Download WHAP Teacher Copy Dynasties Conquest and Faith The Making of

Dynasties, Conquest, and Faith: The Rise of Islam
WHAP/Napp
Objective: To identify and explain the rise of an
Islamic Empire after Muhammad
Do Now: List three ways Islam changed Arabia
Cues:
Notes:
I. The Caliphate
A. When Muhammad died unexpectedly in 632, Abu Bakr, one of his first
followers in Mecca, became caliph
B. Caliph head of state, military commander, chief judge, religious leader
1. Ruled an empire but also made pronouncements on religious doctrine
2. A theocracygovernment ruled by immediate divine guidance or by
officials who are regarded as being divinely guided
3. Because it was ruled by a caliph, the theocratic Islamic Empire was
referred to as a caliphate
4. While the caliphs began to behave more like hereditary rulers, there was
no clear line of successioncaused a great deal of trouble down the road
C. The First Four Caliphs
1. Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali
a) Ali was assassinated and was succeeded by his son, Hasan
b) Under pressure from prominent family in Mecca, Hasan
relinquished title, leading to establishment of Umayyad Dynasty
II. The Umayyad Dynasty
A. Capital moved to Damascus, Syria, although Meccaspiritual center
B. Arabic became the official language of government
C. Conquered subjects were “encouraged” to convert to Islam in order to
establish a common faith throughout the empire
1. Those who chose not to convert were forced to pay a tax (jizya)
D. Empire grew enormouslyextending as far as northern African and into
Spain (ruled the southern Iberian peninsula from the city of Córdoba)
1. Charles Martel, Frank, stopped Muslim advance towards Paris
E. Despite successes (the Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem and
Córdoba was one of the richest cities in Europe), problems with succession
1. Muslims split into two camps, Shi’ite and Sunni
a) Shi’ite (Shia) Islam holds that Mohammad’s son-in-law, Ali, was the
rightful heir to the empire, based on Mohammad’s comments to Ali
b) Sunnis believe that the leaders of the empire should be drawn from a
broad base of the people
c) As the Shia began to assert themselves more dramatically, the Umayyad
Dynasty went into decline, and ultimate demise
III. The Abbasid Dynasty
A. Against the forces of Abu al-Abbas (a descendent of Mohammad’s uncle
who was supported by the descendents of Ali, the Shia, and the Mawali –
non-Arab Muslims), the Umayyad Empire was defeated
B. Established Abbasid Dynasty around 750 in all areas except Spain
Summaries:
Cues:
C. Dates: 750 to 1258 (Until Islamic Empire defeated by Mongols)
D. Ups and downs but experienced a golden age, from the early to mid-ninth
century, during which the arts and sciences flourished
E. Built a magnificent capital at Baghdad, which became one of the great
cultural centers of the world
F. Importance of tradeMerchants introduced the unique idea of
creditfreed from danger and burden of carrying coins
G. ManufacturingSteel was produced for use in swords
H. Advances in Math and Sciences
1. Mohammad al-Razi published a massive medical encyclopedia
2. Expanded knowledge learned from India; contributions in algebra
I. Papermaking
1. Defeated Tang Chinese army during the Battle of Talus River in 751 CE
2. Chinese prisoners of war were carrying paper moneyfigured out how
to make paperstocked libraries/universities with scholarship
J. Location of Muslim empire at the crossroads of Europe and Asia allowed to
monopolize trade routes
K. Preservation of Greek and Roman learning
1. Islamic Empire is credited with playing a significant role in preserving
Western culture (like the Byzantines)
L. Crusades and Rediscovery
1. Muslims and Christians battled for control of Levant (present-day
Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon) during Crusades
2. Europe found its own history among the other treasures preserved in
Arabic libraries and museums
M. Often tolerant
1. Muslims were often tolerant of local customs of the areas they
conquered – although Christians and Jews were persecuted in Levant
N. Sufis
1. Islamic mysticswere its most effective missionaries
2. Stressed a personal relationship with Allahmade Islam highly
adaptable to different circumstances
O. Women
1. While women remained subservient to men, women began to be treated
with more dignity, had some legal rights, considered equal before Allah
2. Infanticide forbidden and after a divorce, dowry returned to woman
3. But a man allowed four wives and land passed to males
4. A woman’s testimony in courtonly half weight of a man’s testimony
5. And women were veiled in public – although this custom began in
Mesopotamia and Persiaadopted by Islamic society
P. The Islamic empire regularly endured internal struggles and civil wars
1. Turkish slaves, or mamluks, revolted and established a new capital at
Samarra in central Iraq and new Shia dynasty in Iran
2. External foes too: the Persians, Europeans, Byzantines, and Mongols
a) Mongols destroyed the city of Baghdad in 1258
Summaries:
Questions:
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1.
