Download development of the human embryo

Creation of man & DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO
Homo-sapiens.
Twenty five thousand years ago at the close of the last glacial age, modern man, Homo
sapiens emerged as the dominating creature on earth with his superior brain and abilities.
Few Primitive human bodies were discovered in various parts of the world and are more like
higher apes than the humans at the dawn of civilization. Following the rules of evolution
it would have taken a much longer time for the primitive beings to develop up to civilization
thus Adam was created anew .
At last Adam was created from a mixture of dust and water.
The creation from dust was 1st mentioned in Ancient Egypt five thousand years ago..
The papyri of creation in the monolithic faith of Ancient Egyptians had many points of
similarity to the monolithic religions Judaism, Christianity and Islam.
( it may have been written by a prophet as the Koran relates that their are prophets
mentioned and others not mentioned)
“God ordered Khnom to shape a human being from clay and told him:
Take dust from the ground from the four corners of the world, white, red, yellow & black
And mix them with waters of life. Water from the sky (rain), water from the sea,(salt water),water
from the rivers (fresh water) and water from the wells .Mix them in the Mill of Creation and shape
it in the form of Human. Blow into it Ower Spirit and Life begins.
From the color of the dust you get the color of the people and from the different waters you get the
different characters and moods of the people.
{The Mystery of Civilization in Ancient Egypt.) Series of books in Arabic (Dr Sayed Karim.)
The descendents of Abraham with his monolithic faith all believed that humans were created
from dust, (Jews, Christians and Muslims.) In The Book of Genesis and in The Talmud and The
Koran ..
Koran “O mankind if ye have doubt about resurrection (consider) that we created you out
of dust, “ Koran (Hag: 5)
Genesis "-------- from dust in the ground" (Genesis 7)
Civilizations and Medicine
With the creation of Adam a new era started in our planet and civilizations appeared one
after the other There was a long period of time when the earth was inhabited by the cave-man
It was commonly believed that living creatures arose spontaneously out of the air or the sea or
out of mud. It was thousands of years until man settled around banks of rivers in Egypt and Irak
and started agriculture that civilization started.
Throughout the dawning millennia and much of the recorded history , medicine was intimately
associated with magico-religious practices of various peoples groping for the light of knowledge.
The most ancient records presently known indicate the existence of two centers of civilization
having equal development between the Tigris and the Euphrates.and along the Nile .
Organized people enjoying the natural habitational advantages of these areas were flourishing 6000
years ago. . However when recorded history began about 3ooo years B.C in Egypt medicine was
already a well developed profession, and its practitioners had a heritage of experience, knowledge
and believes handed down from a long line of predecessors by precept and word of mouth through
countless centuries.
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Egypt
(The History of Medicine In Pictures by George Bender . Therapeutic notes Park Davis. 1957)
Medical centers flourished in Egypt in the 3rd Dynasty (2980-2000 B.C).Pharaoh Zoser had for his
chief counselor a brilliant noble named Imenhoteb ( The man who cometh in peace) the man who
built the Sakkarah pyramid . ..
In the Egyptian writings of the Greco-Roman period (3rd century B.C), Imenhteb was presented
as a physician ,and is assigned the role of God of Medicine in Egypt.. The Greeks identified him
with their Asclepios to whom was attributed a similar regard (Bender).
There was a close association between Egyptian medicine religion and magic. Physicians of ancient
Egypt were trained in the temples as well as the priest magicians and sorcerers Medical papyri are
often religious as well. Egyptian medicine was subdivided into various specialties.
Among the earliest papyri (1600-1500 BC) are the. Edwin Smith papyrus and the Ebers papyrus...
The Ancient Egyptians had medical school and hospitals., practiced ,surgery on the skull and
limbs and had a reasonable knowledge of anatomy from embalming. In the Smith papyrus
(in possession of The New York Historical Society) there is a collection of 48 case histories , giving
symptom diagnosis and treatment in each case. it was intended primarily for the use of a surgeon.
{James H.Breasted "the Edwin Smith surgical Papyrus vol 1) Breasted dates the Smith papyrus in the
seventeenth century B.C but states that it is a copy of a document at least one thousand years older
The Smith papyrus dealing primarily with wounds is admired for its diagnostic acumen exhibited in
its detailed case histories, where symptoms like feeble pulse were referred to (2500 years before
reference to the pulse appears in Greek medical treatises).a great number of diseases, such as
diabetes ,rheumatism. and intestinal worms were described .
