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NAME:______________________________________________ HIS102 Section:__________ HIS102 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE DUE DATE: CHAPTER15 1. The costly palace built by Louis XIV, that became the envy of all European monarchs, was___________________. P454-455 2. The "sleeping giant" of Eastern Europe in the first half of the seventeenth century was___________________. P466 3. The Parliamentarians were successful in the English Civil War because of _______________________’s New Model Army. p. 470 4. During the period of the English Commonwealth, Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector relied upon the ___________________ to maintain his rule. p. 471 5. The "Glorious Revolution" in 1688 in England was significant for bloodlessly bringing _____________________________ to the throne. p. 473 6. Absolutism means_______________________________________________________________. p. 451 7. The witch hunts of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were often directed at ___________________. p.446 8. The French playwright Moliere is noted for ____________________. p. 480 CHAPTER 16 1. The first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by telescope was _________________. p.489 2. The overall effect of the Scientific Revolution on the argument about women was to generate facts about differences between men and women that were used to prove _________________ dominance. p.498 3. The philosophy of René Descartes stressed a separation of mind and _____________________. p. 500 4. The greatest achievements in science during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries came in what three areas? _____________________ ___________________________ ______________________________ P485 5. Copernicus was a native of _______________________. p.486 CHAPTER 17 1. The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was ________________. P.512 2. The German philosopher Immanuel Kant proclaimed the motto of the Enlightenment to be ________________________________________. p.510 3. Of great importance to the Enlightenment were the salons, which provided a forum for discussing the ideas of the __________________________________. p. 520-521 4. _______________________________ wrote the Encyclopedia. P.516 5. The Carnival of the Mediterranean world was a period of great _________________. p. 530 6. A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was ______________. p. 530 CHAPTER 18 1. Enlightenment political thought advanced the concept of human natural rights included: equality before the _______________; the right to ______________________; the freedom of ____________________ worship; the freedom of __________________ and 1 _____________________and the right to hold________________ and the right to seek _______________________. p. 539 2. What countries participated in the partition of Poland? _______________________ ________________________ ________________________ p. 545 | p. 548-549 3. European diplomacy during the eighteenth century was predicated on the idea that in a balance of power, one state should not have more power than another state. p. 550 4. The War of the Austrian Succession was fought between _____________________________ and _______________________ with _____________________ gaining ______________________. p. 551 5. Of the great European powers in the eighteenth century, the only one not to possess a standing army and to rely on mercenaries was ____________________________. p. 553 6. European society in the eighteenth century witnessed the continued dominance of the _____________________ family. p. 557 7. The domestic system of industrial production in Flanders and England became known as the ______________ system. p. 559 8. A key financial innovation of the eighteenth century was the circulation of paper __________________ compensating for a lack of coinage. p. 558 9. Eighteenth-century European cities were ____________________________ and lacked proper ____________________________________. p. 566 10. By the eighteenth century, _________________ was the largest European city in terms of population. p. 565 NOTE: Concerning the Seven Years' War = The Treaty of Paris ended the war and Britain became the world’s greatest colonial power. p.522 CHAPTER 19-21 1. When the American Revolution began, the colonials were deeply divided among themselves about revolting against ________________________. P572 2. The Estates-General consisted of representatives of the three orders: the Second Estate (nobles), the Third Estate (people), and the First Estate, representing the _____________________. P575 3. The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was _____________________, _________________________, __________________________. P572 4. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen owed much to the ideas of the _______________________ Declaration of Independence. P580 5. The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen, written by ___________________________________________ was totally ignored by _____________. P580 6. The Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror was headed by _________________________________________. P585 7. The Constitution of the United States of 1789 created a ______________ branch system of government that allows the branches to check and balance one another. P573-574 8. The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was the government’s inability to deal with __________ and other economic problems. P576 9. During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were ________________________. P587 10. The Industrial Revolution had its beginnings in ____________________. P605 2 11. The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included canals, roads, bridges, and ____________________________. P605-607 12. The first step toward the Industrial Revolution in Britain occurred in the ________________ industry. P607 13. Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century was responsible for the creation of modern _________________________________. P607 14. A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British industries obey the owner's factory discipline was repeated _________________________. P610 15. Napoleon's domestic policies included the ___________ Code and a uniformed legal system. P595 16. The Concordat reestablished the ________________________ but limited the Pope’s authority. P595 17. Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by preventing British _____________. P598 18. Napoleon met his final defeat at the Battle of ____________________. P600 19. The Industrial Revolution in the United States required thousands of miles of ______________________ and _______________________ be constructed. P616 20. Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because there were more _______________________ workers/laborers in America. P617 21. Primary reasons for the use of children as a source of labor in the Industrial Revolution was low-paid ____________________ could easily move around large industrial equipment. P624 22. The so-called American System was the use of _____________________________ parts. P616 23. The European population explosion of the nineteenth century was primarily because of the disappearance of ______________________ from western Europe. P618 24. The only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century was _____________________. P619 25. Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830's and 1840's in Great Britain included a reduction of working hours for children to no more than 12 hours a day, outlawed ____________________ and __________________ in coal mines, required daily education for working children, and appointment of government factory inspectors. P626-630 26. The Congress of _____________ created policies that would maintain the European balance of power. P634 27. Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, _____________________________, failed to achieve his goal of "resurgence" by 1849. P652 28. Mass white male democracy in the United States was achieved during the presidency of ____________________________________________. P654 29. The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher was_______________________________________________________. P658 30. The major themes/subjects of Romantic artists were ______________________________ and depictions of nature. P659 3 31. Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by _____________________________, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism. P651 32. In architectural styles, the Romantics were particularly attracted to the ___________________. P650 33. Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies. P654 CHAPTERS 22-24 1. In establishing the Second Empire, _____________________ received the overwhelming electoral support of the people. P666 2. Among ___________________ great domestic projects was a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities. P667 3. Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in __________________. P668 4. The immediate origins of the Crimean War involved Russia's right to protect ____________________ shrines in Palestine. P668 5. The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was ______________________________________. P672 6. The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when _______________________ became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops. P672 7. As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von ________________________ largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization. P674 8. The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around the abolition of __________________. P679 9. The Russian ______________________were local assemblies with limited self-governing powers. P680 10. By 1860, there were approximately ____ million slaves in the United States. P683 11. The ________________________________________________ of Marx and Engels based all historical development on class struggle. P686 12. According to Karl Marx, the final result of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would be a ______________________________ society. P687 13. Charles _________________________________ theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival. P689 14. The germ theory of disease was primarily the work of _________________________. P690 15. Elizabeth Blackwell became the first formally educated female doctor in _______________. P692 16. What type of new energy source powered the second industrial revolution? _______________________________ p699 17. Industrialization in _________________________________ was the result of government planning and initiative. P702 4 18. When not able to find work in the factories, many working class European _____________________ took jobs as clerks, shop assistants, and nurses. P705 19. A rise in female prostitution in European cities during the later nineteenth century can best be attributed to heavy migration to cities by country women and their increasingly desperate struggle for urban economic survival. P705 20. Initially, trade _________________________ in the first half of the nineteenth