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Surface Processes & Landscapes
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I. Weathering – The ______________________ and _________________________ break down of __________
into smaller pieces called __________________________.
1. Ranging in sizes from -/+ 0.00001 ______ to 25____ cm
A. Two methods of weathering:
1. Physical - Physical ______________________ break down rock into smaller and smaller
_________________________________, involving no chemical change.
(1) Mechanical weathering: ____________________________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
a) Causes of Physical Weathering –
(1) ___________________________________________________________ - Exfoliation
(a) Rocks are heated by the sun; causing the _____________________
rock layer to ______________________.
(b) As temperatures _________________________ at night, rocks _______________
and ________________________.
(c) This __________________ of heating and cooling causes the surface
of the rock to break off in _______________________________.
(2) _______________________________________ - Frost Wedging
(a) ___________________ seeps into the _____________________ of rocks, when the
water _______________________ it _______________________ and later melts, only
to freeze again.
(b) This cycle of ____________________________________________________ causes the
rocks to _______________________________________.
(3) _______________________________________________- Plant roots
(a) _________________ roots and some shrubs grow through the ______________
in rocks.
(b) Moss and lichen use mineral grains to take root.
(4) _________________/____________________ - abrasion
(a) Water - Sediments carried by ______________________, collide into each
other and the ___________________________.
(i) ___________________ and ____________________
(b) Wind – blown particles _______________________ into each other and the
surrounding rock.
(i) _____________________ and ______________________
2. Chemical – Any process that causes rock to break down by __________________________________
and results in a __________________ in the mineral/chemical _____________________________.
(1) Chemical Weathering: _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
b) Causes of Chemical Weathering –
(1) Carbonation- ___________ (in the atmosphere) _______________________ in the water
droplets that make up __________________.
(a) A weak carbonic ________________ forms.
(b) Some rocks and minerals _________________ with carbonic acid.
(i) _______________________________________________________________________
(2) Hydration- ___________________ dissolves certain rock forming minerals.
(a) _____________________________ weathers into __________________ when
dissolved by water, causing the rock to _________________________________
(b) Other minerals, like ______________________, are left behind as _____________
or other sized sediment.
(3) Oxidation- when _______________________ from the atmosphere ____________________
with certain elements.
(a) ________________ + Oxygen = Iron Oxide ( ________________)
(b) Causes corrosion and _________________________ of rock.
(4) _________________Acids - weak ________________ produced by plants can dissolve
minerals in the rock; making the rock ____________________.
(5) __________________________ acids - _______________ produced by industries,
can dissolve into the water droplets of a cloud to produce ______________________.
(a) H2SO4 – Sulfuric Acid, HNO3 – Nitric Acid
3. Rates of Weathering – Time and products of weathering depend on many different
variables.
a) ____________________________ - the ________________________ factor that affects the rate of
weathering and ____________________________ features.
(1) Temperature:
(a) Warmer climates; more __________________________ action.
(b) Colder climates; more _____________________ action.
(2) _________________________:
(a) _________________________ precipitation; more frost action.
(b) Increased precipitation; more ______________________ weathering.
(3) Landscapes: ____________________ and different ________________________________
processes cause landscapes to develop differently.
(a) _______________________ weathering is most rapid in warm,
moist/___________________________ climates.
(i) _______________________________________________________________
(b) _______________________ weathering is more common in dry/____________
climates.
(i) _____________________________________________________________________
b) ______________________________________ Weathering –
(1) __________________________ types of __________________ cause differential
weathering.
(a) Softer, less weather- __________________________ rocks wear away.
(b) Leaves harder, _________________ weather-resistant rocks behind
(2) Surface Area Vs. ____________________________________________
(a) ____________________________ takes place on the ________________________
surface of rocks.
(b) The more surface area that is ___________________________, the ______________
the rocks will be _________________________________
(c) As a rock breaks into ________________________ pieces, its ___________________
______________ increases.
(i) The _____________ of weathering __________________________
Increasing Surface Area Over Time
4. ________________________________ of Weathering – Sediment & Soil
a) Sediment –
(1) Solid _____________________________________ of _______________________________ and
organic material that come __________________ the __________________________________
of rock which are eroded and ____________________________ by wind, ______________
or ice.
(2) Sediment names: Boulders, _____________________, pebbles, sand, ______________,
clay
(3) Sediment Sizes: ESRT’s pg _____
Name of Sediment
Boulders
Cobbles
Pebbles
Sand
Silt
Clay
Size (cm)
6.4 cm 0.006 cm Less than 0.0004 cm
Less than 0.0001 cm
b) Soil –
(1) Combination of _______________________________ rock and organic matter.
