Download World Geography Exam Review

World Geography Exam Review
1. To use the grid system:
Start at O latitude / 0 longitude – off the Western Coast of Africa. Then the first number is either North or South (up or
down) – move your finger up or down the 0 longitude line – the numbers are located on the sides. Then, the second
number is East or West (left or right) of the 0 longitude line – keep your finger on the N or S line and move right or left –
the numbers are on the top for East & West
2. T- title (where it is, when it is showing, and type of map)
O – orientation (compass rose)
D – date (bottom right corner – when map made)
A – author (who made the map) – bottom right corner
L – legend – all the symbols, colors, abbreviations, etc.
S – scale – the distance that an area on the map is in relation to the real world size (ex – 1 inch = 50 miles)
I – index (list of all the places on the map) and
G – grid (pattern of latitude and longitude lines)
S - Source – where did you get the map information?
3. 7 continents – Africa, Asia, Antarctica, North America, South America, Europe, and Australia
5 oceans – Pacific, Atlantic, Arctic, Southern, and Indian
4. Types of maps – pages 10 - 11
5. Define relative and absolute location.
Relative – where a place is located in relationship to another place. (ex. – my house is north of the school or Grand
Junction, CO is 38 miles east of Utah)
Absolute – exact location on the earth’s surface (ex. The school address is 4015 Woodland Hills Dr. or 40N, 30W)
6. Geographic vocabulary – pages 14 - 15
7. Compare conic, azimuthal / planar, and cylindrical map projections.
Conic – shows limited east – west areas that are not too far from the Equator. Distance and direction are fairly
accurate.
Azimuthal / planar – most accurate at the center. This projection is used mostly for maps of the Polar Regions. Shows
true direction and represents the shortest distance.
Cylindrical – most accurate near the equator. Shows true direction and true shape.
8. Define geography. What are the branches?
The relationship between humans and their physical environment.
Branches – physical and human
9. Distinguish between formal, functional, and perceptual regions.
Formal – region where all the parts of the region have something in common (examples – the Gulf Coast Region – all
on the Gulf of Mexico, Corn Belt – all grow corn)
Functional – center point and all the places dependant on it that surround it (usually a large city)
Perceptual – region that is defined by how others feel about the region – (“the South”, “the Middle East”)
How much of the earth is water? Land?
70% water and 30% land
10. Define ecosystem, biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere.
Ecosystem – community of plants and animals
Biosphere – the part of the earth where life exists
Lithosphere- all the land on earth including the land under the ocean
Hydrosphere – all the water on earth
Atmosphere – the gasses that surround the earth
11. Define the internal forces of change:.
Accretion – when a sea plate slowly slides beneath a continental plate
Subduction When a sea plate dives beneath a continental plate.
Spreading – when two sea plates pull apart and magma fills up the space
Faulting – cracks
Folding – bending
12. Define the external forces of change
Weathering – chemical (changes the make up of rocks) or physical processes such as freezing, that break down rocks
Erosion – the wearing away of the earth’s surface by wind, running water, and glaciers.
13. Apple Earth – World is 70% water - fresh water – 3%, but only 1% available for drinking. 30% land. Arable land is
only 1/32 of the earth’s surface. Photic Zone is the top 100 meters of the ocean where light exists.
14. Describe the low, middle, and high latitudes.
Low latitudes – 0 to 23 ½ degrees – also called the Tropics. It is hot and moist.
Middle latitudes – 23 ½ to 66 ½ degrees – also called the Temperate zone. Where the majority of the people live. The
closer to the Tropics – more moist, and warm….toward the poles – more dry and cool.
High latitudes – 66 ½ to 90 degrees – also called the Polar. It is cold and dry.
15. Names for 0, 23½, 66½, and 90° (North and South)
0 latitude – Equator. Longitude – Prime Meridian. 23 ½ degrees North – Tropic of Cancer South – Topic of Capricorn.
661/2 degrees North – Arctic Circle South – Antarctic Circle. 90 degrees North – North Pole South – South Pole.
16. Explain where the direct rays of the sun are located in an equinox and solstice.
Revolution – the earth’s orbit around the sun. Takes 365 ¼ days. Creates the seasons.