century functioned primarily as mutual aid societies. P705 21. The chief cause of rising European populations between 1850 and 1880 was a declining ____________________ rate. P708 22. Octavia _______________________’s housing venture was designed to give the poor an environment they could use to improve themselves. P713 23. All of the following were used to limit family size in the late nineteenth century: P715 coitus interruptus b. abortion c. abandonment d. infanticide a. 24. _____________________ in European working-class families were fully expected to work until marriage. P715 25. By 1900, most European educational systems were free and compulsory at least at the primary level. P719 26. Although several motives drove European states to develop systems of mass public education for their citizens, the chief reason for which they did this was political, to produce more informed voters in expanding electorates and to heighten patriotism. P720 27. A new development in the age of mass leisure was ___________________________________. 28. Who was responsible for the theory of relativity? __________________________ P721 p732 29. According to Sigmund ________________________, behavior was determined by one's unconscious and by inner drives of which people were generally unaware. P734 30. The first professional occupation to be opened up to women was __________________. P743 31. Who said, "All this colonial business is a sham, but we need it for the elections." ______________________________________ p756 32. The "open door" policy was to allow more freedom of trade in so-called spheres of influence in _____________________________. P758 33. The Meiji Restoration in __________________________ created a political system democratic in form but rigidly authoritarian in practice and sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and adopted many western reforms in political and military organization. P760 34. The Triple Alliance before 1914 included which countries? _____________________________ and _________________________________ and _______________________________ p762 CHAPTERS 25-28 5 1. European states felt they had to uphold the power of their allies for their own internal security which helped lead to the outbreak of _________________________________. P769 2. Before the outbreak of World War I in 1914, the general outlook for the future by most ________________________was highly optimistic with material progress expected to create an earthly utopia. P769 3. The immediate cause of World War I was the assassination of ________________________________ in Sarajevo. P769 4. Among nineteenth-century European political movements, the one most responsible for triggering World War I was _______________________________. P769 5. Most Europeans believed that the _______________________ would be an exciting, emotional release from the otherwise dull and boring existence of mass society. P774 6. The development of ________________ warfare in France was characterized by long periods of boredom broken by artillery barrages and frontal assaults by enemy troops. P777-778 7. As fought in the World War I, ______________________ warfare became a senseless slaughter of troops on all sides with hundreds of thousands of men dying for battlefield gains of a few miles and became increasingly unreal as baffled and incompetent officers persistently ordered their men to accomplish battlefield objectives that were impossible. P777-778 8. As soldiers on both sides realized that no one could gain an advantage in trench warfare daily life for the soldier became increasingly squalid and miserable in rat-infested _________________. P777 9. The _________________ would play a larger role in World War II than in World War I. p783 10. The entry of the _______________________________ into World War I in April 1917 gave the nearly-defeated allies a psychological boost. P782 11. The chief reason for the United States' entry into World War I was_________________________ violations of the principles of neutrality and freedom of the seas. P782 12. The women workers of World War I played an important role in gaining women the right to _________________________ immediately following the war. P786 13. V.I. Lenin, as a leader of the Bolsheviks, promised "peace, land, and _______________." P791 14. The ethnic group that suffered a million dead as victims of genocide during World War I were the _______________________________. P795 15. For Woodrow Wilson, the most important thing after the war was to assure acceptance of his _________________________________________. P796 16. The Treaty of ______________________ forced Germany to acknowledge "war guilt" and to pay reparations for its alleged wartime aggression. P799 17. The feature of the Versailles Treaty that most Germans found very hard to accept was Article 231, the "_____________________________" which imposed heavy war reparations on Germany. P799 18. In the aftermath of World War I, the _____________________ retreated into isolationism. P799-800 6 19. A major cause of the Great Depression in Europe was the recall of ______________________ loans from European markets. P806 20. One significant effect of the Great Depression in Europe was the rise of ____________________ movements in many areas of Europe. P807 21. Franklin Roosevelt's New _________ policies in the United States brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament in the economy. P810 22. The Middle Eastern Muslim nation that made a conscious effort to adopt a Westernized secular culture after World War I was _______________________. P811 23. Other than Great Britain, in 1939 