Response indicates a city and correctly marks the map. Scorers should consult an atlas if needed
to determine if the X is appropriately placed.
Inappropriate
The X is not located in the state or district identified, the state is written with NO X PROVIDED
or the x is marked and NO STATE PROVIDED.
The following question refers to the map below.
34. The number 1 on the map shows
A.
Hudson Bay
B. the Great Salt Lake
C. Lake Superior
D. the Gulf of California
Key
C
The following question refers to the map below.
35. The number 2 on the map is on the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Colorado River
Columbia River
Mississippi River
Delaware River
Key
C
The following question refers to the map below.
36. About how much of South America has a growing season of over 240 days?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
10%
25%
75%
100%
C
The following question refers to the map below.
37. The information on the map shows that
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Brazil has a shorter growing season than Argentina has
New York has a longer growing season than Chicago has
Alaska can grow a greater variety of crops than Florida can
Colombia can grow a greater variety of crops than Canada can
D
38. The world's largest ocean is the
A.
B.
Atlantic
Arctic
C.
D.
Key
Indian
Pacific
D
The following question is based on the map below.
39. Where would a large city be most likely to develop?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
In the northeast corner of Nation B
Where the Charles River meets the sea
the eastern part of Nation D
Near the source of the Red River
B
The following question is based on the map below.
40. Which two nations are most likely to have a conflict over mineral resources?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Nation A and Nation B
Nation A and Nation C
Nation A and Nation D
Nation C and Nation D
Key
C
The following question is based on the map below.
41. Which nation is likely to have a steel industry? Explain why.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies Nation A and explains that it has both the coal and iron needed to make
steel.
Partial
The response identifies Nation A with an incorrect, incomplete (it contains iron or coal), or no
explanation; for example, it explains that Nation A is probable because it is the biggest country,
or has access to the ocean.
Inappropriate
The response does not identify Nation A. (Response may or may not explain that both iron and
coal are needed to make steel.)
42. Florida is an example of
A.
B.
C.
D.
an isthmus
an island
a peninsula
a plateau
Key
C
43. What is an important reason that countries join international organizations like the
United Nations?
A.
Key
B
Countries who do not join usually lose their independence.
B. Many of the world's problems involve more than one country.
C. Most citizens want their countries to join as many international organizations as
possible.
D. Such organizations force countries to join.
44. Look at the photograph above. What would help farmers in this area grow more food?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Cutting down forests
Making terraces
Building houses
Irrigating the land
Key
D
The following question is based on the map below, which shows public train routes.
45. Which question could you answer based only on the information in the map?
A.
B.
C.
D.
At what times do the public trains arrive?
How much time does it take to go from Forest Hills to Oak Grove?
How many miles is it from one station to another?
How can one travel from Alewife to the Aquarium by public train?
Key
D
The following question is based on the map below, which shows public train routes.
46. Directly on the map, draw the most direct public train route you would take to get from
Boston College to Braintree.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response indicates the most direct, complete route with the correct origin and destination.
This route goes from Boston College, to Park Street, to Washington, to Braintree.
Partial
The response indicates an indirect or incomplete route, but shows correct origin and destination.
Inappropriate
The response indicates an incorrect origin and/or destination, or draws a fictitious route.
47. LITTLE TOWN
o Width: 4.0 miles east to west
o Length: 3.0 miles north to south
o Main Street runs east to west through the town.
o The school is on the northeast side of town.
o Phelps Park is on the southwest side of town.
o Runt River runs north to south through the town.
On the grid below, each square is one mile wide and one mile long. Draw a map of
Little Town on the grid. Draw the town's borders. Then, use the symbols in the key
below to draw the features listed above.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly locates all four features and draws the length and width to scale in the
correct directions.
Essential
The response correctly locates four features but not to scale, or correctly locates three features
and has the scale correct.
Partial
The response locates only one or two features and has the scale correct, or locates three features
with an incorrect scale.
Inappropriate
The response correctly locates none of the features, and makes major errors in scale and
direction, or has scale correct only, or locates one or two features with incorrect scale.
48. Switzerland is located in the middle of which mountain range?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Alps
Andes
Urals
Pyrenees
Key
A
"The Great Chief in Washington sends word that he wishes to buy our land. How can you buy or
sell the sky—the warmth of the land? The idea is strange to us. We do not own the freshness of
the air or the sparkle of the water. How can you buy them from us? Every part of this earth is
sacred to my people."
-Chief Seattle to President Franklin Pierce, 1855
49. Read the passage above. What does Chief Seattle believe about owning land?
Many other people in the United States hold views on owning land different from those of Chief
Seattle. What are these views?
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response accurately presents Chief Seattle's view on land and contrasts his view with one
opposing view. Views on land may be drawn from the list given or include some other
appropriate response.
Partial
The response explains Chief Seattle's view correctly, or the view held by many other people, but
not both. Views about land may be drawn from the list given, or include some other appropriate
response.
Inappropriate
The response does not show an understanding of Chief Seattle's view or the view held by many
other people in the United States.
50. On the map on page 2, draw an X on the spot of the earthquake's epicenter.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response shows an X close to the center of the 20-mile circle. The intersection of X must be
on or in the circular "template" on the screen.
Partial
The response shows the intersection of X on or inside the 20-mile circle but not on or in the
central template as described for level 3.
Inappropriate
The response shows the intersection of X outside the 20-mile circle or the response includes
multiple X's.
Student demonstrates understanding of the term "epicenter."
Note: Look at the complete diagram; often there is more than one X present.
51. The dotted line running across the map represents a
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
C
major highway
river
fault line
contour line
52. Which city probably suffered the most damage in the earthquake?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
B
Lappington
San Miguel
Sun City
Biddleburg
53. The intensity of this earthquake would be measured in terms of
A.
B.
C.
D.
isotherms
the Richter scale
the celsius scale
barometric pressure
Key
B
The following question is based on the following map.
54. The varying widths of the lines on the map most probably indicate the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
strength of ocean currents
type of trade
volume of trade
type of transportation used
C
The following question is based on the following map.
55. The movement of what international product is shown on the map? Give two reasons
why the product is shipped to the places indicated on the map.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response indicates that the product is oil (or petroleum, crude fuels, crude, fossil fuels). The
response gives two reasons why oil is shipped to the places indicated on the map.
Partial
The response correctly identifies the product as oil, and may or may not give one reason for why
it is shipped.
Inappropriate
The response does not correctly identify the product as oil or give two reasons for why it is
shipped.
Student demonstrates knowledge of the general pattern of petroleum import/export and the
reasons for the trade.
Notes:
Credited responses could include
Countries that import oil
 are industrialized—need fuel as an energy source or for something—factories,
 are insufficient or have no reserves;
 can't produce because of expense of extracting from own country; and/or
 are conserving of own resources — cheaper abroad.
"Industrialized" by itself is okay. Countries that export
 have excess reserves/must have excess of oil;
 can profit from sale; and/or
 earn foreign currency for economic development.
Also accepted
 Oil—some
places don't have much; Middle East has plenty. Score is 3
Not Accepted
 gasoline, fuel, natural gas;
 oil without reason for trade is 2;
 oil with one correct reason is 2;
 oil with two correct reasons is 3;
 two correct reasons but no oil is 1.
cars, etc.;
56. Give two reasons why early civilizations flourished in the valley of the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response gives two valid reasons why river valleys were important to the early civilization
of Iraq.
Partial
The response gives only one valid reason for the importance of the river valley to the ancient
civilization of Iraq. Or, it mentions two reasons but one is unclear or general.
Inappropriate
The response gives no reasons for the importance of river valleys in the ancient civilization of
Iraq. It may provide an inadequate response, such as, people settled in the valley because it was
the best place to live.
The student demonstrates an understanding of the reasons why early civilization flourished in the
valley of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
Notes:
Credited responses could include
Importance of River Valleys
Rivers were the main source of water
 in a desert region;
 for irrigation of crops;
 for human settlement;
 for transportation or trade;
 for fishing (and food).
and/or
River valleys provided very fertile soil
Human needs for civilization
 close to water systems;
 fertile land; and/or
 irrigation and water;
Food from river and water is 3, but food and water close by is 2 (for water, food too vague).
Unacceptable Responses
 defensibility (or self-defense)
 regular, predictable floods
 great location
 boundaries
 to explore the rivers
 shorter way to get places
 flooding
 you can put dams on them
 for needed supplies
 provide lush vegetation
 for gold and minerals
 "resources," without specifying which
 rivers are a source of light
resources
 no
minerals for soil (question asks about rivers, not valley)
The following question refers to the two population pyramids below.
57. What percentage of the total population of Country 1 is age 70 or over?
A.
Key
C
1.0%
B. 1.2%
C. 2.2%
D. 3.0%
The following question refers to the two population pyramids below.
58. Describe the difference in population patterns for people age 60 and over in countries 1
and 2. Give one possible explanation for the difference you have identified.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies one difference in age distribution above age 60 between the two
countries and gives a correct explanation. Correct answers may be chosen from the list given or
include some other appropriate response.
Partial
The response identifies one difference between the two population pyramids over the age of 60,
but does not give a correct explanation of the difference
OR
Gives a difference that relates to absolute numbers with an acceptable reason
Inappropriate
The response does not give any acceptable reason to explain the difference in age distributions
over the age of 60 between the two countries as suggested in the list below.
Student demonstrates ability to interpret two population pyramids and give an explanation of
what could be causing the two to differ.