Describe the role of the caliph.
How did the death of Muhammad affect the Islamic world?
Explain the rise of the Umayyad dynasty.
What factors led to the collapse of the Umayyad dynasty.
Explain the Sunni and Shi’ite split.
Describe the Abbasid dynasty.
Discuss the Islamic golden age.
What factors led to the collapse of the Abbasid dynasty.
Which of the following is true of the
4. Islamic Spain, known as al-Andalus,
Sufis?
was
(A) They were very effective
(A) Controlled by Muslim Berber
missionaries
conquerors.
(B) They sought and emotional and
(B) Not part of the Abbasid Empire.
mystical union with Allah.
(C) The source of a failed invasion of
(C) They used emotional sermons and
France.
song and dance to encourage
(D) The home of Ibn Rashd
devotion.
(Averroes).
(D) They tolerated observances of
(E) All of the above.
some non-Islamic customs.
(E) All of the above.
5. Which of the following was not a
right of Islamic women?
2. The Five Pillars are to Muslims as
(A) They could legally inherit
(A) The hadith is to Muslims.
property and divorce husbands.
(B) The Noble Eightfold Path is to
(B) They could engage in business
Buddhists.
ventures.
(C) The four Vedas are to Aryans.
(C) They were equal to men before
(D) The book of Genesis is to
Allah, not the property of men.
Christians.
(D) They could take up to four
(E) None of the above.
husbands, just as a man could
take up to four wives.
3. During Abbasid times, the Arabs
(E) None of the above.
learned from China the technique of
making
6. Which of the following is true of the
(A) Fine silk.
early caliphs?
(B) Wood block prints.
(A) The early caliphs quickly rejected
(C) Gunpowder and cannons.
many of Muhammad’s teachings.
(D) Paper.
(B) The caliph was strictly a political
(E) All of the above.
leader, not a religious leader.
(C) The early caliphs were
unanimously agreed upon by the
umma.
(D) The early caliphs concentrated on
religious doctrine, not expansion.
(E) None of the above.
Excerpt from ucalgary.ca
Muslim physicians were responsible for many notable developments in the field of
medicine. While European "hospitals" at this time were usually simply monasteries where
the sick were told they would live or die according to God's will, not human intervention,
Muslim hospitals pioneered the practices of diagnosis, cure, and future prevention. The
first hospital in the Islamic world was built in Damascus in 707, and soon most major
Islamic cities had hospitals, in which hygiene was emphasized and healing was a priority.
Hospitals were open 24 hours a day and many doctors did not charge for their services.
The medical school at the University of Jundishapur, once the capital of Sassanid Persia,
became the largest in the Islamic world by the 9th century. Its location in Central Asia
allowed it to incorporate medical practices from Greece, China, and India, as well as
developing new techniques and theories.
Al-Razi, a 9th century Persian physician, made the first major Muslim contribution to
medicine when he developed treatments for smallpox and measles. He also made significant
observations about hay fever, kidney stones, and scabies, and first used opium as an
anesthetic. A generation later, Ibn Sina earned his place as one of the greatest physicians in
the world, with his most famous book used in European medical schools for centuries. He is
credited with discovering the contagious nature of diseases like tuberculosis, which he
correctly concluded could be transmitted through the air, and led to the introduction of
quarantine as a means of limiting the spread of such infectious diseases. Other Muslim
physicians accurately diagnosed the plague, diphtheria, leprosy, rabies, diabetes, gout,
epilepsy, and hemophilia long before the rest of the world. In the 10th century, Al-Zahravi
first conducted surgery for the eye, ear, and throat, as well as performing amputations and
cauterizations. He also invented several surgical instruments, including those for the inner
ear, the throat, and the urethra.
Muslims also advanced the field of pharmacology. They experimented with the medical
effects of various herbs and other drugs, and familiarized themselves with anesthetics used
in India. There is evidence that some Muslim physicians also adopted the practice of
acupuncture from China. Despite many advancements in medicine, however, Muslim
physicians still based their work on the idea of the ancient Greek, Galen, that the body was
made up of the same four elements as the world in general - earth, air, fire, and water.
Contrary to Christian beliefs, Muslim physicians concluded that illness was not due to
supernatural forces, but rather to an imbalance in the body's elements, which physicians
were able, in many cases, to correct.
Thesis Statement: Continuity and Change Over Time: Succession after Muhammad
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