(a) ___________________: ______________________ plant and animal material found
in soil.
(2) Soil develops over____________________, through ______________________________
processes.
(3) _____________________________ vs. Transported Soil
(a) Residual – The soil formed in its current location.
(i) The bedrock ____________________ the rock fragments in
Horizon C .
(b) _____________________________________ - soil formed in a different area
and was deposited in its current location; does not match up with rock
fragments in ___________________________________.
(4) Soil _____________________:
_____________ or _____
horizon: more humus than other
layers
_____________ or _______
horizon: contains clays and
dissolved minerals
_____________ from above.
___ horizon: contains weathered
rocks, usually
from_____________
Bedrock: layer of
rock__________ soil
II. Erosion & Deposition –
A. __________________________: the process by which weathered ____________________________ are
carried or _____________________.
1. A ___________________ or ______________________________________________________________________
sediment from one place to another.
a) Running _______________, waves, ________________, glaciers, and ____________________
B. ___________________________: the process by which _______________________ is dropped or
_______________________________.
1. Deposition can occur when:
a) __________________________________________________
b) The _______________________________ of running water (or wind) decreases.
c) The discharge/__________________________ of water decreases.
1. Size – As the _______________ of a sediment _______________________________, the ______________
(speed) of deposition _______________________, and erosion __________________________________
2. Density – As the density of a sediment increases, the rate of deposition will
____________________________, and ______________________ will _______________________________
3. Shape – As a sediment becomes more ________________________, the rate of _____________________
will ________________________________, and __________________________ will
_________________________________
Rate of Deposition
Rate of Deposition
Rate of Deposition
C. Factors that affect the rate of erosion & deposition:
D. Agents of Erosion & Deposition:
1. Gravity - a downward ______________________ acting on all sediments; __________________
sediments down slopes.
a) Erosion - _________________________________________________
(1) The _____________________________________________________________________________ of
sediments by ______________________________.
(a) Landslides, mudslides, _____________________, etc…
b) Deposition that results- _________________________
(1)
__________________________________ sediment found at the _____________
of steep __________________________ walls/____________.
c) _______________________ may act alone or with other transporting ________
(1) Gravity causes:
(a)
Water to flow ____________________________
(b)
______________________ to flow down a ________________________ or
spread _______________________.
(c)
Winds; by pulling _____________________ air underneath
___________________________air.
2. Wind – The horizontal movement of air along Earth’s surface; due to changing air
_______________________________________.
a) Erosion:
(1) The amount of wind __________________________ depends on particle size, wind
speed & _______________________________________________________________.
b) Deposition:
(1) Well __________________________ and ___________________________ sediments
c) Weathering:
Causes __________________________ rock surfaces, and angular ________ _________________.
III. Running Water – The ____________________________ form of ____________________________
A. Rain:
1. When precipitation falls onto Earth’s surface, several things can happen to the water.
a) ______________________________: water ___________________________________ land, to bodies of
water
b) _____________________________: water ______________________________________ the ground
c) ______________________________________ & ________________________________________
d) Stored in ponds/lakes and_______________________________
B. Rivers & Streams
1. ____________________________ Basin: __________________________________
a) The area of land drained by a ___________________________________________
(1) River System: a main river and its ____________________________
(a) Tributaries: a smaller __________________ that ______________ into
a _______________ one.
(2) NYS Watersheds:
Letter Watershed Main River
A
St. Lawrence
B
Susquehanna Chesapeake
C
E
Mohawk
Champlain
St. Lawrence
H
I
Allegheny
Erie
Ohio
St. Lawrence
(3) Stream Drainage __________________________ & _________________________________
(a) Radial: From the top of a circular volcano or dome ___________________
(b) Rectangular: ____________________, tilted or folded strata.
(c) Annular: A dome with upturned layers.
(d) Dendritic: Usually found on flat laying strata or uniform bedrock of
uniform type.
Description
Landscape
Drainage Pattern
2. Stream Factors That Cause ____________________
a) _______________________________ of water
(1) The volume (___________________) of water in a stream is its
_______________________.
(2) As ______________________ increases; the rate of erosion also _____________________.
(3) Factors that affect volume/_______________________
(a) _________________________: Spring Vs Fall; usually greater volume
in the ___________________.
(b) Climate: _________________ vs ______________________; usually ___________________
volumes in humid climates.
(c) Weather: daily changes in ___________________________________ affect
the volume of a stream.