Notes:
Credited responses could include
Differences in Age Distribution
 country 1
has a lower (shorter) life expectancy rate/percentage lower; people don't live as
long; accept dying younger, but not sooner
 country 2 has higher (larger) percentages (country 1 has smaller percentages)
 people live longer in Country 2 than in country 1
Acceptable Responses:
 accept "population rate" for percentages
 must discuss difference in chart as being
a difference in proportion or percentage and not
a difference in absolute population, such as "there are more people aged 60 and older in
country 2."
 higher/lower numbers plus higher/lower life expectancy, etc., score as valid
Do Not Accept
 more people dying
 dying sooner
 people do not live too long
 smaller in that area
 pollution problem
 reasons that are not clearly related to either country 1 or 2
 general statements (whether or not specific to a country) e.g.,
o take better care of elderly
o better social security
o people in better health
o could be healthier there
o food not as healthy
Although "better health" is not acceptable, "Better healthcare conditions" is acceptable response.
Reason (reason must specify which country)
 access to education
 resistance to disease
 access to nutrition, adequate food
 access to health care and medical facilities (better health conditions)
 strength of economy, levels of development (third world, less developed
 better/worse living conditions (standard of living higher/lower)
 wealth/richer
 epidemics
 big wars
 toxic environment
 better health care (system)
 better technology
 better living conditions
 better medical care (treatment)
 a disease that affects 60+/disease hit one country but not the other
 better care for the elderly
 may take care of themselves better
nation)
59. Major oil-producing nations joined together to form the Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries (OPEC) as a means of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
increasing their control of markets and prices for their product
limiting the access of other nations to solar power
promoting the production of high-quality fossil fuels
improving communication and transportation among developing nations
A
60. Tropical forests are being destroyed at the rate of at least eleven million hectares each
year, an area the size of Pennsylvania. About half of all tropical forests are already
gone.
Discuss two major reasons for this high rate of tropical deforestation.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response provides two reasons for tropical deforestation.
Partial
The response provides one reason for tropical deforestation.
Inappropriate
The response does not provide any appropriate reasons why the rates of tropical deforestation are
high. Responses may provide incorrect answers such as: the rates of deforestation are high
because people are cutting down trees.
Student demonstrates understanding of the reasons for the high rate of deforestation in the
tropics.
Notes:
Credited responses could include:
Reasons for Deforestation
Land cleared for agriculture to
 stimulate the economy, ranching, or timber;
 create products to export (must specify);
 pay off large-scale debts; and/or
 create jobs, employment; specific.
Land cleared for fuel or construction (homes, highways)
Land cleared for urban development or landless poor because of
 rapidly growing population;
 urban growth; and/or
 land required for housing and
other developments.
Building on Own
resettlement of population who have lost their land to allow
Acceptable Responses
 creating jobs—specific job, i.e., rancher, logger, lumber jack, farmer
 wooden boats
 want more land/need more space/need more room
 development
 to build—to build on
 we need the wood for houses and boats = 1 reason
 mining
 furniture/making specific things
 chopping down trees for land
 foreign exchange
 get wood to sell to people
 construction companies
 loggers make money
 slash and burn (man-made fires)
 lack of environmental regulations (no laws or not enforced)
 bigger population/rapidly growing population
 farming
 cattle grazing
 payment for goods/wood for sale/somebody selling it/somebody receiving it
 timber products
 room to live
Do Not Accept
 natural resources
 progress
 tourist centers/entertainment centers
 industrial expansion (industrialization)/manufacturing
 paper from wood/paper production/pencils
 because of their jobs; to make jobs
 tear down for trees/sell wood to get money/to export wood
 population (alone)/they want the land
 valuable hardwoods/lumber and paper/clear
for profit
61. What religion is practiced by most people who live in India?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Confucianism
Buddhism
Christianity
Hinduism
D
62. How do the forces listed below affect the natural environment?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Gravity
Ice
Water
Wind
They are major causes of erosion.
They are important influences on human settlement.
They are responsible for seismic activity.
They cause continental drift.
Key
A
The following question refers to the passage below.
When the warm ocean current El Niño replaces the cooler Peruvian, or Humboldt, current along
the coast of Peru, the supplies of anchovies on which sea birds feed decrease. As a result, the
number of sea birds roosting on the coastal islands decreases.
63. The passage describes the effect of El Niño on Peru's
A.
B.
C.
D.
wind currents
weather
ecosystem
coastal erosion
Key
C
The following question refers to the passage below.
When the warm ocean current El Niño replaces the cooler Peruvian, or Humboldt, current along
the coast of Peru, the supplies of anchovies on which sea birds feed decrease. As a result, the
number of sea birds roosting on the coastal islands decreases.
64. In Peru, the developments described have an impact on
A.
B.
C.
D.
the money earned from tourists who visit its beaches
the ability of ships to dock at its ports
warm weather in coastal areas
the export of anchovies
Key
D
65. The map above shows the changes in the population center of the United States over a
200-year period of time.
Identify and explain some important factors that contributed to the changes in the
population center shown on the map.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response states or implies an understanding of the population trend shown on the map. The
response explains at least two factors that significantly contributed to the westward movement
(or southern movement, if explained correctly). TREND and two factors
Essential
The response states or implies an implicit understanding of the trend shown on the map AND the
response explains one factor that significantly contributed to the westward movement. TREND
and one factor
Partial
The response states or implies an implicit understanding of the trend shown on the map. The
response does not explain any factors that significantly contributed to the westward movement
OR gives at least one significant migration factor, but does not relate it to the westward trend.
TREND or one factor
Inappropriate
The response does not address the trend shown in the map or give any acceptable reasons
contributing to this trend, such as those in the list given. Unacceptable reasons might be such as,
people are always moving.
Student demonstrates understanding of a major population trend in the U.S. since 1790. (They
should show some understanding of what a population center means.)
Notes:
Score
4
3
2
1
Trend
yes
yes
yes
no
no
Factor
2
1
0
1
0
Trend
 the
westward shift of the population center over the past 200 years
Reasons Explaining Trend
 western migration (of immigrants) during first 100 years of settlement
 improved telecommunications encouraged migration to the cities of the Pacific coast
 changes in immigration patterns—more immigrants from Asia arriving on the west coast
 government land grant policies that granted land to companies and individuals to open up
the west
 construction of the U.S. highway system that opened up the less populated west
 shifts in the center of economic activity from the northeast to the south and west
 more people went as it became safer
 colonization (with reason or direction)
 moving to prairies
 manifest destiny is 3
 go west (trend) to look for gold (reason)
 gold rush is 3
is 3
Factor - Do Not Accept
 U.S.
gaining territories/U.S. growing/Louisiana purchase expanding boundaries/more
room
 wars
 want wealth/prosperity
 better living/life, better place to live, better environment
 more businesses
 resources (farmland/forest) used up, looking for new resources
 avoid natural disasters in East (hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes)
 people wanted to live in rural areas
66. Look at the table above. The region described in this table is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
A
South America
Africa
North America
Oceania
67. The "Corn Belt" is a region defined on the basis of
A.
B.
C.
D.
population
economic activity
transportation networks
political organization
Key
B
Question 68 refers to Atlas [2]
68. Turn to the climate map of the world on pages 12 and 13 in the atlas. Which of the
following groups of countries falls within a tropical climate zone?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Bolivia, Syria, New Zealand
Morocco, Uruguay, Japan
Indonesia, Panama, Uganda
Turkey, Portugal, Vietnam
Key
C
Question 69 refers to Atlas [2]
69. Using the atlas, find the maps you need to answer the following question.
According to the maps, which of the following provinces or territories is NOT
accessible by a major highway?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Northwest Territories
New Brunswick
Yukon Territory
Quebec
Key
A
Question 70 refers to Atlas [2]
70. Use the atlas to answer the following questions.
What is the most common use of land in the western region of the United States?
What is the most common use of land in the eastern region of the United States?
Based on the maps and your knowledge of geography, explain why land is used the way it is in
each of the regions.
Western:
Eastern:
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates ability to read land-use maps and understanding of relationship between
land use and the natural environment.
Score & Description
Complete
Response correctly identifies both land uses and explains relationship between land use and
natural environment for both regions.
Essential
Response correctly identifies at least one land use and explains relationship between land use and
natural environment for one correctly identified region.
Partial
Response correctly identifies at least one land use, but gives no correct explanations.
Inappropriate
Response does not correctly identify land use in either region or give any correct explanations.
Credited responses:
West:
Ranching and grazing (or cattle)
Explanations:
 Limited
rainfall (less than 20") produces grassland, scrub with grass, and scrubland-vegetation suitable for grazing.
 Limited rainfall makes irrigation a requirement for most farming.
 Mountainous terrain makes extensive farming more difficult.
 Growing season is shorter.
East:
Crops and livestock (farming)
Explanations:
 Abundant
rainfall (greater than 20") is suitable for the development of extensive
cropland, and also facilitates the maintenance of livestock.
 Fertile soils/good soils are found in many areas of the East.
 Much of land is flat or hilly but not mountainous.
Question 71 refers to Atlas [2]
71. First look at the map of coral reefs on page 95 of the atlas. Next look at the population
data on pages 18 and 19. In which region of the world are coral reefs most threatened
by high population density?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Western Africa near Liberia and the Ivory Coast
The Persian Gulf near Iran and Saudi Arabia
Southeast Asia near the Philippines and Indonesia
South America near Brazil and Argentina
Key
C
Question 72 refers to Atlas [2]
72. You are writing a report about the growth and development of cities (urbanization) in
the United States. Pages 32-35 and 40-41 in the atlas contain maps and charts that
would be useful to you when writing your report. Identify three specific maps or charts
from these pages that you would use. In the spaces below, write the names of the maps
or charts and explain how the information in each one helps you understand
urbanization.
1. Map or chart:
Explanation:
2. Map or chart:
Explanation:
3. Map or chart:
Explanation:
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates understanding of urbanization and ability to find appropriate information
in an atlas.
Score & Description
Complete
Response identifies three maps/charts from the pages given with useful information regarding
U.S. urbanization and provides explanations of how each map/chart is useful/pertinent.
Essential
Response identifies two maps/charts with useful information and gives two explanations.
Partial
Response identifies one map/chart with useful information and gives one explanation.
