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Name: _________________________ Geologic Principles and Relative Dating 1. How old is the Earth? a. ________________________________________________________ b. Much of its history is recorded in the rock. c. Observations of fossils, rock types, evidence of faulting, uplifts and folding as well as __________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 2. Relative Dating a. ________________________________________________________ to the ages of other rock or events in the geological sequence b. Saying “ ________________________________________________” shows its age relative to a known. c. This means that geologists can say which layers are older than which and thus ________________________________________________ 3. Principle of Uniformitarianism a. This geologic Principle states that all geological processes ( ________ _______________________________________________________) that occur today also occurred in the past in the same way. b. ________________________________________________________ 4. Time is the rate at which things change. The history of the Earth is explained as on order of events. There are 2 ways of dating these events in geology. a. The first manner of depicting the order of geologic events is called _______________________________. In this technique events are simply younger or older than some other event. _________________ ____________________________________________. For example: The rocks in Bryce Canyon were deposited before the canyon formed. 5. The basic Principles are: a. The Law of Superposition -________________________________ _______________________________________________________. Name: _________________________ b. The Law of Original Horizontality -___________________________ ________________________________________________________ ____________________________. c. The Law of Cross Cutting Relationships -____________________ _______________________________________________________. d. The Law of Inclusions -___________________________________ _______________________________________________________. e. These are the fundamental principles geologists use in determining the sequence of events and relative ages of layers that are found in the rock record. Following are examples of each. 6. Law of Superposition 7. _____________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 8. Law of Original Horizontality Name: _________________________ 9. ______________________________________________________________ 10. Law of Cross Butting Relations a. This red area represents an igneous intrusion. It is younger than the sedimentary rock that it cuts across 11. Features within the rock layers a. Igneous Intrusion ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________ 12. Law of Cross Cutting Relations Name: _________________________ 13. Law of Cross Cutting Relations a. Faulting is another example of cross cutting relation. The fault in younger than all of the layers it cuts across 14. Law of inclusions 15. a. The red line is _______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Name: _________________________ 16. There are 3 main types of Unconformities: a. Disconformity – The layers above and below the erosional surface are parallel. They could be horizontal or tilted. b. Angular Unconformity – tilted rocks are eroded and a new set of sediment are laid down on top of them. c. Nonconformities – Sediment layers set on top of and around an intrusion of igneous rock that has been eroded. 17. Disturbed Rock Layers a. Folding – Occurs when ________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ i. Often causes Mountains Name: _________________________ b. Faulting – A fault is __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ c. Tilting – Occurs when _________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 18. Index Fossils – Used to determine the age of the rock the fossil is found in if the fossil meets the two conditions a. __________________________________________________________ b. __________________________________________________________ 19. Geologic Columns a. Geologists take core samples from the Earth’s Crust all over the world b. They take __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ c. They match up layers based on _________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ d. Sometimes layers are missing from one column because of an unconformity, so geologists ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 20. Core Samples 21. Core Samples Put together
