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Name: Crystal A
Date: 3/22/12
Chapter 14: WWI
Directions:
 View and take notes on WWII based on the Interactive website provided
 On the left take notes about what you read, see and hear under each topic heading. Feel free to
add space in each section as needed.
 The right side is for you to add comments, links, and questions (your thoughts about WWII and
how the website impacted prior knowledge on the subject.
 A separate writing piece will be required
North America:
Pearl Harbor
 Killed 2,400
 The three carriers the Japanese wanted to
destroy were not present at Pearl Harbor
during the attack
 One of the worst tragedies of WWII
 First attack by Japanese striking force was
at 7:49 am on December 8
 Battleship USS Arizona attacked by
Japanese at Pearl Harbor on December 7,
1941
Lend-Lease Act
 Congress passed Lend-Lease Act in March
1941 which gave the president authority to
“sell lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of
any defense article” to any nation whom
he decided substantial to US defense
 An initial form of repayment usually
consisted of rent-free leases on air force
and military bases
 US to provide its allies with military aid
 Program ended in 1945
 Money dispersed to countries
 Congress passed legislation allowing the
purchase of American war materials with
cash in order to maintain U.S neutrality
Women in WWII
 An abundance of women entered the
workforce during WWII
 Female workforce increased
 ¼ married women worked outside the
home by 1945
 350,000 women served in the U.S. Armed
-Why did the Japanese attack pearl harbor?
-Did this affect Japanese people living inAmerica
at all?
-Who, at the time, was the US allied with?
-did the US make any profit from this?
-Why did the program end?
-how was money distributed?
-Since husbands wereaway at war, women in a
sense replaced them at factories
Forces, both at home and abroad
Munitions industries relied heavily on
women workers
 “Rosie the Riveter” was a propaganda
campaign that represented women
workers, one of the most iconic images of
WWII
The Draft
 Requirements to be in the service
included:
o 21-36 years old
o No more than 900,000 can be in
training at one time
 First day of registration: October 16, 1940
o More than 16 million men signed
up the first day
 After the attack on Pearl Harbor, all men
between 18-65 years old were required to
register but only those up to 45 years old
were considered for service
 Exceptions from service included physical
and mental deficiencies, men with
dependent families, and religious reasons

Manhattan Project
 Goal was to develop the world’s first
atomic bomb
 More than 30 labs and 130,000 people
were involved with this project
 Three virtual top-secret atomic cities were
Oak Ridge, Tennessee; Richland,
Washington; and Los Alamos, New
Mexico
 Oak Ridge, TN: District headquarters
o Uranium and plutonium production
o Produced Uranium-235 used in
“Little Boy” bomb that was
dropped over Hiroshima
 Los Alamos, NM:
o Final assembly & production of
atomic devices
 Richland, WA:
o Home to “B” reactor (1st plutonium
reactor)
o Enriched Plutonium used in
“Trinity” tests, and “Fat Man”
bomb dropped over Nagasaki
-huge step for women
-were African-Americans fighting alongside
whites at this time?
-were there a lot of volunteers? Were a lot of
people forced into joining the army?
-Did they understand the strength of an atomic
bomb?
-Did they understand the side effects of an atomic
bomb being detonated?
G.I Bill
 Approximately 7.8/16 million veterans
used the GI Bill to fund some form of
education/training (including:
college/university, vocational schools, onthe-job training, and farm/ag. training)
 Congress passed the GI Bill of Rights, it
promised to provide returning veterans
with financial assistance for education,
government guarantees on low-cost loans
and overall improvements in care
 Congress passed Bill because returning
American servicemen were treated with
indifference and offered little in additional
compensation/benefits upon their return,
and congress wanted to prevent something
like this from happening again
-But what WAS the GI Bill?
-did they get pensions? Or some kind of
retirement fund?
-about how old were most veterens?
The U-boat Peril
 German navy launched series of U-boat
raids on America’s Eastern Seaboard early -who invented the U boat?
1942
-why were they more efficient than other boats?