Inappropriate
Response may or may not identify maps/charts with useful information but does not explain how
any of them are useful.
Physical map of the United States (pp.32-33) can be used to gain information on the physical
features associated with urbanization
Credit:
 Find out which cities are located near
 Fewer cities in mountainous regions
 Shows elevation at which people live
Do Not Credit:
rivers
 "Shows the elevation of the states"
 Answers that refer to the relative size of
cities
Political map of the United States (pp. 34-35) shows spatial distribution of urban areas of
different size, plus location of state capitals.
Credit:
 Shows
 Shows
the size of cities/relative size of cities
the location of cities
Do Not Credit:
 "Cities" (must qualify answer with location, size, distribution, etc.)
 "Capitals, cities, boundaries" (this comes directly from the map legend)
Land Use map (p. 40 top) shows the close association between land use and urbanization.
Credit:
 Urban areas are characterized by trade and manufacturing
 Land use map shows that people live where they do due to
the type of jobs or occupations
that exist
might want to know what they do in the city"
 "You
Do Not Credit:
 references to fertile land
 "The map shows what the land
is used for" (response must make some attempt to explain
relationship between land use and urbanization).
 "Shows why they are moving there" (too vague)
Highway map (p. 40 bottom) shows the relationship between urban areas and a major
transportation network.
Credit:
 "shows accessibility to cities/between cities"
 "Highways help support urban growth"
 Shows connection of cities to suburbs.
 Denser highway system in east is related to more
urbanization there.
Do Not Credit:
 Responses
that copy from text "Can you get there from here?" next to map.
Population map (p. 40) shows the spatial distribution of population in relation to urban areas.
Response may refer to density, but need not. Response must be explicit about how the
information in this map is related to urbanization.
Credit:
 Shows where cities have developed
 Population in and around cities is denser than population elsewhere
 "The population tends to increase toward the east (with exception of California)."
 "It shows you where the most highly populated areas are."
 "It shows you where the urban areas are located."
 "Shows where cities have developed"
Do Not Credit:
 "It shows where people are right now." (too vague)
 "Can see how populated an area is."
 "To see how populated some areas are."
 "It shows how people are spread out."
 "Can tell where population is more dense." (too vague,
does not explain relationship to
city growth and development)
 "Tells you how many people there are per square mile."
 "You need to see how many people are in a place to see if
it grew."
Urban Population pie graph (p.40) shows growth in urban population and percentage of the
U.S. population living in urban and rural areas.
Credit:
 Shows where most people live.
 "Shows the growth of the urban population."
 "It shows the percent of people living in urban
areas"
Do Not Credit:
 Responses
that simply copy numbers from the chart, e.g., "76% urban today, 51% urban
in 1920"
Question 73 refers to Atlas [2]
73. Look at the land use map on page 16 of the atlas and the pie charts of Japan's trade on
page 87. Which of the following countries would be the most likely source of forest
products for Japan?
A.
Key
The United States
B. Germany
C. South Korea
D. Australia
A
Question 74 refers to Atlas [2]
74. Look at the maps on page 74 of the atlas. Based on the maps and your knowledge of the
region, which of the following was an important economic activity affected by Israel's
victory in the Six Day War in 1967?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Industrial output in the Gaza Strip
Shipping on the Dead Sea
Agricultural exports from the Sinai Peninsula
Transport of goods through the Suez Canal
Key
D
Question 75 refers to Atlas [2]
China
Mongolia
Japan
Infant deaths (per
1,000 births)
40
70
4
Television sets (per
100 persons)
19
6
83
Life expectancy(years)
70
61
77
$2,500
$1,800
$20,200
Gross domestic
product (per capita)
75. The table above shows four indicators of economic development. Using these
indicators, compare the development of Mongolia with that of China and that of Japan.
Now look at the maps of Asia on pages 76–84 of the atlas. Discuss two ways that Mongolia's
geography has likely influenced its economic development.
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates understanding of economic indicators and geographic factors that can
affect a country's development.
Score & Description
Complete
Response accurately compares the development of Mongolia with that of China and Japan and
discusses two ways that Mongolia's geography has contributed to a relatively low level of
development.
Essential
Response accurately compares the development of Mongolia with that of China and Japan and
discusses one way that Mongolia's geography has contributed to a relatively low level of
development;
OR
Response accurately compares the development of Mongolia with that of China and Japan and
lists two geographic factors without explaining their significance related to Mongolia's
development.
Partial
Response accurately compares the development of Mongolia with that of China and Japan but
does not discuss how Mongolia's geography has contributed to a relatively low level of
development;
OR
Response does not compare the development of Mongolia with that of China and Japan but
discusses one way that Mongolia's geography has contributed to a relatively low level of
development;
OR
Response lists two geographic factors without explaining their significance related to Mongolia's
development.
Inappropriate
Response does not compare the development of Mongolia with that of China and Japan or
discuss any way that Mongolia's geography has contributed to a relatively low level of
development.
Credited responses could include:
Comparison
 Response
must indicate the relative level of development of the three countries, e.g.,
"Mongolia has the lowest level of economic development and Japan has the highest."
Response may also give specific examples from the table, but these are not required.
Geographic factors
 Mongolia is
surrounded by Russia and China, two large and powerful nations that may
restrict its development.
 Mongolia is landlocked, restricting trade.
 Mongolia is arid or semi-arid (0-18" of rainfall), restricting agriculture.
 Much of Mongolia is mountainous or desert, making travel difficult.
 Mongolia's borders are long, making defense difficult.
 Large portions of Mongolia's borders are located in mountainous or desert regions,
making travel to/from other countries difficult.
 The principal land use in Mongolia is nomadic herding, which is not conducive to
economic development.
 Mongolia has a low population density (0-5 persons per square mile) in most of country
 There are no forests that could support a lumber industry.
Do not credit:
 Responses
that suggest that Mongolia has a higher level of economic development than
China or Japan.
Question 76 refers to Atlas [2]
76. Look at the time zone map on page 19 of the atlas. If it is noon on Tuesday in Beijing,
China, what is the time and day in Edmonton, Canada?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Noon Monday
9 P.M. Monday
5 A.M. Tuesday
9 A.M. Tuesday
B
Question 77 refers to Atlas [2]
77. Look at the maps of the United States on pages 36, 37, 38, and 40 of the atlas. What can
you conclude about Nebraska and Colorado based on the information in these maps?
A.
B.
Large natural gas deposits have led to the development of extensive manufacturing.
Widespread irrigation allows for raising crops and livestock despite limited rainfall.
C.
D.
Key
The long 8- to 10-month growing season makes the area a major corn-growing region.
As part of the Southwest, the region's most important land use is ranching and grazing.
B
Question 78 refers to Atlas [2]
78. Using the atlas, look at the "Regions of the United States" map on page 37 and the map
of population on page 41. Which region of the United States has the lowest overall
population density?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Northeast
Pacific
Rocky Mountain
Southwest
C
Question 79 refers to Atlas [2]
79. Look at the maps of Australia on pages 88–93 of the atlas.
Describe the region in Australia where most people live.
Give one reason that explains the settlement pattern of Australia.
Scoring Guide
Solution:
Student demonstrates ability to find relevant information from among several maps, and
demonstrates understanding of factors affecting settlement patterns.
Score & Description
Complete
Response correctly describes that most people in Australia live in coastal areas in the
southeastern region, in cities along the southeast coast, or in Victoria and New South Wales and
gives one reason to explain this settlement pattern.
Partial
Response correctly describes that most people in Australia live in coastal areas in the southeast
but does not explain settlement pattern
OR
Response incorrectly describes the region where most people in Australia live but gives one
reason to explain Australia's settlement pattern.
Inappropriate
Response does not describe or explain settlement pattern.
Credited responses describing where most people live:
 southeast coastal areas
 cities along the southeast coast
 New South Wales and Victoria (must
include both)
Credited responses explaining settlement pattern:
 rainfall: much of interior is desert or arid
 access to goods and transport give coastal
areas an advantage. Lack of rivers in much of
interior made travel difficult.
 topography e.g., Great Dividing range made travel to interior difficult
 abundant vegetation/natural resources, especially forests in coastal areas made it more
habitable there/more fertile soil
 historical settlement patterns (location of original settlements) - must include an
explanation of why the settlement pattern developed
 Cooler temperatures in summer (compared to desert)
Question 80 refers to Atlas [2]
80. Look at the pie charts showing urban population on page 69 and the map of land use on
page 67 of the atlas. Which of the following best explains the difference in the level of
urbanization between Germany and Portugal?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
D
Agriculture is not important in Germany.
Portugal is isolated from the rest of Europe.
Portugal is not a member of the European Union.
Germany is at the center of Europe's industrial belt.
Question 81 refers to Atlas [2]
81. Use the Thematic Index inside the back cover of the atlas to locate the pages that give
information on wheat around the world. Which of the following countries imports most
of its wheat?
A.
Australia
B. Russia
C. Japan
D. France
Key
C
Question 82 refers to Atlas [2]
82. Using the atlas, find the map you need to answer the following question. What physical
feature separates European Russia from Siberia?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
A
Ural Mountains
Central Siberian Plateau
Caspian Sea
Volga River
83. According to the graph above, the largest oil reserves in 1986 were in the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Gulf of Mexico
Caribbean region
Persian Gulf region
Gulf of Guinea
Key
C
84. Which is the main reason that many early peoples settled in river valleys?
A.
B.
C.
D.
River valleys tended to be cooler than highland regions.
River valleys were virtually free of danger from wild animals.
River valleys were easier to defend from attack than were highland regions.
River valleys were fertile because floodwaters left rich soil on the banks.
Key
D
85. What would a scientist probably study to predict where acid rain would fall?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The atomic structures of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen
Mass-transit systems that serve major cities
Wind patterns that prevail over major manufacturing areas
The location of sewage-treatment plants
Key
C
86. What are the conditions that make the tundra difficult for human settlement?
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies at least two characteristics of the tundra and may explain how these make
it difficult for human settlement.