(d) ____________________/________________: Sautrated vs. _________________________;
greater volume/discharge around ___________________________ soil.
b) _________________________________ of water
(1) Stream velocity describes how __________________ the water is moving
________________________________________________________________
(2) As the _____________________ of a stream increases; the rate of erosion also
____________________________.
(3) Factors that affect stream velocity
(a) ______________________: how quickly ___________________________ changes.
(i) As gradient/elevation increases; stream _______________________
will ____________________________.
(b) Volume: how much water flows passed a certain point.
(i) As the _________________________ of a stream increases; stream
velocity will also _____________________________.
c) Stream _______________________________: the ________________ that a stream follows
(1) When a stream flows through its channel; its ______________________ will change
due to the ___________________________ /shape of the channel.
(a) The curves/___________________ in a stream channel are called
______________________________.
(2) Stream Channel Erosion –
(a) At the __________________________ of the curve, the streams __________________
_______________________________, therefore _________________________ occurs.
(b) At the ____________________________ of the curve, the streams ________________
_______________________________, therefore ____________________________ occurs.
(3) Stream ___________________________________________________ (a) Rate of _____________________________ = Rate of _______________________________
3. Streams and sediment transport
a) Stream load: the amount of ____________________________ that a stream can
“_______________________.”
b) Types of stream transport:
(1) ____________________________: minerals ___________________________ in water.
(2) Suspension: small particles carried ________________________________________________
(3) ____________________________: larger particles rolling and bouncing _______________
__________________________________
(a)
Particle Size vs. Stream Velocity: pg ______ of ESRT
(i) What is the largest size sediment that can be transported
by a stream in which the water velocity is..?
(a) 10 cm/sec: _____________________________
(b) 50 cm/sec: ____________________________
(c) 200 cm/sec: _____________________________
4. Stream Deposition Patterns:
a) Running Water: Stream ____________________
(1) When one body of water enters another, its ________________________will
________________________________, therefore the_____________________________________ of
______________________________ occurs.
(2) Deltas - A deposit at the ____________________ of a stream, where a river/stream
enters a ___________________ body of water.
(3) Sediment Deposits:
(a) Horizontal: bigger more dense sediment deposits __________________to the
mouth of a river, followed by smaller, less ________________ sediment
further out.
(b) Vertical: Bigger, heavier sediment deposits __________________ and settles
to the bottom, smaller sediment is deposited on top in decreasing size.
b) _________________ Fans: stream deposition on land
5. Stream Landscape Features: Youthful, Mature, Old
a) Youthful: Increased erosion, _________________________ channels no meanders.
b) Mature: Floodplains, multiple _________________________, broader channels
c) Old: Meandering, slow moving, shallow, broad floodplains, with ______________ lakes
(1)
The Formation of an Oxbow lake: _______________________ & ___________________
Your Landscape
Deposition
Erosion
IV. Glaciers – large masses of ______________________________________________________________
A. Types of Glaciers:
1. _____________________/Alpine –
a) Form in mountain _________________________________________________________________________
(1) Ex: ______________, Rockies, Himalayas, _______________________.
2. Continental –
a) Form over vast ______________________________________________________
(1) Ex: __________________________________, __________________________________
B. Glacial Erosion & Deposition:
1. Valley Glaciers –
a) The _____________________ moves _______________________________________________ the sides.
(1) There is more _____________________ on the ___________________ of the glacier,
where the ice meets valley walls.
(a) Causes side advancing motion to __________________________________, and
______________________ of the rock walls.
b) Erosion – freezing and _____________________________________
(1) __________________________________ are _____________________________ and carried in
the ______________ as the glacier ______________________________.
(2) Erratic: A _________________________________ found near no other rocks.
c) Deposition – Sediments are dropped during thawing/________________________
(1) Moraine: ____________________________ rock material is carried and ________________
by a glacier as it retreats/___________________.
(a) Lateral: unsorted rock on the _________________, along the valley
_______________.
(b) Medial: unsorted rock ________ the glacier in the ___________________
(i) Resulting from the _____________________ of two smaller
valley glaciers.
(c) Ground: ______________________ rock _________________ underneath
the glacier.
(d) _____________________/End: unsorted rock trapped at the ___________________
_____________; “end” of the glacier
2. Landscape features resulting from glacial erosion & d
a) Valley ___________________ – Stream & River Valleys Vs. Glacial Valleys
(1) Streams & Rivers:
(a) Create _____________________________ valleys, due to waters ability to erode
and cut into rock.