Rotation – the earth’s spin on its axis. Takes 24 hours, and creates night and day.
Equinox – when the direct rays of the sun are on the Equator and the days and night are equal in length. (Spring and
fall)
Solstice – when the direct rays of the sun are on the Tropic of Cancer or Tropic of Capricorn and the days and nights
are not equal in length (winter and summer)
Remember that the seasons are reversed in the southern hemisphere.
17. What are the factors that affect climate? Explain each. (lacemops)
Latitude – as one moves away from the equator it becomes drier and cooler.
Air masses – cold air comes from the poles and warm air comes from the equator.
Continentality – as one moves inland it gets hotter in the summer and colder in the winter.
Elevation – as one goes up 1,000 feet, the temperature drops 3.5 degrees.
Mountains – mountains block storms. The windward side of a mountain (the side that faces the ocean winds) has an
abundance of precipitation and lush vegetation. The leeward side of a mountain is usually a desert – very dry.
Ocean currents – cold currents are cool and dry and warm currents are warm and moist.
Pressure – high pressure is heavy and cold, and low pressure is light and warm. Prevailing winds - Along the equator
are the doldrums. It is an area of calm. From 30 degrees north and 30 degrees south blowing toward the equator is the
trade winds - blow from the east to the west, but they do not reach the equator. From 30 to 60 degrees north and south
are the Westerlies – they blow from west to east. Between the Westerlies and the trade winds are the horse latitudes.
The horse latitudes are areas of calm where the Westerlies and Trade winds blow away from each other. From the
Poles to 60 degrees north and south are the Polar Easterlies. They are cold winds, and where they meet the Westerlies
there are thunderstorms
Storms – cyclones in the northern hemisphere spin counter - clockwise and in the southern hemisphere they spin
clockwise
18. Describe mountain climate (include formula for elevation change, leeward, windward)
Mountain climates vary by elevation - Orographic effect - Windward side has lush vegetation due to abundant water.
The leeward side of the mountain is dry because the moisture full clouds can not make it over the mountains
(rainshadow). The formula for elevation change is that for every 1,000 feet a person goes up a mountain, the
temperature will drop 3.5 degrees.
19. Name and describe the climate regions.
Icecap – has no vegetation because the average temperature does not get above freezing
Subarctic – largest range of temperature change between summer and winter. Needle leaved evergreens grow here
Tundra – bitterly cold high-latitude where mosses and lichen grow in the short summer when it is 24 hours of daylight.
Humid continental – located in the northern hemisphere with cold winters and hot summers. The farther north – the
longer the winter
Humid subtropical - southeastern side of mid-latitude continents with grassland and mixed forests (this climate
experiences cyclones)
Mediterranean – rainy winter and hot, sunny summer where chaparral vegetation of short and woody bushes and trees
are grown
Marine - in the northern hemisphere they are found on the west coast of continents. Deciduous trees and cool
summers and damp winters. Influenced by the ocean
Steppe – hot and dry (10 – 20 inches) patches of short grass and bushes – usually borders the desert
Desert – less than 10 inches of rainfall a year. Vegetation is mostly cactus and scrub bushes
Tropical savanna – has a dry season in the winter and wet season in the summer. Some coarse grass and small trees
can survive the dry season
Tropical rainforest – lush vegetation of tall trees that form a canopy, has an average daily temperature around 80 and
rains almost every day
Mountain – climate and vegetation changes with elevation – up 1,000feet temperature down 3.5 degrees
Describe the Tierra caliente, Tierra fria, Tierra templada (elevation, what grows there, cities in this region)
Tierra caliente – hot land. Lowest elevations between 0 – 2,500 feet. Grow bananas, cacao, sugarcane, and rice. Rio
de Janeiro is in this climate zone.
Tierra templada – temperate land. 2,500 – 6,500 feet. Grow coffee, corn, citrus, fruit. Caracas is in this climate zone.
Tierra Fria – cold land. 6,500 or higher. Grow potatoes, wheat, and apples. Mexico City is in this climate zone.