Partial
The response identifies only one characteristic of the tundra and may explain how this makes life
difficult for human settlement.
Inappropriate
The response does not identify any characteristics of the tundra or explain how they make it
difficult for human settlement. OR it provides answers that are inappropriate.
Credited responses could include:
 Tundra:
 climate inhospitable
 very wet
 very cold
 permafrost
 frost almost all year
 lack of vegetation to support survival
 long hours of darkness
 lots of mosquitoes in summer
 lack of precipitation (generally low precipitation)
 icy gale-like winds
87. Which of the following people would probably have the greatest choice of places to
live?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Cattle rancher
Nurse
Miner
Oil-refinery technician
B
88. In ancient Greece, most towns were built on the tops of hills primarily because
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
it was easier to find water on hilltops than in lowlands
temperatures were warmer at high elevations
defending a hill town was easier than defending a lowland town
people in early Greece did not rely on farming for food
C
89. Nuclear energy can be developed for peaceful purposes.
What is one argument in favor of developing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes?
What is one argument against developing nuclear energy for peaceful purposes?
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response presents one significant argument in favor of nuclear power and one significant
argument against nuclear power for peaceful purposes. Correct answers may be drawn from the
list given or include some other appropriate response.
Partial
The response presents a significant argument either for or against nuclear power. Other
argument, if present, is insignificant or incorrect.
Inappropriate
The response fails to present a significant argument for either side of the issue. It may provide
personal opinions or inaccurate assertions. Examples are that nuclear reactors are ugly, or that
they are completely safe.
Credited Responses could include the following:
Arguments for



smokeless power;
reduce oil imports;
and/or
conserve other nonrenewable resources
such as gas, coal.
Arguments against





Unacceptable reasons for



cheaper to use;
cleaner; and/or
when used to mean
nuclear weapon.
danger of leaks or
explosions;
waste disposal (of
radioactive waste,
contaminated water);
high cost of
construction;
danger of sabotage;
and/or
radiation pollution.
Unacceptable reasons against



"increases pollution";
"dangerous"; and/or
"bad for environment."
90. What is an important reason that skyscrapers were built in American cities?
A. Construction companies liked to build structures that made residents feel as if
they lived in single-family houses.
B. Skyscrapers allowed tenants to create a closer community.
C. Skyscrapers allowed people to use small amounts of land more efficiently.
D. Citizens wanted to be safe from street crime.
Key
C
91. The island shown on the map above has four cities—A, B, C, and D. Based only on the
geographical features shown on the map, which city probably has the largest
population?
A.
City A
B. City B
C. City C
D. City D
Key
A
92. Detergents upset the natural balance of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
ocean currents
the atmosphere
climatic conditions
lakes and streams
D
93. Quebec can be considered a cultural region because of its
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
landforms
climate
language
economy
C
94. What contributes to the greenhouse effect?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Soil erosion
Burning fuels such as oil, coal, and gas
Failure to use crop rotation
Water pollution
B
95. In the space below, list one product that people in the United States eat, drink, or use
every day that typically comes from another country. Then explain why the United
States imports the product from another country.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly names a product that is used every day and explains why it is imported.
Partial
The response correctly names a product, but does not explain why the product is imported.
Inappropriate
The response does not name an everyday product that is commonly imported by the United
States. It may describe a product which is unusual or rarely imported.
Credited Responses could include the following:
Products the U.S. Imports:
 gasoline;
 electrical equipment (stereos, radios, computers);
 wristwatches;
 clothing;
 toys;
 foods such as types of produce (pineapples, bananas,
dates, oranges) or prepared ethnic
foods (caviar, olives, cheese, sugar, coffee, wine, rice, fish, grains, bottled or mineral
water, tacos, spaghetti, cocoa beans, bratwurst);
 wood;
 soap;
 shoes; and/or
 cars.
Products not accepted:
 water;
 Italian food, Chinese food;
 medicine;
 milk;
 fruits (unless specified);
 Hawaiian fruits;
 fortune cookies;
 plastic;
 tools;
 meat;
 chocolate (unless specify foreign
 vegetables (unless specified).
brand); and/or
Examples of correct explanations:
 The U.S. uses more of the product than it can produce.
 It is cheaper to import the product than produce it at home.
 The U.S. does not have the climate to grow this product.
 Other countries produce the product at better quality.
 "So they can sell their products to different countries also."
 "Americans take it over here and sell it for a lot of money."
96. What historical trends explain the language patterns shown in the map above? Be as
specific as possible in your answer.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response provides a specific historical explanation for these patterns, including a recognition
that non-European languages have survived in some regions.
Essential
The response provides an explanation relating to either the colonizing influence or the languages
of people living in the Americas prior to colonization. Relevant examples are provided.
Partial
The response provides a general explanation of the language patterns shown, but gives no
examples. For example, "people colonized from other countries"; "The language spoken is that
of the country that first claimed them."
Inappropriate
The response does not explain the language patterns shown on the map, or it merely describes
the map.
Credited responses could include:
Historical
Explanation
Indo-European languages in North, Central and South America were brought by English,
French, Spanish, and Portugese colonizers afer the 15th century.
Amerindian and Eskimo-Aleut languages were spoken in the Americas prior to the 15th
century. They have survived mostly in remote, isolated areas.
The following question refers to the map below.
97. This map would be most useful to a
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
pilot flying from Europe to South America
pilot flying from Canada to Scandinavia
person sailing to Antarctica
person sailing in tropical seas
B
The following question refers to the map below.
98. Latitude on this map is represented by
A.
B.
C.
D.
circles
shaded areas
straight lines
convergent lines
Key
A
99. Of the following, which group would most likely be located on level land?
A.
Hydroelectric plant, national park, reservoir
B.
C.
D.
Orchard, coffee plantation, mine
Amusement park, ski resort, quarry
Railroad, city, airport
Key
D
100.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The land shown in the photograph has been altered mainly to
increase the beauty of the landscape
increase the availability of land that can be used for farming
demarcate land belonging to different people
enable residents to climb the slopes more easily
Key
B
The following question is based on the map below showing the distribution of earthquake
epicenters around the world between 1961 and 1967.
101.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Between 1961 and 1967, the area that had the most earthquakes was the
Mediterranean basin
mid-Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
Pacific Ocean rim
Key
D
The following question is based on the map below showing the distribution of earthquake
epicenters around the world between 1961 and 1967.
102.
A.
B.
C.
D.
What is responsible for the pattern of earthquake activity shown on the map?
Volcanic eruptions
The weight of ocean water pressing on the land
Hurricanes and cyclones
The movement of tectonic plates
Key
D
103.
Look at the map above, which shows three possible routes for a railroad line that
will be built to connect Red City with Bluetown.
Which route would be the least expensive to construct?
Give two reasons why the route you chose would be the least expensive.
1.
2.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response indicates that C is the least expensive route to construct. Must give two reasons
why (may relate to A and B).
Partial
The response indicates that C is the least expensive route to construct and gives one reason.
Inappropriate
The response indicates that A or B or C would be the least expensive route to construct but gives
no reasons.
Sample Responses
 flat land
 no mountain (or hills)
 no tunnels
 no bridges
 wouldn't have to go through mountains
 not as many bends and curves
104.
People from many different countries live in New York City. Children speaking
many different languages attend its public schools. This is mainly because New York
City
A.
B.
C.
D.
has an efficient transportation system
has a higher wage rate than other United States cities
is a port of entry for people from other parts of the world
is the site of the United Nations headquarters
Key
C
105.
In the mid-nineteenth century, before railroads were constructed, people in the
United States transported commercial materials, such as timber and coal, over long
distances primarily by means of
A.
B.
C.
D.
rivers and canals
turnpikes and freeways
pack horses and mule trains
ox carts and Conestoga wagons
Key
A
106.
The major areas of wheat production in the world are the central United States
and Canada, Ukraine, south central Australia, and the pampas of Argentina. What is the
characteristic shared by these areas that explains their role in wheat production?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
All have rainy, damp climates.
All are near sea coasts.
All are plains.
All are in highland regions.
C
107.
What is the dominant trend shown in the graph?
Give two major reasons for the trend shown.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies the major trend in the graph and provides two appropriate reasons.
Partial
The response identifies the major trend in the graph but gives either no reason, or only one
reason, to explain this. Or, the response provides two appropriate reasons, but fails to identify the
trend.
Inappropriate
The response does not indicate the major trend shown in the graph, but may give one reason for
the trend as suggested in the list given. It may just copy words from chart.
Credited responses may include:
Trend in Graph
An increase in the number of United States citizens traveling to Europe between 1948 and 1991.
 Also accept:
 increase in travel or departures
 "more people are traveling to Europe between 1948
 "more people traveled to Europe after the 1970's"
 Do not accept:
 "more people are leaving"
 up and down and up, etc.
 "it increased each year"
Appropriate Reasons
 Improvements in travel
 air travel is more affordable
 air travel is faster
 air travel is safer
 travel is easier
 more planes are available
and 1991"
 Increase in tourism
 more leisure time
 more affluence
 aging population
 Internationalization of economy
 more business travel
 more political travel
 more student exchange
108.
A.
Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are formed from
geological processes that transform organic materials
B. the rapid decay of animal bones
C. organic processes that lead to the fossilization of animal tissue
D. artificial processes used to treat and reuse garbage
Key
A
109.
After we anchored our ships in the ocean and went ashore to explore, we marched
west. The forest was so thick we could only travel three miles in the first two days.
Then we came to the mountains and climbed to the top. A rushing river flowed west out
of the mountains. We continued to march two miles west and came down out of the
mountains. Two miles further we came to the coast. It was obvious that the area we
were exploring was an isthmus.