the only other major democratic state in Europe was _______________. P812 24. The first Fascist state in Europe was _______________________. P813-814 25. The growth of Mussolini's __________________ movement was aided by popular, nationalistic resentment toward Italy's treatment following World War I. P814 26. The city in which Hitler spent his formative years and developed his fundamental ideas was _____________________________. P817 27. The Nazi policies toward ____________________ claimed that through childbearing and service in the home women would bring about the triumph of the Aryan race. P822 28. The only eastern European nation to maintain political democracy throughout the 1930s was ____________________________. P827 29. Among the positive achievements of the Stalinist era in the Soviet Union was more _____________________________ opportunities. P826 30. The most famous of the Surrealistic painters was __________________________. P832 31. Hitler's first act of aggression took place in 1936 when the Germans occupied what area? ___________________________________ p842 32. Hitler took Poland in 1939 using Blitzkrieg or "_________________________" tactics and with active support from Joseph Stalin. P845-848 33. Immediately following the fall of ________________________, France and Britain declared war, but remained relatively inactive militarily. P848 34. The British politician who was told by a member of his own party that "You have sat too long for any good you have been doing. Depart, I say, and let us have done with you. In the name of God, go!" was ________________________________________. P848 35. Hitler's plan for defeating Britain relied on Germany's Luftwaffe gaining control of the ________________________. P848 36. Serious conflict in Asia contributing to the outbreak of World War Two in the Pacific began with Japan's 1937 violent incident with ____________________. P846 37. The ancient "way of the warrior" that was revived during the 1930s was ___________________. P865 7 38. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the main priority for the United States was defeating Germany first and then turning its great naval war machine against ____________________. P851 39. The naval battle in the Pacific that is considered the turning point of the war and established U.S. Naval supremacy in the area was _________________________. P853-854 40. In the Pacific theater by 1942, the American technique in combating Japan was known as “________________________________.” P854 41. Hitler's "Final Solution" to the Jewish problem called for the extermination of all European _____________________. P859 42. Besides the Jews, another group singled out by the Nazis for extermination were the ________________________________. P861 43. The only country to use women as combatants in World War II was _____________________. 44. The ___________________ Project was to develop the atomic bomb. P864 P864 45. Atomic bombs were dropped on the Japanese cities of __________________________ and ___________________________________. P868 46. The official reason for dropping atomic bombs on Japan was to save the hundreds of thousands of ____________________ lives it was calculated that a U.S.-led invasion of Japan would cost. P868 47. The nation that experienced the greatest losses in World War II was the ____________________________. P868 48. The ______________________ Plan intended to rebuild European prosperity and stability. P877-878 49. A critical event causing the development of the Cold War outside of Europe was the victory in 1949 of Communist forces in the ___________________________ Civil War. P880 50. The Communist military response to the formation of NATO was the _________________ Pact. P880 51. The policy created in 1947 and used by the Americans against Communism was called _____________________________________. P878 52. The event that immediately preceded and sparked the Cuban Missile Crisis was the _______________________________________. P883 53. The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 concluded with improved communications between the U.S. and the ______________________________ to prevent nuclear war. P883 54. ________________________ from World War II through the 1970s was characterized by the leadership of Tito, who asserted Yugoslavia's independence from the Soviet Union. P892 55. The _________________________ Market was founded for economic reasons, including to promote free trade among member nations. P897 56. The civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s included all of the following: a. race riots in the Los Angeles district of Watts. 8 P898-899 b. the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 c. saw the Supreme Court approve the concept of "separate but equal" in public schools. d. the civil rights leadership of Martin Luther King. 57. All of the following statements regarding women in the post-war era are correct: P901-902 a. many more married women joined the work force than before. b. working-class women continued to receive less pay than men. c. the post-war "baby boom" declined in the 1960s, in part due to "the pill." d. much of the theoretical foundation for the women's liberation movement was found in the work of Simone de Beauvoir. 