The papyri prescribed many rational treatments, such as diet ,physiotherapy and drugs as turpentine,
lead and copper salts, and castor oil were described ..
The Ebers papyrus was a collection of recipes for the physician as well as various methods of
contraception.
,Egyptian physicians were highly respected all over the ancient world for thousands of years.
years.Homer has regarded them as the best in his time. Only in the 6th century B.C were they
replaced by Greek physicians.
Greece
Ancient medicine made its way from Egypt and Babylon , to Greece where the physicians were
called Asclepiads after Aesculapias, the patron god of medicine. Temples were erected for this god
and great hospitals in the vicinity. One of these hospitals were erected in the island of Cos and it
was here that there appeared the greatest figure in Greek medicine, Hippocrates called The Father of
Medicine (460 to 377B.C), many writings are credited to him .He combined judgment with careful
observation .his knowledge of human anatomy was gained directly from the dissection of animals
(Anciant Greeks did not permit dissection of the human body).
( David Dietz The Story of Science p381 The New Home Library New York 4th edition 1934)
Aristotle(384 to 322 B.C.) has been called the Father of Natural History. As an Asclepiad
.Aristotle was tutor to Alexander the Great before he ascended the throne. His three most important
works on biology are known as "Historia Animalium. "Other important Greek physicians are Galen
Dioscorides.
With the rise of Rome, Greek knowledge , passed into the hands of Romans. After the fall of Rome
the dark Middle Ages started.
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During the 7th century the Islamic era flourished with The Holy Koran and. the Arabic civilization
quickly developed into a mature state.
Islamic and Arabic Civilization
Muslim conquest of Egypt was easy in A.D. 639 and for over three centuries Egypt became a
province of the Eastern Caliphates.(Muslims came to Egypt by invitation of the high priest of
Egypt to save them from the Romans without any struggle .)
During the 7th century Islamic era flourished with The Holy Koran and the Arabic civilization
quickly developed into a mature state. An early Sura of the Koran ' Read in the name of God'
and it was Prophet Mohammad who said "Search for knowledge to the furthest reaches of
the globe (ie. Even to China) The Arab civilization was revolutionized by a single event , the
revelation of tht Koran to Prophet Mohammed. It was this event alone which catapulted the
Arabs from a life of barbarism to the heights of civilization.In the Islamic culture the to read
,study ,teach , and think are basic. Islam , regarded learning as a divine obligation for
everyone in contrast to ancient Greece , Islam the most tolerant.
People of all cultures , tribes, races and religions , studied together without discrimination
.Incredibly no one was belittled because of race , color or creed . Even former slaves became
refined scholars..
Because of the emphasis on using the powers of reason, as well as the storehouse of knowledge
.it produced . Islam singlehandedly eradicated barbarism in Arabia as well the rest of the
Middle East . Central Asia was completely rejuvenated ,as well as Persia .North became
enlightened , as did Spain , Sicily , parts of France and southern Italy.Meanwhile ,
the European continent was slow to adopt its brilliance , this was because it was held deeply
by the grip of the Church with seemingly no hope of recovery. The Church practiced rather
reversed progress. Ultimately Islam overcame the darkness of Europe.
- After conquering the seventh dilapidated civilizations the Muslims began mixing with
other cultures. There, they encountered the manuscripts of the ancients.
It was S.H.Pasha who 1st described how the Muslim Kaliphs offered translators tempting
incentives among completion of their manuscripts , translators received the weight of the
.All branches of science were manipulated , Mathematics ,Algebra , Chemistry ,Physics ,
Astronomy Navigation and Medicine.
(Dr Kasem Khaleel—SCIENCE &RELIGION)
Hime states in his book that. Arabic medical literature and remedies are so numerous that it would
be quite impossible to furnish even a superficial survey of such methods (as contraception) without
several years of research in many lands .and moreover on many hundreds of Arabic manuscripts
dispersed in libraries throughout the world.
(Hime Medical History of Contraceptives ( Book Published 1963 by Gamut Press New York p136).
Islamic scientists and philosophers dominated the field during the dark ages in Europe.