 “Second Happy Time”  lost fewer than
two dozen U-boats, sunk nearly 400 Allied
ships, killed ~2,000 crew
members/Merchant Marines
 U-boats = Unterseeboots
 Battle of Atlantic begun when U-boats
sank British passenger liner Athena
 U.S. Navy was undersupplied
 Germany’s leading U-boat strategist =
Admiral Karl Donitz
Japanese Americans
 ~120,000 Japanese Americans displaced
from their homes and forced into
internment camps in the American West
 After attack on Pearl Harbor, U.S. gov’t
called Japanese 4-C (“enemy aliens”)
 Order 9066, signed by Roosevelt on Feb.
19, 1942; this allowed U.S. Dept. of War
to expand zones of exclusion and remove
“any and all persons” from such areas
 Japanese Americans were forced to
abandon everything only to receive
inadequate compensation
 Japanese suffered harsh conditions in the
camps which included overcrowding,
-did the japanese government attack pearl harbor
or was it the military acting?
-in a sense, concentration camps
-were they abused? Did the Americans commit


water shortages, no privacy, and no
protection against extreme weather
conditions
Last internment camp closed in 1946, one
year after WWII ended
Detainees received $20,000 in payments
thanks to the Civil Liberties Act of 1988
War Propaganda
 U.S. propaganda posters encouraged work
efforts on the home front to defeat the
Axis Powers
 Soldiers were warned not to reveal
military secrets
 Propaganda posters used exaggerated
racial stereotypes to mock the Axis
enemies
 WWII partially funded by sale of war
bonds
 All Americans encourage to support war
effort
 Propaganda used to promote its own cause
and attack that of its opponents
Rationing
 Americans were encouraged to limit and
conserve their consumption during WWII
 The Office of Price Adjustment issued a
series of four ration books to every
American Citizen starting in 1942
 U.S. officials tried to prevent the sale of
items on the black market to control
rationing and prices
 Food was not the only item rationed
 Almost every type of material that could
be used for war was controlled
 Carpooling was encouraged so gas and
rubber could be saved for war
 Americans were encouraged to grow their
own food
 Victory gardens became popular, more
than 30 million existed by 1945
EUROPE AND AFRICA
D-Day
-June 6, 1994
crimes of war?
-all together, or each?
-was there any secure way of communicating?
-propaganda is an exaggerated proposal, as we
learned in english class. It is designed to make a
bold statement (usually exaggerated) and prod
viewers to take action
-did people comply
-extremely conservative… we could learn a thing
or two!
-self sufficient, almost like russia!
-“Operation Overlord”, the Allied invasion of
Western Europe begins on D Day
-largest amphibious assault in history, more than
150,000 troops and 5,000 vehicles landing along
50-mile stretch of nothern French coast
-US Navy and Marine had been attempting for a
long time to develop multi-use landing crafts
capable of delivering men and supplies during
amphibious landings
-Andrew Higgins, private shipbuilder in New
Orleans makes prototype for a barge-like boat,
called the Eureka
-Eurkea has solid hull that limits damage and
recessed propeller that prevents debris from
clogging its advance
-able to travel through depths as shallow as 18
inches
-could carry 36 troops
-drawback was that troops were forced to
disembark ocer the front or sides, time consuming
process and dangerous under fire
-adjusted boats to mimic japanese and incorperate
ramps
-new boat is called LCVP or Higgins boat
-on D-Day, thousands of Higgins boats allowed
the Allies to make a largely succesful landing on
the beaches of normandy
-“Andrew Higgins is the man who won the war
for us. If Higgins had not designed and built those
LCVPs, we never could have landed over an open
beach. The whole strategy of the war would have
been different.”
Nazi Expansion
-1836-1939
-Hitler’s desire for Lebensraum (living space) in
1936 for the German race to expand guided a
series of aggressive foreign policy actions that
would lead to the outbreak of world war
-Hitler annexed Austria, pressured Britain into
yielding to his territorial demands in
Czechoslovakia
-his invasion of Poland in September led both
France and Britain to declare war on Germany
-this set stage for WWII
-first volume of Mein Kampt, written in 1924,
Hitler had established twin goals that would
motivate both his foreign and domestic policy
-uhmmm… this might be a stupid question. But
who were they attacking?