(2) Alpine Glaciers:
(a) Create ___________________________________ valleys, due to ice pushing
sediment forward, as it ________________________________
(b) Continental Glacial Features –
(i) __________________ - a cone-shaped hill made of sediment carried
to the edge of a glacier by melt water.
(ii) __________________ - an oval shaped hill of glacial moraine.
(iii) __________________ - large boulder deposited by ice
(iv) __________________ - a lake formed when a block of glacial ice
melts.
(v) ___________________ - a stream that is divided into an interlocking
system of channels.
(vi) ____________________ - layers of sediment deposited by the meltwaters of glacial ice.
(vii)
___________________- loose rock carried by a glacier and finally
deposited in the form of a ridge or belt.

It marks the farthest point reached by the glacier.
(viii) ___________________- glacial material deposited as the glacier
retreats.
(ix) ______________________ - a ridge-like hill of deposits resulting from
a stream flowing in a tunnel under the glacier.
C. Ice ages: continental glaciers
1. There is evidence of at least _________ major ______________________ during the last
________________________________ years.
a) The most recent ice age ended _________________ years ago.
2. Local landscapes affected by glacial erosion & deposition
a) Genesee River: redirected by glacial melt waters and flows into
___________________________________; a glacial lake.
b) Niagara Falls: started as a waterfall by the town of _______________________________
(1) Throughout geologic time the falls have moved ________________ towards
______________________.
(2) As the falls _____________________ through the bedrock, certain layers have
been eroded more than others; due to _______________________________ weathering.
c) Great Lakes: formed during ancient ice ages from ________________________
(1) H.O.M.E.S –
d) Finger Lakes – formed during the last ice age from ___________________________
(1) Seneca, Cayuga, Keuka, Otisco, Owasco, Canadice, Canandaigua, Honeoye,
Hemlock, Conesus, Skaneateles.
D. Mapping Landscapes – Field Maps
1. ___________________________ - a region of space or an ___________________ that has a measurable
___________________________, of a given property, at every __________________________.
a) _________________________________ - lines on a field map _______________________________________
all the points of the ___________________________________________________________.
a) Property - _________________________
d) Property - _________________________
b) Iso-__________________
e) Iso-__________________
c) Temp for NYS - ____________
f) Storms in NYS - ____________
2. _________________________________________ Maps – Elevation Fields – Show the
____________________________________________ of the land by using contour lines.
a) Elevation: the distance ______________________________________________________________________.
b) _______________________________ line – Isoline on a map connecting points of the same
____________________________________________.
1) Elevation at A: ___________________
2) Elevation at B: ___________________
3) Elevation at C: ___________________
c) Contour _________________________________ - The _____________________________________________ in
elevation __________________________________________________________________ two consecutive
contour lines.
(1) __________________________ Contour Line - Heavy, ________________________ contour
line, usually with numerical value for elevation _________________________.
(2) _________________________________________ Contour Line - indicate a hole or
_________________________ on the surface.
(a) Marked inside; _______________________________marks
a) Contour Interval: ___________________
b) Highest Possible elevation: __________
c) Steepest Side: __________________________
________________________________
(3) The _________________________________________ - Contour lines _________________________
________________________________; where they cross a river.

indicates the ___________________ the river is _______________
d) Basic Features and Topographic Map Symbols
(1) Elevation
(2) Steepness/ ______________________________
(3) Shape of the land
(4) Bench Mark (_____________) - Marker ____________________________________ indicating
the _________________________ elevation above sea level.
(5) __________________ Elevations – elevations of intersections, hilltops, lakes…

Marked with a __________________.
(6) Natural and man-made feature symbols.
e) Drawing Contour Lines
f) Creating a ________________________________ of a Topographic Map




Place a sheet of scrap paper on the map; connecting points A and B.
Mark the location and value of each contour line that intersects with
your scrap paper.
Move scrap paper to bottom of graph, mark the values of the lines
from their exact locations on the scrap paper
Connect points with a smooth line
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
g) _______________________________ - the ____________________ at which elevation ____________________
between two locations
(1) Formula:
(2) Calculate gradient between the following points
(a) AC
(b) BD
(c) BE
(d) FC
Radial: A circular volcano
or dome mountain.
EX: the rim of The
Adirondacks
Rectangular: Faulted, tilted,
or folded strata.
EX: Finger Lakes, Central
Adirondacks
Annular: Dome with
upturned layers.
EX: Esopus Creek, NY
Black Hill, SD
Dendritic: Usually found on
Flat lying strata or uniform
bedrock type.
EX: Appalachian Plateau,
NY