20. climograph – line graph is temperature and bar graph is precipitation. Shows climate (not weather)
Weather – the condition of the atmosphere (temperature and precipitation)
Climate – the average weather conditions in a place usually averaged over 30 years.
21. Define life expectancy, infant mortality, literacy rate, zero population growth, and natural increase.
Demographics – the study of human population statistics
Birth rates – the number of births per 1,000 people
Death rates – the number of deaths per 1,000 people
Life expectancy – average amount of time a person born today in an area can expect to live.
Infant mortality – the average number of babies out of 1,000 that are born alive that die before the age of one.
Literacy rate – the average number of people that can read and write in an area.
Zero population growth – when the birth rate and the death rate are equal.
Negative population growth – when the death rate exceeds the birth rate
Natural increase – growth rate of a population. Difference between birth and death rates
Doubling time – the amount of time it will take for a population to double in size.
Rural – lives in the country.
Carrying capacity – the amount of animals that an area of land can support
Fertility rate – the average number of children an average woman in an area will have in her lifetime
Natural resource - Substance from nature that is not made by man, but can be used by them. They are not evenly
distributed around the world, so people have to trade.
Renewable resource – a substance from nature used by man that can be replaced, recycled, or re-grown. Trees are an
example.
Non-renewable resource – a substance from nature used by man that can not be replaced, recycled, or re-grown.
Fossil fuels (petroleum) are an example.
Urban – lives in a city or town. (Usually over 2,000 people)
Population density – average amount of people living in a given area.
Population distribution – how the population of an area is spread out. The world’s population is not evenly spread out.
People like to live in areas with temperate climates and available natural resources.
22. population pyramids – women are usually on the right hand side of a population pyramid. Population pyramids that
are triangular in shape usually represent a rapid population growth, poor country, that is developing. The US is
NOT developing – it is developed and will have a bulge in the middle.
23. Define culture hearth, culture region, cultural diffusion, ethnic group, and migration.
Culture hearth – center where cultures developed and from which ideas and traditions spread outward.
Culture region – division of the earth based on cultural factors like government, economic systems, language, and
religion
Cultural diffusion – spread of new knowledge and skills from one culture to another.
Ethnic group – group of people that share a common ancestry, language, religion, customs, or combination of these
things.
Migration – the movement of people from place to place. Usually a permanent move.
24. culture hearth – where a culture begins and then spreads to surrounding areas
Yellow River Valley – Shang – China
Nile River Valley – Egypt
Mesopotamia – Iraq – between Tigris & Euphrates
Indus – Pakistan
25. Describe / Define the agricultural revolution, industrial revolution, and information revolution.
Agricultural revolution (Neolithic) – move from hunting and gathering to farming.
Industrial revolution – move from human power to machine power. Started in the late 1700’s in Britain.
Information Revolution – move to computer power that started in the late 1900’s
26. civilization – highly organized, city-based society with an advanced knowledge of farming, trade, government, art
and science
27.
28. 5 “great” world religions – Islam, Buddhist, Christianity, Hinduism, and Judaism
29. Name and explain the parts of the water cycle.
Starts in a water source that is heated. Evaporation – liquid water turns to gas. Condensation – water vapor (gas) in
clouds is squeezed together. Precipitation – gas turns to liquid and falls to the earth in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or
hail. Runoff – water returns to water source.
30.
31. What are the characteristics of a developed nation MDC?
Low birth rates, low death rates, low infant mortality rates, high per capita GDP, high literacy rates, urban, majority of
people work in manufacturing and service, concern for environment, high level of communication and transportation
What are the characteristics of a developing nation (LDC)?
High birth rates, high death rates, high infant mortality rates, low per capita GDP, low literacy rates, rural or urban
slums, majority of the people work in agriculture, concern for the environment is not a major issue, low levels of
communication and transportation.
32. Define primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary production and give examples of each.
Primary – farming, ranching, and mining (milking cow)
Secondary - manufacturing (turning milk into cheese)
Tertiary – service (transporting cheese to market)
Quaternary – based on knowledge and skills (scientist that checks cheese for bacteria)
33. Compare and contrast market, mixed, traditional, and command economies.
Market economy – individuals and private groups make decisions about what to produce.