Abu Bakr al-Razy (835-925AD ) who flourish in Ray and Bagdad was the greatest clinician of
Islam in fact the greatest physician in the middle ages. He made many contributions to gynecology,
obstetrics and opthalmic surgery, compelled several encyclopedic works , the best known was
Kutab al-Hawi (Continents}. (George Sarton. Introdution of the History of Science (Baltimore,William & Wilkins
p,1927-31 2nd vol.) :
Also a similar view was held by Ibn El-Nefis (the discoverer of the pulmonary circulation
13thcentury (Sharh tashrih Al-Qanun)=(explanation of dissections)
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He wrote a special chapter on dissecting the following parts: bones ,and internal organs of the chest
(heart, lungs and the diaphragm) ( Cumstone C G.: "Islamic medicine." in ( Cumstone history of medicine from
Pharaohs to the end of the XVIII century I Dowsons of Pall Mall1978 p 23-26)
Dissection in Islam was not prohibited in either the religion of Islam or the Islamic world.
In Europe according to Singer the ban upon dissection of the human bodies continued after the
renaissance. It was due to the theological concept of the sanctity of the human body and its
resurrection. (Garrison 1967 according Singer 1925 ----- )
The practice of dissection for teaching purpose was approved by the Pope Clement VII (1523—
24AD). Therefore while in the renaissance ,their physicians relied only on the anatomy of the Arabs
especially Avicenna --- whom no body doubted (Singer 1925) " in the middle ages, they relied only
the writings of Galen. (Gsrrison).
Galen (130-200 AD) was however criticized by eminent Islamic physicians, Rhazes, Avicenna and
others for errors in some of his works including anatomical texts. .This was confirmed by the
statement of Ibn El Nafis "that as regards the function of organs, we only rely on what is dictated by
investigations, observations and accurate research not caring whether it conformed with or differed
from the opinion of those who came before us.
Another figure is Aly ibn Abbas during the 2nd half of the tenth century ( 994 a.d ) who produced a
treatise called Kamil al Sana (perfection of the art ) or (The Royal Book )the best portions being on
material medica.
Abdallah Ibn Sina ( Avicenna) 1037. "was not only an encyclopedist, philosopher , physician,
mathematician and astronomer. He was the most famous scientist in Islam and one of the most
famous of all races and places. one may say that his thought the climax of mediaeval
philosophy.(G,Sarton :Introduction to History of Science p1709 Published for the Carngie Inst Wash.
His book is under the Latin title Cannon Avicenne. This enormous medical encyclopedia , contains
about a million words is a codification of the whole of ancient knowledge. ( page 710).Because of
its formal perfection as well as its intrinsic value
These examples prove the importance of Muslim scientists in preserving and adding to the
heritage of previous civilizations from Ancient Egyptians to Greeks and Romans throughout
eight hundred years of scientific darkness of the middle ages in Europe.
tThe best of the Greek and Roman knowledge began to flow back into Europe through the
Arabs universities in Spain and the Middle East.
Europe During The Middle Ages
"Surely, it is an established fact that we have found nothing comparable to the accounts of Soranos
and Aetios nothing that equals that of such writers as Aly ibn Abbas,Ibn Sina , Al Jurdani, and Ibn
al-Jami and Razy" .( Norman E .Himes. Medical History of Contraception.Gamut Press, INC. New York 1939 ).
Though it would be fallacious to attribute the circumstances in Europe to a single factor , it is
difficult to avoid the conclusion that the rise of Christianity especially in the form of the dominance
of the Catholic Church was especially responsible.
Service to the City of God was, the central object of life, salvation in the hereafter rather than on
the earth .This is not to suggest that the Church neglected to cultivate medicine. It did but, the
objects were quite different from those modern scientific medicine. (Himes p 160)
After the Middle Ages and Renaissance , Europe and U.S.A had the leading role in progress of
medicine and science.
In conclusion , civilizations followed one another in a continuous accumulated knowledge without
any gap ,from Ancient Egyptians, to the Greeks in (Greece and Alexandria )followed by the
Romans then the Arabs and the Islamic civilization throughout eight hundred years preserving the
treasures of the Greek and Roman civilizations to the new world after the Renaissance.
All civilizations and cultures can live together in peace and prosperity ,if everybody or nation
respect the tradition and believes of the other. If all nations have a prototype of living----------------
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Koran "O mankind. We created you from a male and a female and made nations and tribes, that you
may know one another"
Surly the most honorable of you in the sight of God is the most pious of you. Koran (49:30)
As shown in the text all the descendants of Abraham Judaism , Christianity and Islam have
the same believes ,with minor differences come from misinterpretation or lack of knowledge .
Koran "He has sent upon thee the Book with the truth , confirming what was before it, and He sent
down Torah ,and the Gospel aforetime, as guidance to the people ,and He sent the Salvation. Koran
(3:3-4).
