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Grade 9 Applied Science – Space The Night Sky Section 8.1 Pages 292-296 and Section 8.3 Pages 301-304 asteroids Astronomical Unit celestial object dinosaurs dirty snowballs dust eight friction gas gas giants light-years luminous mass natural satellite Neptune orbit reflect rock shooting stars stars Sun sun spots surface terrestrial planets Any object in space (e.g., sun, moon, planets, comets) is a __________________________. You and I mostly see ________________________. Why? Stars give off light (i.e., stars are _________________________). Within our Solar System, we can also see five of the planets because the planets _______________________ light. A star is a massive collection of _________________ in space that emits large amounts of energy. The stars appear as small dots in the night sky because they are many, many, many kilometers away. In the Universe, the distance is measured in _____________________________________ or the distance light travels in one year. That distance is 9.4605284 x 1012 kilometers (i.e., 9 460 528 400 000 km). Recall, Toronto is about 300 kilometers or 3.0 x 102 kilometers from Kingston. The ______________________ is a star. The Sun is massive. It is 1.4 million kilometers in diameter (about 110X greater than Earth’s diameter) with a ________________________ 330 000X larger than the Earth. At its core, the Sun’s temperature is 15 000 000OC. Yet at the Sun’s photosphere (near the surface of the Sun), the temperature is only about 6 000 OC, and around the corona, the bright area around the Sun, the temperature is nearly 1,000,000 OC. Cool areas seen on the Sun’s surface are called __________________________________. Our Sun is 1.5 x 108 km (150 000 000 km) from Earth. This distance is called an ________________________________________ (AU). Inside our solar system, AUs are used to measure distances. For example, the planet Jupiter is 5.2 AU from the Sun. That means, Jupiter is 5.2 AU further away from the Sun than the Earth. In our Solar System, there are ___________________ planets classified in two groups. 1. _________________________________ are composed of mostly _________________. These planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Since these planets are solid, they are also called the ________________________. 2. The outer plants which are very large planets consisting mostly of gas. The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and ________________________. These four planets are also called the __________________________________. A planet is a large, round celestial object that travels around a star is a closed or continuous path called an ________________________. To be classified as a planet, a celestial object must (1) orbit only one star, (2) contain enough mass so that its gravity pulls the planet into a round or spherical shape, and (3) possess the ability to clear other celestial objects out of its orbit. Pluto is not a planet because it orbits both the Sun and Neptune. Other Solar Bodies A celestial object that orbits a larger celestial object is called a ___________________________________. Since the Moon orbits Earth, it is a natural satellite of Earth. __________________________ are minor planets ranging in size from 1 m to over 100 km. They are small, irregular shaped rocks. There are millions inside our Solar System. It is believed that a gigantic asteroid collided with Earth to form the Moon over 4.5 billion years ago, and another large asteroid collided with Earth about 65 million years ago causing catastrophic climate change resulting in the extinction of the _________________________________. There are billions and billions of comets in the Solar System. Consisting mostly of ice and __________________ , they are also called ___________________ ______________________. When pulled by Sun’s gravity, materials on the surface evaporate, and then, they are pushed away from the comet by solar winds. This is seen as the tail that follows the comet. The tail always points away from the Sun. Meteors and meteorites are dust and rock fragments from space that enter Earth’s atmosphere. A meteor is caused by the __________________________ between the fragment and the atmosphere. It caused the particles to heat up and vaporize. This is visible, and we call it ________________________ ______________. A meteorite is a large fragment that gets through the atmosphere and strikes the Earth’s _______________________. ANSWERS Any object in space (e.g., sun, moon, planets, comets) is a __________________________ << celestial object >>. You and I mostly see ________________________ << stars >>. Why? Stars give off light (i.e., stars are _________________________ << luminous >>). Within our Solar System, we can also see five of the planets because the planets _______________________ << reflect >> light. A star is a massive collection of _________________ << gases >> in space that emits large amounts of energy. The stars appear as small dots in the night sky because they are many, many, many kilometers away. In the Universe, the distance is measured in _____________________________________ << light-years >> or the distance light travels in one year. That distance is 9.4605284 x 1012 kilometers (i.e., 9 460 528 400 000 km). Recall, Toronto is about 300 kilometers or 3.0 x 10 2 kilometers from Kingston. The ______________________ << Sun >> is a star. The Sun is massive. It is 1.4 million kilometers in diameter (about 110X greater than Earth’s diameter) with a ________________________ << mass >> 330 000X larger than the Earth. At its core, the Sun’s temperature is 15 000 000OC. Yet at the Sun’s photosphere (near the surface of the Sun), the temperature is only about 6 000 OC, and around the corona, the bright area around the Sun, the temperature is nearly 1,000,000 OC. Cool areas seen on the Sun’s surface are called __________________________________ << sun spots >>. Our Sun is 1.5 x 108 km (150 000 000 km) from Earth. This distance is called an ________________________________________ << Astronomical Unit >> (AU). Inside our solar system, AUs are used to measure distances. For example, the planet Jupiter is 5.2 AU from the Sun. That means, Jupiter is 5.2 AU further away from the Sun than the Earth. In our Solar System, there are ___________________ << eight >> planets classified in two groups. 1. _________________________________ << inner planets >> which are composed of mostly _________________ << rock >>. These planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. Since these planets are solid, they are also called the ________________________ << terrestrial planets >>. 2. The outer plants which are very large planets consisting mostly of gas. The outer planets are Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and ________________________ << Neptune >>. These four planets are also called the __________________________________ << gas giants >>. A planet is a large, round celestial object that travels around a star is a closed or continuous path called an ________________________ << orbit >>. To be classified as a planet, a celestial object must (1) orbit only one star, (2) contain enough mass so that its gravity pulls the planet into a round or spherical shape, and (3) possess the ability to clear other celestial objects out of its orbit. Pluto is not a planet because it orbits both the Sun and Neptune. Other Solar Bodies A celestial object that orbits a larger celestial object is called a ___________________________________ << natural satellite >>. Since the Moon orbits Earth, it is a natural satellite of Earth. __________________________ << asteroids >> are minor planets ranging in size from 1 m to over 100 km. They are small, irregular shaped rocks. There are millions inside our Solar System. It is believed that a gigantic asteroid collided with Earth to form the Moon over 4.5 billion years ago, and another large asteroid collided with Earth about 65 million years ago causing catastrophic climate change resulting in the extinction of the _________________________________ << dinosaurs >>. There are billions and billions of comets in the Solar System. Consisting mostly of ice and __________________ << dust >>, they are also called ___________________ ______________________ << dirty snowballs >>. When pulled by Sun’s gravity, materials on the surface evaporate, and then, they are pushed away from the comet by solar winds. This is seen as the tail that follows the comet. The tail always points away from the Sun. Meteors and meteorites are dust and rock fragments from space that enter Earth’s atmosphere. A meteor is caused by the __________________________ << friction >> between the fragment and the atmosphere. It caused the particles to heat up and vaporize. This is visible, and we call it ________________________ ______________ << shooting stars >>. A meteorite is a large fragment that gets through the atmosphere and strikes the Earth’s _______________________ << surface >>.