In the box below, draw a map of the region described above. Be sure to include all of
the geographical elements mentioned in the description. Include a scale to indicate
distances.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response includes an accurate map in which at least 4 elements are correctly placed. The
response must be an isthmus and have direction of travel and river correct.
Essential
The response includes a map in which 3 elements are correctly placed. The response may be a
peninsula or an island.
Partial
The response includes a map in which at least 2 elements are correctly placed.
Inappropriate
The response does not include a map or the map shows none of the elements correctly.
Features on Map
East Coast
Forest
Mountains
River flowing west
West coast
110.
An example of diffusion is that crops that were once grown mostly in North and
South America are
A.
B.
C.
D.
now grown all over the world
now grown only in areas where productivity is high
now grown only in the Northern Hemisphere
no longer grown there
Key
A
111.
Environmental issues are viewed differently by people in different circumstances.
Explain how the artist makes this point in the cartoon.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
 Shows full understanding of cartoon and its meaning.
 Discusses environmental issue
 Tension (implied or stated) between the 2 worlds
 Hypocrisy (not absolutely necessary if tension clearly discussed)
 Must give different viewpoints--developed vs. developing countries
 Must give explanation of 1 viewpoint
 Discussion on national level
(rich vs. poor)
Essential
Must show that there are TWO different views--developed and developing (2 views need to
mention trees and car pollution)--with or without tension
OR
shows hypocrisy (implied or stated)--needs to talk about tree or car, i.e., understand cartoon
(brief mention of cartoon's essential point--understand contradiction or conflict)
Partial
Gives a brief mention of environmental issues (no matter how obscure or tenuous)
OR
gives one viewpoint correctly
Inappropriate
Responds to cartoon but has no understanding of environmental issues.
Examples of Essential responses:
 "The
guy's yelling at the lumberjack cutting down a tree but his car is dumping tons of
pollution into the air."
Both people are depicted as doing something wrong...
 "Man in car needs trees to provide oxygen so his car pollution won't hurt ozone. Guy
chopping down tree doesn't think that one tree gone would hurt the oxygen supply."
 "If you're not taking care of the environment, don't tell others what to do."
Examples of Partial responses:
 "He is telling the man not to chop down the tree because we need it for oxygen."
 "Artist says you need to protect trees and the car had developed countries on it because
developed countries aren't paying attention to environmental problems."
 "He says that because pollution is bad, he needs trees to protect him."
 "trees make air"
 "one man is driving a
car that pollutes the air and the other is cutting down a tree"
Example of Inappropriate responses:
 "don't cut down trees"
 "greenhouse effect" (without elaboration)
 "some people care about the environment, but some don't"
 "cares about environment" (without saying who)
 "people in developing countries don't care about the environment"
112.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
In the United States, most of the fertile soils of the Midwest were derived from
glaciers
volcanic activity
decaying organic matter
eroded sandstone
A
113.
Under which of the following circumstances would you be most likely to find
snow in equatorial regions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
In areas below sea level
In areas at high latitudes
In areas at high elevations
In winter
C
AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR LAKESIDE
Season
Average Inches
Percent of Total
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
5.0
7.0
4.0
4.0
25
35
20
20
Total
20.0
100
114.
Use the information in the table above to construct a pie chart on the figure below.
Be sure to label all information. You may use your ruler to draw the chart.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly charts the percentage of rainfall of the 4 seasons on the circle and
correctly labels the segments.
Partial
The response correctly charts the percentage of rainfall of 1-3 seasons or it divides the chart up
correctly but does not label by season or labels by inches only. Also correct: "% only" in correct
drawing of seasons.
Inappropriate
The response does not properly chart any of the information. It fails to divide the pie into pieces
corresponding to the information from the table and it does not correctly label any piece of the
chart.
Question 115 refers to Atlas [3]
115.
Open the atlas to the world map showing land use on page 14.
Which of the following continents has the most manufacturing and trade?
A.
Australia
B. Europe
C. Africa
D. South America
Key
B
Question 116 refers to Atlas [3]
116.
If you wanted to find out which page in the atlas had a map that showed the city
of Dakar, where would you look?
A.
B.
C.
D.
The World Map Projections pages
The Index
The World Facts page
The Earth Notes page
Key
B
Question 117 refers to Atlas [3]
The following question is based on the maps of Africa on pages 60-63 of the atlas.
117.
Look at the physical map of Africa on page 60. Which region in Africa has the
highest elevation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Northern coast
Western coast
Southwestern
Eastern
Key
D
Question 118 refers to Atlas [3]
The following question is based on the maps of Africa on pages 60-63 of the atlas.
118.
Look at the political map of Africa on page 61. Of the following four cities in
southern Africa, which is a national capital?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Luanda, Angola
Durban, South Africa
Kananga, Zaire
Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
A
Question 119 refers to Atlas [3]
The following question is based on the maps of Africa on pages 60-63 of the atlas.
119.
Look first at the political map of Africa on page 61, and then look at the
population map on page 63. Which country in West Africa is the most densely
populated?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Liberia
Mauritania
Mali
Nigeria
Key
D
Question 120 refers to Atlas [3]
120.
Look at the map on the top of page 65. What is a reason why the countries
surrounding the Persian Gulf are important to many other countries in the world?
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response mentions that the countries surrounding the Persian Gulf region are important
because of the number of oil fields located there.
Inappropriate
The response does not identify any reasons why the Persian Gulf is important to the rest of the
world.
Acceptable: petroleum, fossil fuel, oil, crude
Not acceptable: gasoline, oil spill, OPEC, or inaccurate responses such as
 "so
the ships know where to take the oil"
Question 121 refers to Atlas [3]
121.
Look at the population and landscape map of China on page 72 of the atlas.
What area of the country is densely populated (crowded)?
Give two reasons why this area of the country is densely populated.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly identifies an area of population concentration (the east coastal area or
Sichuan Basin). It explains this by drawing on two of the explanations given in the list below or
gives some other appropriate response.
Essential
The response correctly identifies an area of population concentration (east coastal area or
Sichuan Basin). It explains this by stating one of the explanations given in the list below or gives
some other appropriate response.
Partial
The response correctly identifies an area of population concentration, but does not correctly
explain why the population is concentrated there.
Inappropriate
The response does not correctly identify an area of population concentration, and does not
explain the population is concentrated in certain areas.
Acceptable areas of population concentration include:
 East coastal area
 Southeastern area
 Sichuan Basin
 Names of specific cities
Reasons for population concentration:
 Coastal areas have flat land, suitable for building and agriculture.
 The coastal area allows trade with other countries.
 The area has a lot of business, industry and manufacturing.
 Oceans and rivers are important to settlement (if they specify a reason
such as
transportation, agriculture, household use, industry or fishing).
 Much of China is mountainous or desert and is not suitable to settlement.
 Government administrative center; capital (also major cities)
Question 122 refers to Atlas [3]
122.
Look at the three maps of Canada on pages 38 and 39 of the atlas. Give two
reasons why the major highways are mostly in the southern part of the country.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response gives two correct reasons. These may be drawn from the list given or include some
other appropriate response.
Partial
The response gives one correct reason. The second reason, if present, is incorrect or trivial. For
example, "people in the North cannot drive."
Inappropriate
The response does not identify any correct reasons for the concentration of highways in the
south.
Credited responses could include:
 The population is concentrated in the South.
 Most economic activity is in the South (may mention
industry, agriculture, forestry,
livestock, business, ranching) OR there is little or no commercial activity in the north
 Climatic conditions make the north less conducive to habitation OR it is warmer in the
south
 Proximity to the United States border
 They link major cities.
 The South is where the major cities are located.
All responses must be based on the map information.
Question 123 refers to Atlas [3]
123.
Look at the world map on pages 6 and 7 of the atlas. What two units of
measurement are used on this map to show distance?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Feet and meters
Miles and kilometers
Square miles and square kilometers
Inches and millimeters
Key
B
Question 124 refers to Atlas [3]
124.
Look at the maps of South America on page 48 of the atlas. Which area of South
America gets over 80 inches of rainfall each year?
What is the natural vegetation of this area?
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly identifies one of the areas shown below. lt notes that tropical rain forests
or rain forests grow in this area. If rain forest (tropical rain forest) is given as the answer to the
first part of the question, the second part should contain a description such as trees and shrubs.
Partial
The response correctly identifies the location of the rainiest area or describes the vegetation, but
does not do both.
Inappropriate
The response does not correctly identify the rainiest area as the northwest through central. It does
not note that tropical rain forests grow in this area.
Credited Responses:
 area in
the north, northwest, northeast, southern Andes region, equator, Amazon basin,
Amazon rain forest, or the rain forest region as the rainiest area
 Peru, Ecuador, Columbia, Venezuela, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile
 purple area
 southwest (Chile)
NOTE: If the first response is the southwest or Chile, then the type of natural vegetation should
be mixed forest, mediterranean or high mountain.
Accept trees, shrubs and plant as the vegetation ONLY if the area is designated as tropical rain
forest or rain forest.
Question 125 refers to Atlas [3]
125.
Look at the cross section of South America on page 49 of the atlas. Which of the
following is the highest?
A.
Lake Titicaca
B. Gran Chaco
C. Parana River
D. Brazilian Highlands
Key
A
Question 126 refers to Atlas [3]
126.
Look at the bar graph on page 31. The graph shows United States energy
production and consumption.
Using this graph, compare the United States consumption (use) of oil with its
production of oil.
Name one problem that this can cause for the United States.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly explains that the United States consumes more oil than it produces. It
may mention that the United States produces 17-18 quadrillion BTUs but consumes 33-34
quadrillion BTUs. It also explains that this can lead to a problem, such as those listed.
Acceptable answers for production range between 15-20 and acceptable answers for
consumption range between 30-35. Answers outside this range can not be scored a "Complete".