-ideas are contagious… were militaries focused
on keeping secrets about the way their crafts
worked? So other militaries wouldn’t be able to
use their own strategies against them?
-why did the allies give in? were they afraid?
once he took power
-first, racist ideology and hatred of Jews,
emphasizing superiority of the Aryan master race
in Germany
-horrific fulfillment within the death camps
-second goal was the pursuit of sufficient territory
for the German master race to expand
-before expanding, Germany had to break free
from the restrictions imposed by the Treaty of
Versailles
-withdrew from the League of Nations
-overrode the council of his generals and sent
troops into the western German territory of the
Rhineland
-the zone had served as a buffer between
Germany and France, Belgium and the
Netherlands
-Germans faced little opposition and were
welcomed by many ethnic Germans in the area
-Hitler pressures Austrian leaders to install Nazis
in key government posts
-they refuse so he instructs Nazi leaders to declare
a provisional gov’t and request Germany military
intervention then used this as a pretext for
invasion
-his plan to annex Czechoslovakia, however,
meets resistance from the international
community
-Hitler meets with Chamberlain and other in
Munich to discuss a solution to crisis
-gave a little of Czechoslovakia to Hitler and later
he seized the rest of it
-Hitler invades Poland, France and Britain declare
war on Germany
-WWII begins
-Hitler conquers Denmark, Norway, the
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France…
attacks Britain but doesn’t conquer
-US enter the war, things change
Battle of Britain
-Germany attacks Britain, serious blow, under
Churchill’s rule… battered but not broken
-July 1940, Germany launches Battle of Britain
-Germany keeps on changing its tactics
-hoped to bargain with Churchill
-however, Luftwaffe pilots accidentally bomb
-I don’t understand… they’ve seen Hitler go
against his own word countless times. What made
them think he wouldn’t go after the rest of
Czechoslovakia?
-itdoesn’t even seem like Britain fought back too
hard… what caused the Germans to let up?
outskirts of London so British launch a retaliation
in Berlin
-Hitler is mad, orders bombing of several British
cities
-bombed for 57 consecutive nights, raids are
called “the Blitz”
-civilians are unprepared
-Churchill said they would “never surrender”
-Probably Hitler’s big mistake… if he had stuck it
-1940, Churchill rallies the nation for the ensuing out and conquered Britain, he might have had a
battle, British victory meant victory of freedom
chance at….. world domination
-British kick butt
By the spring of 1941, Hitler had abandoned plans
for an invasion of England and shifts focus to the
Eastern Front
Jews Seek Refuge
In 1933, Jews occupied less than 1 percent of
German’s total population
300,000 were forced to leave their homeland
Jews were denied property, subjected to violence
German Jews turned to Japanese-occupied
Shanghai, and South America
Children at refugees were not allowed to travel
with their parents
Children placed in foster families
Few were reunited with their parents
Marshall Plan
Most of Europe left in ruins at end of war
Industry, transportation, and agriculture ruined
Death and starvation
US Secretary of State George C. Marshall
proposed creation of an economic assistance, in
order to reform
Created and designed by European nations
Funded by the United States
Yalta Conference
Leaders of the Allied Powers met in Yalta,
Ukraine
Talked about occupation of defeated Germany
Liberated countries from Nazi rule
Set the stage for rise of communism and the Cold
War
Germany to be divided into zones
Occupied by the allies
Asia:
The Atomic Bomb
-U.S dropped their first atomic bomb on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in early August 1945
-The atomic bomb killed 100,000+ people and
exposed radiation to hundreds of thousands
-Japan surrendered on August 15
-Hiroshima became center for pacifism and was
first nation to abolish the use of nuclear weapons
-U.S B-29 place Enola Gay dropped 9,700 pound
uranium bomb on August 6, 1945
-Bomb’s blast was equivalent to that of 13
kilotons of TNT and destroyed ~90% of the city
-Instantly killed 70,000-80,000 people
-U.S dropped another bomb, “Fat Man”, when
Japan refused to surrender
-Emperor Hirohito announced the surrender of
Japan in a radio address on August 15th
Nanking Massacre
-Japanese army forces brutally murdered hundreds
of thousands of people, which became known as
the Nanking Massacre
-20,000-80,000 women were sexually assaulted
-Bodies were on the streets for months after this
violent massacre
-Estimated deaths range from 260,000-300,000
-Despite the city’s tragic history, Nanjing is
currently one of China’s most modern cities
-are the areas still suffering from radiation
poisoning?