58. American motion pictures in the post-war years have been the primary vehicle for the diffusion of American popular culture throughout the world. P905 59. The following statements are correct about popular music during the 1950s and 1960s: P906 a. American musicians such as Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley inspired many British musicians. b. There was an "invasion" of British musical groups into the United States in the 1960s. c. American popular music spread beyond the boundaries of just western civilization. d. White American singers such as Elvis Presley were influenced by African-American rhythm and blues. CHAPTERS 29 - Epilogue 1. The "permissive society" is characterized by all of the following: a. sexual freedom. b. experimentation with drugs. c. decriminalization of homosexuality. d. increasing rates of divorce. P910 2. The recreational drug of choice among college and university students in the 1960s was __________________________. P910 3. The author of The Feminine Mystique and who was a founder of the National Organization of Women was _______________________________. P913 4. A shocking event of the antiwar protests was the 1970 killing of four student protesters at _______________________________. P914 5. A major cause of the 1973 economic recession in Europe was a significant increase in the price of _________________. P917 9 6. During the Vietnam War, the South Vietnamese Communist guerillas backed by North Vietnam were known as the ________________________________. P920 7. The issue that led to Jimmy Carter's defeat in 1980 was his inability to gain the release of American hostages held in __________________________. P920 8. The American president who made the decision to bomb North Vietnam and who significantly increased the number of American troops in the Second Vietnam War was ____________________________. P922 9. The American president who journeyed to the People's Republic of China in 1972 was ________________________________________. P924 10. Under the U.S. presidency of Jimmy ____________________________, a major goal of American foreign policy was the protection of human rights globally. P925 11. The American President who referred to the Soviet Union as the "evil empire" and who was a supporter of the SDI was ____________________________________. P925 12. The American president who helped maintain a Vietman-like war in Afghanistan by aiding anti-Soviet insurgents was_____________________________________. P925 13. World-wide, the most popular of "mass sports" is soccer’s __________________________________. P931 14. The terrorist group who murdered Israeli athletes at the 1972 Olympic Games was the ______________________________________________. P931 15. In 1988, the first free parliamentary elections to occur in Eastern Europe for forty years took place in ____________________________________. P940 16. Probably the most symbolic events ending the Cold War was the fall of the __________________________________________. P941 17. The Yugoslavian president ousted from power in 2000 and who was subsequently put on trial for war crimes against humanity was ______________________________________. P945 18. The individual who succeeded Tony Blair as Britain's prime minister in 2007 was ______________________________________. P947 19. The British prime minister who gave support to the United States in the war on terror and in the Iraq War was _______________________________________. P947 20. The common currency that was initially adopted by eleven member states of the European Union is the __________________________. P947 21. George H.W. Bush was defeated for reelection in 1992 for all of the following: P949 a. government budget deficits. b. a downturn in the economy. c. Bill Clinton's strategy of claiming to be a "New Democrat" and more conservative than recent Democratic candidates. 22. All of the following are correct about the Bill Clinton presidency: P949 a. an economic revival. b. a reduction of government budget deficits. c. Clinton was politically damaged because of an affair with a White House intern. d. Clinton's vice president became the Democratic presidential candidate in 2000, 10 23. All of the following led to decline in George W. Bush's popularity by his second term as president: a. the war in Iraq. b. tax cuts that primarily benefitted the wealthy. c. poor handling of the relief efforts after Hurricane Katrina. d. financial corruption in the Republican Party. P949 24. The first opportunity for testing the new relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union in the post-Cold War era was the _____________________________. P950 25. The politician who called terrorism "the enemy of our generation" was ____________________________________________. P951 26. An example of state-sponsored terrorism was the bombing of Pan American flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, in 1988. P951 27. In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, the United States initially waged war in ____________________. P951 28. All are correct about the war in Iraq that began in 2003: P952 a. the Bush administration claimed that Iraq's Saddam Hussein had weapons of mass destruction. b. the Iraqi army was quickly defeated. c. by 2006, civil war was taking place between Sunnis and Shiites. d. in 2007, Bush increased the number of American troops in Iraq. 29. Pope Paul II was, advocated or practiced all of the following: a. the first non-Italian pope since the sixteenth century. b. condemned nuclear weapons and war. c. was a strong believer in social justice. d. travelled widely. P955 30. A serious criticism of the ____________________________revolution is it has displaced cultural uniqueness and bodily presence. P960-961 31. All of the following are social challenges to globalization: a. mass migration. b. widening gap between the developed and developing nations. c. increased degradation of water and soil resources. d. global warming. 11 P964-965