Partial
The response correctly explains that the United States consumes more oil than it produces, or it
identifies a problem such as those given, but it does not do both.
Inappropriate
The response does not explain that the United States uses more oil than it produces. It does not
explain that this may cause a problem such as those listed.
Credited Responses for the comparison
 actual numbers
 a difference that
is between 10 and 20 quadrillion BTUs
(eg., We use 17 quadrillion BTUS more than we produce.)
 higher, more, or greater when it is clear whether it is consumption or production (eg., We
use more.)
Credited Responses for the problem include:
 Shortages
o We'll run out
o We need to buy it or import it
o Lack of energy or lack of heat
 Dependence on foreign countries
o have to buy oil from other
 Trade imbalance
 High cost of energy
countries
Unacceptable Reasons for the problem
 We don't have a lot of oil
 Could lose money
 "We use way too much" or
responses that indicate a dependence on oil in general, not due
to producing less than we consume
 "It is higher" or responses which compare two numbers without clarifying the meaning
such as "35 to 18"
 loss of oil
 taxes can go higher
Question 127 refers to Atlas [3]
The following question is about the map on pages 8 and 9 of the atlas.
127.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Which of these four countries is crossed by the equator?
Bolivia
Australia
India
Indonesia
Key
D
Question 128 refers to Atlas [3]
128.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Which of these four countries is the furthest south?
South Africa
Uruguay
New Zealand
Zaire
C
129.
Which of the following is most likely to be found in the central business district
of a city?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Automobile dealerships
A steel mill
An office tower
Single-family homes
Key
C
130.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The four locations indicated on the map above are
capitals of highly industrialized nations
the world's four most densely populated cities
areas of highest elevation
religious centers
Key
D
131.
A.
B.
C.
D.
On the map above, the shaded countries represent the membership of the
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
World Health Organization (WHO)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
British Commonwealth of Nations
Key
A
Mexico City is an example of runaway urban growth. Every day an estimated average of 1,700
people move there from villages in the countryside. In addition, more than 1,000 babies are born
in the city daily. Some geographers think that as many as 50 million people will live there by the
year 2000. Thousands of families survive on the equivalent of a few dollars a day, and most
members of these families have no prospects for steady jobs or much improvement in the
physical quality of their lives. However, regardless of the hardship and the poverty, people
continue to pour into Mexico City.
132.
Give two reasons why people continue to move to Mexico City despite the
difficult living conditions.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response gives two reasons why people continue to move to Mexico City. The idea must be
conveyed that more opportunities NOT guarantees are available.
Partial
The response gives one reason that explains why people continue to move to Mexico City.
Inappropriate
The response does not give any reason explaining why people continue to move to Mexico City.
Credited responses could include the following:
Reasons for Migrating to Mexico City
Opportunity to improve standard of living: Better housing, or education, or medical facilities, or
employment opportunities (each is separate reason);
Difficulty of rural conditions: Escape poor housing, or medical facilities, or unemployment, or
low wages, or poverty;
Decline of traditional agriculture;
Displacement of peasants;
Relatives or friends in city--provide emotional and practical support.
Accept:
 chance for a job but no guarantees;
 better than living in present villages;
 to find better arrangements;
 close to their family and friends;
 trying to look for a job;
 "more opportunities for them in the city," better opportunities;
 harder life in rural areas;
 looking for modern conveniences;
 less secluded, less isolated;
 better living conditions;
 escape harsher village life;
 better life for children, better place to raise families;
 closer to services and goods; and/or
 "they think they may gain financial security in city."
For the following question writes your answer on the map below.
133.
Write the number of each of the following physical features in the correct location
on the map on page 6.
1 Pyrenees Mountains
2 The Japanese Archipelago
3 Mediterranean Sea
4 Persian Gulf
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly labels all 4 features on the map.
Essential
The response correctly labels 3 features on the map.
Partial
The response correctly labels 1-2 features on the map.
Inappropriate
The response incorrectly labels all of the features on the map.
NB: If students write out answers instead of putting the numbers on the map, give credit for
correct response.
1 = Pyrenees Mountains
2 = The Japanese Archipelago
3 = Mediterranean Sea
4 = Persian Gulf
A dense canopy of interlaced broad-leafed trees blocks the sun and shades the forest floor all
year in this sparsely populated area. Shallow-rooted trees that rise 150 feet or more have broad
trunks with support roots above ground. Rain occurs every day and the forest floor is always
damp and dark.
134.
What would the vegetation in this region be called? Name a country where this
region might be located.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies the vegetation as tropical rain forest, and gives a possible location which
may be drawn from the list given.
Partial
The response correctly identifies either the vegetation (rainforest) or a location, but not both.
Correct locations may be drawn from the list given.
Inappropriate
The response does not identify the vegetation as tropical rain forest. It does not name an area or
country where this region may be located.
NB: The response cannot mention entire continents as correct locations.
Credited responses could include:
Locations--(countries only)
Australia
Bangladesh
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Honduras
India
Indonesia
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Panama
Papua (New Guinea)
Peru
Philippines
Sierra Leone
Cambodia
Cameroon
China
Colombia
Congo
Costa Rica
Ecuador
French Guiana
Gabon
Guatemala
Guyana
Liberia
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Mexico
Mozambique
Myanmar (Burma)
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Suriname
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zaire
Zimbabwe
Do not accept:
"tropical vegetation" for "tropical rain forest"
The following question
Years
Number of People
Moving into State
1870-1880
1880-1890
1890-1900
1900-1910
1910-1920
1920-1930
1930-1940
1940-1950
1950-1960
1960-1970
1970-1980
129,600
214,200
172,700
694,100
804,100
1,695,200
974,600
2,399,100
2,788,000
1,528,000
1,462,000
135.
During which ten-year period did the percentage of people living in urban areas
increase the most?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
1860-1870
1890-1900
1930-1940
1960-1970
A
The following question
Years
Number of People
Moving into State
1870-1880
1880-1890
1890-1900
1900-1910
1910-1920
1920-1930
1930-1940
1940-1950
1950-1960
1960-1970
1970-1980
129,600
214,200
172,700
694,100
804,100
1,695,200
974,600
2,399,100
2,788,000
1,528,000
1,462,000
136.
Which ten-year period showed both a decrease in the number of people moving
into State X and an increase in the percentage of people living in rural areas?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
B
1890-1900
1930-1940
1960-1970
1970-1980
137.
Maddieville is building a new shopping center. There is a disagreement in the city
council over whether to build the shopping center at site A or at site B on the map on
page 10.
As a resident of the city who would like to shop at the new shopping center, write a
letter to the mayor in support of either site A or site B. Give three reasons why the site
you support is better than the other site.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response chooses a site and gives three reasons for the choice.
Essential
The response chooses a site and supports the choice with two reasons.
Partial
The response chooses a site and supports the choice with one reason.
Inappropriate
The response may or may not choose a site, but it does not offer any support for either location.
NOTE: responses must give reasons and not simply list the names of places (for example, bus
station)
Credited Responses could include:
Possible Reasons for Site A











Possible Reasons for Site B
Near bus station;
Near train station;
Near central business district;
Near industrial district;
Keeps downtown viable;
Potential customers familiar with
location;
The central location maximizes
accessibility;
Accessible from all sides of town;
Near other businesses in city;
Jobs in city; and/or
Near where people are loaded and
unloaded every day.











Near interstate highway (more customers);
More room to build;
Easier parking for customers;
Diffuses congestion in city;
Land is cheaper;
Leads to land development around mall for
recreational purposes (parks);
Expands city and economy;
Accessible from highway;
Jobs in the suburbs;
Easier to see from road; and/or
Less crowded.
138.
Which of the following methods provides the most accurate and effective visual
evidence for determining the extent of desertification in a region?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Contour maps
Long-range weather forecasts
Satellite imagery
Seismic readings
Key
C
139.
Which of the following countries has the largest volume and value of trade with
the United States?
A.
B.
C.
Japan
Great Britain
Canada
D.
Germany
Key
C
140.
Many people in the Caribbean region are of West African descent. Which of the
following is the best explanation for this?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Rapid urbanization
The use of slaves in plantation agriculture
Religious persecution in the countries of origin
Economic opportunity in the Caribbean region
Key
B
141.
Which of the following has most affected the development of suburbs in the
United States in the last 50 years?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Automobiles
Computers
Electricity
High-speed rail transportation
A
The following question refers to the table below.
STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES
Country A
Country B
Total Population
7,193,000
123,120,000
Urban-Rural
Urban
49.0%
76.7%
Rural
51.0%
23.3%
Roman Catholic 92.5%
Shinto* 89.5%
Baha'i
2.6%
Buddhist* 76.4%
Religious
Other
4.9%
Christian
1.2%
Other
9.3%
Life Expectancy
at Birth (years)
Male
Female
Age Distribution
Under 15
15-29
30-44
45-59
60-74
Over 74
Percent of
Population
over 25 with No
Formal Schooling
Leading Exports
(as percent of
total exports):
142.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Natural Gas
Tin
Zinc
Silver
Antimony
Coffee
Sugar
Hides
50.9
55.4
75.9
82.1
43.4%
26.4%
15.7%
9.3%
4.4%
0.8%
19.0%
21.6%
22.4%
20.1%
9.2%
7.7%
48.6%
21.0%
12.0%
5.7%
5.6%
4.0%
2.0%
1.5%
1.4%
0.3%
Motor Vehicles 18.4%
Machinery 10.9%
Iron and Steel
5.8%
Chemicals
5.3%
Textiles
2.6%
Vessels
1.5%
Radios
0.8%
Televisions
0.7%
*Some persons practice
both religions
Which of the following statements most accurately describes Country A?
It is dependent on raw material exports.
It probably has a high literacy rate.
It has a predominantly urban population.