-nuclear weapons were really efficient… killed a
lot of people in a little time
-“Fat Boy” and “Little Man”were the nicknames
of the bombs…
-did this end WWII? It did… right… what about
Germany? Did they stop after this?
-Do the Chinese and Japanese get along now?
-does the Japanese government teach \children
history incorrectly in order to make the Japanese
look like the good guys?
Iwo Jima
-February 19, 1945 – 30,000 Marines began their
assault on Iwo Jima
-Battle of Iwo Jima had one of the highest
casualty rates of World War II
-Japan had 3 airstrips on the island and fortified it
heavily
-Capturing Iwo Jima would allow the US an
advance base for bombers and fighter planes
-18,000-22,000 Japanese troops stationed on Iwo
Jima by early 1945
-U.S. begun attack on Feb. 19
-Americans suffered enormous lost on first day
-U.S. lost more than 27,000 troops
-what Marines? The US?
Japanese Expansion
-Japan expansion started early 1930s
-Aggressive policies led to U.S. declaring war
-U.S. gov’t issued a protest after Japan entered
-was Japan allied with Germany?
-infamous for popular image
-Did the US defeat the Japanese?
French Indochina
-U.S. placed an embargo on trade with Japan on
vital raw materials in the following month
-“Island hopping” was designed to keep
thJapanese unsure of which island or location
theAllies would attack next, forcing them to kept
their forces deployed which helped the U.S
-U.S. lost 9,800 men, highest U.S. casualty rate of
any battle of the war
Zero to Kamikaze
-Japan used “Zero” fighter planes to gain
supremacy
-U.S. gained knowledge and worked to take away
Japan’s advantage
-Japanese changed tactics and formed a squad of
kamikaze pilots who flew planes loaded with
explosives directly into enemy vessels
-“Zero” was lightweight and far more advanced
than any Allied fighters and used as both carrier
and land based fighter
-Japan launched first kamikaze attack on October
1944 during Battle of Leyte Gulf
Flying Tigers
-Small elite group of pilots led by the retired U.S.
Army captain Claire Chennault
-Planes were fast and sturdily constructed with
sufficient gun power and body armor
-Primary mission was to protect the Burma Road
connecting the vital port at Rangoon with the rest
of China
Leyte Gulf
-Largest battle of WWII
-For control of the Philippine Islands in the South
Pacific
-U.S. was victorious
-Japan assembled largest fleet to prepare for
battle, included 60+ battleships, carriers, cruisers,
and destroyers
Death at Bataan
-Japan beat U.S. and Filipino army at battle of
Bataan in April 1942
-Forced 70,000+ captured soldiers to march 60+
miles north in brutally hot weather to a captur
-U.S. Army base
-US was essential to the welfare of Japan… lots of
countries depend on eachother for tradE?
-Japan was really succesful… tensions between
US and Japan grew.
-troops were spread out, gave US an advantage
-why were these planes better than US planes?
-(suicide bombers).. now that’s dedication!
-suicide bombing was extremely radical
-I assume they were bomber planes?
-US is allied w/ China?
-lots of asian countries reaching out to US
-did Japan lose a lot of its equiptment in this war?
How many casualties?
-sort of like the death marches that Hitler does
-the Nazi movement kind of eclipsed all the other
-Marchers were starved and beaten
-54,000 POWs survived march
-7,000-10,000 soldiers died, 1,000 Americans
bad stuff that happened during WWII… but in
reality, all sides were at fault
-were they forced to work at concentration
camps?