Mixed economy – government supports and regulates free enterprise through decisions in the marketplace.
Traditional economy – habit and custom determine the rules for all economic activity
Command – the government owns or directs the means of production – land, labor, capital, and business managers. It
controls distribution of goods
Import – to buy (bring in)
Export – to sell (send out)
Capital – money needed to start businesses, etc. (seed money)
Exchange rate – the rate that the currency in one nation is worth in another nation) (ex. You will get $0.50 for every
dollar you take to Britain, but $1 in Mexico is worth 9.6 pesos.
Inflation – the general rise in the cost of items.
Literacy rate – the average number of people over the age of 15 that can read and write in the native language.
Per capita income – average amount of money that a person in a given area will make in a year
Developed & developing nations – see #31
Sustainable development – development that does not use up the human and natural resources of a given area.
Arable – land that is suitable for farming
Plantation - large estate or farm where usually a single crop (such as cotton, tobacco, or sugar) is grown. Plantation
systems involve a large labor force. (labor intensive)
Look up these words in the book – cash crop, commercial farming, sedentary farming, shifting farming, mixed farming,
and pastoralism, cottage industry, high-tech industry, (These words were on the industry and farming vocabulary sheet
if you did it)!
Subsistence farming – growing enough food for daily life.
Commercial agriculture – growing crops for sale.
Light industry – industrial products that are made for consumers (average person) – jeans, cars, pots and pans.
Heavy industry – industrial products for mines and industrial growth.
Slash and burn agriculture – cutting down forest, using ash for fertilizer, growing crops, and then moving on in a couple
of years when the land becomes infertile
34. Define autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy, monarchy, theocracy, dictatorship – give real world examples of each.
Autocracy – government where a single person has the authority to rule. Examples – monarchy, dictatorship
Oligarchy – small group holds the power to rule. Example – communist party
Democracy – leaders rule with the consent of the people. – The US
Monarchy – king or queen rules, usually inherited. Example – Saudi Arabia (absolute), Sweden (constitutional) – type
of autocracy
Theocracy – religious leader or leaders rule. Example – Iran was a theocracy until recently (oligarchy)
Dictatorship – decisions of s single leader determine government policies. Controls all aspects of social and economic
life. Example – Hitler was a dictator. (autocracy)
35. Compare unitary and federal government systems
Unitary – government in which all the key powers are given to a national or central government
Federal – government in which the key powers are divided between a central or national government and state or
provincial governments.
36. Use the glossary or the industry and farming vocabulary for – nationalize, socialism and privatize
Free trade – absence of trade barriers so goods can flow freely between countries.
Trade barriers - a restriction on trade. (Quota – amount of an item that can be brought in), (tariff – tax on imports),
(embargo – trade is restricted between countries)
Trade surplus – when a country exports more than it imports
Trade deficit – when a country imports more than it exports
Sustainable development – development that does not use up the human and natural resources of a given area.
SOME OTHER THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW:
37. Name and describe the layers of the earth.
Inner core – solid, hot iron ore, and nickel, outer core – liquid, very hot iron ore and nickel, mantel – hot molten rock
(magma), and crust – solid outer surface – rock.
38. Describe the world population and how it is distributed.
6.2 billion people. Not evenly distributed around the world. Most people live in the temperate zone (middle latitudes) on
flat land (plains) near water.
39. What are problems caused by rapid population growth?
Majority of people are under the age of 16, population growth will use up natural resources quicker, it is hard for
governments to keep up with food production, housing, and sanitation.
40. What are GNP and GDP?
The value of all goods and services created by a country in a year. This includes companies operating overseas.
The value of all goods and services created within a country in a year. This does not include companies operating
overseas.
41. Define push factor and pull factor. Give examples of each.
Push factor – something that makes a person want to leave his or her living place – war, poverty
Pull factor – something that makes a person want to move to a new place – offer of job, school
42. Define and explain NAFTA.
NAFTA is the North American Free Trade Agreement. It is an agreement between Mexico, the US, and Canada to
reduce trade restrictions between the three countries