It will experience slow population growth.
A
The following question refers to the table below.
STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES
Total Population
Urban-Rural
Country A
7,193,000
49.0%
Country B
123,120,000
76.7%
Urban
Rural
Religious
51.0%
Roman Catholic
Baha'i
Other
Life Expectancy
at Birth (years)
Male
Female
Age Distribution
Under 15
15-29
30-44
45-59
60-74
Over 74
Percent of
Population
over 25 with No
Formal Schooling
Leading Exports
(as percent of
total exports):
143.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
B
Natural Gas
Tin
Zinc
Silver
Antimony
Coffee
Sugar
Hides
92.5%
2.6%
4.9%
23.3%
Shinto*
Buddhist*
Christian
Other
89.5%
76.4%
1.2%
9.3%
50.9
55.4
75.9
82.1
43.4%
26.4%
15.7%
9.3%
4.4%
0.8%
19.0%
21.6%
22.4%
20.1%
9.2%
7.7%
48.6%
21.0%
12.0%
5.7%
5.6%
4.0%
2.0%
1.5%
1.4%
0.3%
Motor Vehicles 18.4%
Machinery 10.9%
Iron and Steel
5.8%
Chemicals
5.3%
Textiles
2.6%
Vessels
1.5%
Radios
0.8%
Televisions
0.7%
*Some persons practice
both religions
Which of the following statements most accurately describes Country B?
It has few medical facilities.
It is industrialized.
Its primary imports are manufactured goods.
Its population is primarily employed in agriculture.
The following question refers to the table below.
STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF TWO COUNTRIES
Total Population
Urban-Rural
Urban
Rural
Religious
Country A
7,193,000
Country B
123,120,000
49.0%
51.0%
92.5%
2.6%
4.9%
76.7%
23.3%
89.5%
76.4%
1.2%
9.3%
Roman Catholic
Baha'i
Other
Life Expectancy
at Birth (years)
Male
Female
Age Distribution
Under 15
15-29
30-44
45-59
60-74
Over 74
Percent of
Population
over 25 with No
Formal Schooling
Leading Exports
(as percent of
total exports):
144.
A.
B.
Natural Gas
Tin
Zinc
Silver
Antimony
Coffee
Sugar
Hides
Country B is most likely
Botswana
India
Shinto*
Buddhist*
Christian
Other
50.9
55.4
75.9
82.1
43.4%
26.4%
15.7%
9.3%
4.4%
0.8%
19.0%
21.6%
22.4%
20.1%
9.2%
7.7%
48.6%
21.0%
12.0%
5.7%
5.6%
4.0%
2.0%
1.5%
1.4%
0.3%
Motor Vehicles 18.4%
Machinery 10.9%
Iron and Steel
5.8%
Chemicals
5.3%
Textiles
2.6%
Vessels
1.5%
Radios
0.8%
Televisions
0.7%
*Some persons practice
both religions
C.
D.
Key
Ireland
Japan
D
145.
The graph shows a prediction made in 1970 of levels of hydrocarbons in the
atmosphere. Describe the pattern indicated by the graph.
Explain two factors that could account for the pattern shown.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies the pattern as a decrease followed by an increase and explains two
factors, one linked to a decrease in hydrocarbon emissions and one to an increase in hydrocarbon
emissions.
Essential
The response identifies the pattern and explains one factor that is linked to either a decrease or an
increase in hydrocarbon emissions.
Partial
The response identifies the pattern or explains one factor that is linked to a decrease or an
increase in hydrocarbon emissions or explains one or two factors that are not linked.
Inappropriate
The response does not identify the pattern or explain the factors.
NB: Correct answers may be drawn from the list given and must explain BOTH the decline and
increase in hydrocarbon levels for full credit.
Credited Responses could include the following:
Causes of Decline in Hydrocarbons
 Environmental regulation enforcement/government
 Cleaner auto emissions;
 Increased use of public transportation;
 Slowdown in the economy; and/or
 Reduction in combustion of fossil fuels.
sanctions and laws;
Causes of Increase in Hydrocarbons
 Increase in automobile use;
 Industrialization of less developed countries;
 Increase in combustion of fossil fuels;
 Increase in population; and/or
 Increase in garbage decomposing (landfills).
146.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
D
Of the following, which group would most likely be located on level land?
Hydroelectric plant, national park, reservoir
Orchard, coffee plantation, mine
Amusement park, ski resort, quarry
Railroad, city, airport
147.
A.
B.
C.
D.
The land shown in the photograph has been altered mainly to
increase the beauty of the landscape
increase the availability of land that can be used for farming
demarcate land belonging to different people
enable residents to climb the slopes more easily
Key
B
The following question is based on the map below showing the distribution of earthquake
epicenters around the world between 1961 and 1967.
148.
Between 1961 and 1967, the area that had the most earthquakes was the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mediterranean basin
mid-Atlantic Ocean
Caribbean Sea
Pacific Ocean rim
Key
D
The following question is based on the map below showing the distribution of earthquake
epicenters around the world between 1961 and 1967.
149.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
D
What is responsible for the pattern of earthquake activity shown on the map?
Volcanic eruptions
The weight of ocean water pressing on the land
Hurricanes and cyclones
The movement of tectonic plates
150.
Look at the map above, which shows three possible routes for a railroad line that
will be built to connect Red City with Bluetown.
Which route would be the least expensive to construct?
Give two reasons why the route you chose would be the least expensive.
1.
2.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response indicates that C is the least expensive route to construct. Must give two reasons
why (may relate to A and B).
Partial
The response indicates that C is the least expensive route to construct and gives one reason.
Inappropriate
The response indicates that A or B or C would be the least expensive route to construct but gives
no reasons.
Sample Responses
 flat land
 no mountain (or hills)
 no tunnels
 no bridges
 wouldn't have to go through mountains
 not as many bends and curves
151.
People from many different countries live in New York City. Children speaking
many different languages attend its public schools. This is mainly because New York
City
A.
B.
C.
D.
has an efficient transportation system
has a higher wage rate than other United States cities
is a port of entry for people from other parts of the world
is the site of the United Nations headquarters
Key
C
152.
In the mid-nineteenth century, before railroads were constructed, people in the
United States transported commercial materials, such as timber and coal, over long
distances primarily by means of
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
A
rivers and canals
turnpikes and freeways
pack horses and mule trains
ox carts and Conestoga wagons
153.
The major areas of wheat production in the world are the central United States
and Canada, Ukraine, south central Australia, and the pampas of Argentina. What is the
characteristic shared by these areas that explains their role in wheat production?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
All have rainy, damp climates.
All are near sea coasts.
All are plains.
All are in highland regions.
C
154.
What is the dominant trend shown in the graph?
Give two major reasons for the trend shown.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response identifies the major trend in the graph and provides two appropriate reasons.
Partial
The response identifies the major trend in the graph but gives either no reason, or only one
reason, to explain this. Or, the response provides two appropriate reasons, but fails to identify the
trend.
Inappropriate
The response does not indicate the major trend shown in the graph, but may give one reason for
the trend as suggested in the list given. It may just copy words from chart.
Credited responses may include:
Trend in Graph
An increase in the number of United States citizens traveling to Europe between 1948 and 1991.
 Also accept:
 increase in travel or departures
 "more people are traveling to Europe between 1948
 "more people traveled to Europe after the 1970's"
 Do not accept:
 "more people are leaving"
 up and down and up, etc.
 "it increased each year"
Appropriate Reasons
Improvements in travel
 air travel is more affordable
 air travel is faster
 air travel is safer
 travel is easier
 more planes are available
Increase in tourism
and 1991"
 more leisure time
 more affluence
 aging population
Internationalization of economy
 more business travel
 more political travel
 more student exchange
155.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Fossil fuels such as oil and coal are formed from
geological processes that transform organic materials
the rapid decay of animal bones
organic processes that lead to the fossilization of animal tissue
artificial processes used to treat and reuse garbage
Key
A
156.
After we anchored our ships in the ocean and went ashore to explore, we marched
west. The forest was so thick we could only travel three miles in the first two days.
Then we came to the mountains and climbed to the top. A rushing river flowed west out
of the mountains. We continued to march two miles west and came down out of the
mountains. Two miles further we came to the coast. It was obvious that the area we
were exploring was an isthmus.
In the box below, draw a map of the region described above. Be sure to include all of
the geographical elements mentioned in the description. Include a scale to indicate
distances.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response includes an accurate map in which at least 4 elements are correctly placed. The
response must be an isthmus and have direction of travel and river correctly.
Essential
The response includes a map in which 3 elements are correctly placed. The response may be a
peninsula or an island.
Partial
The response includes a map in which at least 2 elements are correctly placed.
Inappropriate
The response does not include a map or the map shows none of the elements correctly.
Features on Map
East coast
Forest
Mountains
River flowing west
West coast
157.
An example of diffusion is that crops that were once grown mostly in North and
South America are
A.
B.
C.
D.
now grown all over the world
now grown only in areas where productivity is high
now grown only in the Northern Hemisphere
no longer grown there
Key
A
158.
Environmental issues are viewed differently by people in different circumstances.
Explain how the artist makes this point in the cartoon.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
 Shows full understanding of cartoon and its meaning.
 Discusses environmental issue
 Tension (implied or stated) between the 2 worlds
 Hypocrisy (not absolutely necessary if tension clearly discussed)
 Must give different viewpoints--developed vs. developing countries
 Must give explanation of 1 viewpoint
 Discussion on national level
(rich vs. poor)
Essential
Must show that there are TWO different views--developed and developing (2 views need to
mention trees and car pollution)--with or without tension
OR
shows hypocrisy (implied or stated)--needs to talk about tree or car, i.e., understand cartoon
(brief mention of cartoon's essential point--understand contradiction or conflict)
Partial
Gives a brief mention of environmental issues (no matter how obscure or tenuous)
OR
gives one viewpoint correctly
Inappropriate
Responds to cartoon but has no understanding of environmental issues.
Examples of Essential responses:
 "The
guy's yelling at the lumberjack cutting down a tree but his car is dumping tons of
pollution into the air."
 Both people are depicted as doing something wrong…
 "Man in car needs trees to provide oxygen so his car pollution won't hurt ozone. Guy
chopping down tree doesn't think that one tree gone would hurt the oxygen supply."
 "If you're not taking care of the environment, don't tell others what to do"
Examples of Partial responses:
 "He is telling the man not to chop down the tree because we need it for oxygen."
 "Artist says you need to protect trees and the car had developed countries on it because
developed countries aren't paying attention to environmental problems."
 "He says that because pollution is bad, he needs trees to protect him."
 "trees make air"
 "one man is driving a car that pollutes the air and the other is cutting down a tree"
Examples of Inappropriate responses:
 "don't cut down trees"
 "greenhouse effect" (without elaboration)
 "some people care about the environment, but some don't"
 "cares about environment" (without saying who)
 "people in developing countries don't care about the environment"
159.
In the United States, most of the fertile soils of the Midwest were derived from
A.
B.
C.
D.
glaciers
volcanic activity
decaying organic matter
eroded sandstone
Key
A
160.
Under which of the following circumstances would you be most likely to find
snow in equatorial regions?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
In areas below sea level
In areas at high latitudes
In areas at high elevations
In winter
C
AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR LAKESIDE
Season
Average Inches
Percent of Total
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
5.0
7.0
4.0
4.0
25
35
20
20
Total
20.0
100
161.
Use the information in the table above to construct a pie chart on the figure below.
Be sure to label all information. You may use your ruler to draw the chart.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response correctly charts the percentage of rainfall of the 4 seasons on the circle and
correctly labels the segments.
Partial
The response correctly charts the percentage of rainfall of 1-3 seasons or it divides the chart up
correctly but does not label by season or labels by inches only. Also correct: "% only" in correct
drawing of seasons.
Inappropriate
The response does not properly chart any of the information. It fails to divide the pie into pieces
corresponding to the information from the table and it does not correctly label any piece of the
chart.
Question 162 refers to Atlas [4]
162.
Find the political map of the world in the atlas. Which group of countries is
crossed by the equator?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Mexico, Nigeria, India
Chile, Zimbabwe, Papua New Guinea
Venezuela, Angola, the Philippines
Brazil, Kenya, Indonesia
Key
D
Question 163 refers to Atlas [4]
163.
Look at the map on pages 50-51 of the atlas. The main physical barrier facing a
traveler going overland from Paris to Rome is the
A.
B.
C.
D.
Massif Central
Alps
Mediterranean Sea
Rhone River
Key
B
Question 164 refers to Atlas [4]
164.
Look at the map showing the growing seasons in Europe on page 54 of the atlas.
What most likely accounts for the difference between the growing seasons of Norway
and Spain?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Norway has more frost-free days than Spain.
Norway is more industrialized than Spain.
Norway has a colder climate than Spain.
Norway imports more food than Spain.
C
Question 165 refers to Atlas [4]
165.
Study the maps of the Middle East on pages 64 and 65 of the atlas. Using the
maps, explain why the Suez Canal is both politically and economically important.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response implies or indicates the Canal's strategic location and must explain one significant
political reason AND one significant economic reason.
Essential
The response implies or indicates the Canal's strategic location AND it explains its significance
EITHER politically OR economically OR it gives a significant political reason and significant
economic reason but with little or no explanation (implied location).
Partial
The response mentions the Canal's strategic location but does not explain its significance
economically or politically as suggested below OR it identifies one significant reason with no
explanations.
Inappropriate
The response does not explain the strategic importance of the Suez Canal either politically or
economically.
NOTE: To receive a score of "4" a response must discuss oil in connection to political or
economic reasons for the importance of the canal. The key here is to link geographic location to
economic and political importance.
If location is correct, can be more lenient with economics, i.e., "Mediterranean and Red Sea and
canal can be used for many things but it is mostly used for transporting of goods to other
countries" (can use location as explanation for economics).
To get economic and political credit, student must make connection.
Credited responses could include the following:
Location
The Suez Canal is a waterway linking the Mediterranean and the Red Sea OR Europe and Asia,
etc.
Economic Significance
Allows shipping of cargo between Asia and Europe, avoiding the extra cost of traveling around
Africa. It provides vital access from Europe and North America to oil supplies from the Middle
East.
Political Significance
Access to the Suez Canal is of major importance to the economies, and therefore governments,
of Western Europe and the United States. Access to the Suez Canal can be used as a bargaining
tool by those who control it.
Question 166 refers to Atlas [4]
166.
Study the maps of Africa on pages 60-63 of the atlas.
Where does most of the population of Egypt live?
Give one reason that explains the settlement pattern of Egypt.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response indicates that most of the population of Egypt is settled along the Nile River. It
explains this settlement pattern by outlining one of the following two points. The Nile has fertile
rich soil for agriculture and a good supply of fresh water for irrigation and domestic needs. OR,
away from the Nile River Egypt's land is desert and not suitable for settlement.
Partial
The response indicates that most of the population of Egypt is settled along the Nile River, but
does not give a good reason for the settlement pattern OR the response gives a good explanation
for location (close to fresh water, near fertile soil, or the rest of the country is a desert) but does
not specify the location of the Nile.
Inappropriate
The response does not indicate that most of the population of Egypt is settled along the Nile
valley. It does not give any explanation for the settlement pattern. The response may contain
information that applies to Egypt but it contains errors that show the student does not know
where Egypt is.
NB:
Cairo is not correct for the 1st part of the question.
Question 167 refers to Atlas [4]
167.
Find the world climate map in the table of contents and turn to it. Which state in
the United States has a climate similar to that of Alice Springs, Australia?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Florida
Washington
Illinois
Arizona
Key
D
Question 168 refers to Atlas [4]
168.
Look at the map on page 57 of the atlas. What is the main form of land use in
Ireland?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Crops and livestock
Manufacturing and trade
Ranching
Forest products
Key
A
Question 169 refers to Atlas [4]
169.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
The two natural features that form a large part of the boundary of Chile are
Lake Titicaca and the Amazon River basin
the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains
Patagonia and the Atacama Desert
the Pampas and the Strait of Magellan
B
Question 170 refers to Atlas [4]
170.
Look at the time zone map on page 17 of the atlas. If it is noon in Rio de Janeiro,
the time in Cairo is
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
5 p.m.
2 a.m.
noon
7 a.m.
A
Question 171 refers to Atlas [4]
171.
Look at the information on Japan on page 73 of the atlas. With which country
does Japan have the most favorable balance of trade?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
China
Indonesia
The United States
Taiwan
C
Question 172 refers to Atlas [4]
172.
What information can you get from the chart "Five Asian Countries" on page 75
of the atlas?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
C
People are migrating from these countries at a very rapid rate.
The majority of the population lives in rural areas.
The population densities are very high in these countries.
The world land area occupied by these countries is expanding rapidly.
Question 173 refers to Atlas [4]
173.
Look at the maps of China on pages 71-72 of the atlas. Give two major reasons
why China's industry is concentrated in the eastern part of the country.
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response gives two major reasons for the concentration of China's industry in the east of the
country.
Partial
The response provides one reason for the concentration of China's industrial development in the
east of the country. The other reason where given is incorrect or insignificant.
Inappropriate
The response provides no major reason for the development of industry in the east of China.
Credited Responses could include the following:
Industrial Development on China's Eastern Regions--Explanation
 The land is flatter or more suitable for development of industry.
 The Central and Western regions of China are mountainous and arid
. The population of
China is concentrated in the Eastern regions (OK to say "all the people" or "most
people").
 The Eastern regions of China are more accessible to other countries; proximity to the sea;
import and export of goods is easier.
Notes: Correct reasons may be negatively stated: for example, "away from the desert, or away
from the mountains."
Answers such as crops, better farmland, raising livestock, etc. must be connected to industrial
development to get credit as a major reason.
Connection must be made to industry.
Also accept:
 trade with Japan,
 by a seaport;
near water to export;
 close to water;
 source of energy; and/or
 waterways used as trade.
Question 174 refers to Atlas [4]
174.
Look at the map of Antarctica in the atlas. South of the 60° line of latitude one
would expect to find
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
floating icebergs
no animal or insect life
commercial shipping lanes
Inuit settlements
A
Question 175 refers to Atlas [4]
175.
Look at the natural vegetation map of North America on page 22 of the atlas and
the map of corn production in the United States on page 31. What is the natural
vegetation of the major corn-producing areas of the United States?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Key
Grassland and broadleaf forest
Steppe and tundra
Needleleaf forest and Mediterranean
Desert and tropical rain forest
A
Question 176 refers to Atlas [4]
176.
Turn to the World Facts on the inside back cover of the atlas. Using the
appropriate information from the tables, sketch bars on the blank graph below to show
the approximate areas of the continents listed in square miles (to the nearest million).
Provide a scale to explain your graph.
Asia
Africa
Europe
Antarctica
Scoring Guide
Score & Description
Complete
The response sketches in accurately the approximate area of all four continents as given below
and includes an accurate scale with units.
Partial
The response sketches in accurately the relative proportion of the continents but is not correct in
all details or it lacks a scale. OR, the response accurately graphs the sizes of 2 or 3 of the
continents, but there are errors in relative proportions.
Inappropriate
The response does not provide a sketch showing the approximate areas of any of the continents
listed OR the response provides an inaccurate sketch with or without a scale.
Credited responses could include the following:
Approximate areas of the continents (in millions of square miles)
Asia: 17
Africa: 12 or 11.6
Europe: 4
Antarctica: 5.5, 6.0.
Note: Square kilometers accepted instead of square miles as long as they are used consistently.