Koran " and do not dispute with people with earlier Scriptures save in a good manner, except with
those of them do wrong." Koran (3:-4)
Koran"And say we believe in what has been revealed to us, and what has been revealed to you, and
our God and your God is one.—".Koran 49:26)/
DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN EMBRYO
\Adam was created from dust.
Out of Adam , Eve was extracted and carried half of Adam’s genes.
After ADAM and Eve , all human beings were born with sexual reproduction .
“When your Lord created the off-springs of the children of Adam from their loins generation
after generation and made them bear witness among themselves” Koran Al A`araf 172”
‘Let man but think from what he is created “ he is created from a drop emitted proceeding
between the back bone and the ribs”.(El Tarek (5-67)
Explanation of statement of the Koran:
The primitive ovary or testis develop in the abdomen at the level of the 10th to 11th dorsal segment
then descend to enter the pelvis being pulled down by the gubernaculum muscle. The ovary settles
in the pelvis but gets its blood through the overian artery coming from the aorta while the testis
descends down
to the
scrotum.
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Descent of the gonad (primitive ovary) to the pelvis
Stages of Embryonic Development in the Koran (7th century).
‘ O people, if you are in doubt about your being raised to life after death then
surely we;
1. “Fashioned you from soil”
2. “and then from a sperm-drop” Three types of drop were described in various verses of the Koran,
“Male Notfa” ”female Notfa” and ”Notfa Amshag=Fertilised ovum.”
3. “and then from something which clings”
[L eech like]
4. “and then from a chewed [Like] lump, in proportion and out of proportion, [Formed
& unformed ]that we make it clear to you.”
Koran (53:5)
5. “then We made out of that lump, bones”
6. “and clothed the bones with flesh”
7. “that We developed out of it another creature”
So blessed be God the Best to create Koran
(23: 14)
8. “then He harmoniously fashioned him and breathed into him of His Spirit.
9. And GOD appointed for you the sense of hearing ,sight, and perception,
10.
little thanks do you give. Koran
(Al Sagda 9).
Sperm (Male Notfa ) penetrating ovm
Ovum ( Female Notfa)
( Notfa is the Arabic word in Koran referring to gamete.)
Male gamete =male notfa = sperm
female gamete = female notfa =ovum )
The Ovum ( Female Notfa )The human ovum is like a miniature hen`s egg , with a central
yellow yolk surrounded by a clearer fluid like the white of the hen,s egg.
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The shell is a gummy rubbery membrane , relatively thick and quite tough. In the center . Some
chromosomes may show as dark dots against the yellow. The small circular body which shows in
the white of the egg ( at 5 o`clock) is a polar body carrying the discarded half of the maturing egg
cell with 23 chromosooes and ready for fertilization.
After fertilization the fertilized ovum regains the 46 chromosomes.
One ripe egg cell is usually released from one of the ovaries every month . After rupture of a
Graffian follicle , the ovum is pushed away with the gush of the contents of the follicle to be
swallowed by the fimbrya of the nearby tube where it gets fertilized by a sperm within three days
.If The ovum is not fertilized it passes away with menstruation fourteen days after rupture of the
follicle.. Immediately after fertilization , the embryo starts dividing and growing ..
The Sperm (Male Notfa) 5 micro milli-meters
After descent of the male gonad in the scrotum, it starts at maturity to form sperms.
The Sperm is formed of a head. a small neck and a tail. The greater part of the sperm head is made
up of the nucleus which has a characteristic shape for each species. The nucleus is invested by the
acrosome which is a transformed lyzozyme whose function is to facilitate access of the sperm to
the zona pellucida of the ovum. Penetration of the zona involves the action of the lytic enzymes
upon the inner acrosomal membrane.
The motor apparatus is contained in the tail and energy for sperm motility is generated by
mitochondria which are concentrated in the middle piece.
The transit time of the sperm from its detachment from the seminefrous epithelium to storage
in the ampulla of the vas is between 7&10 days. .
The accessory sex organs ; the seminal vesicles ,prostate and the bulbo-urethral glands make a
major contribution in the bulk of the semen and the fertilizing capacity of the sperm, they ,
supplying fructose and prostaglandines.The prostaglandins facilitate movement of the sperm in the
female genital tract by stimulating muscle contractions while fructose supplies nutrition and energy
.
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(Life 1967)
RUUPTURE OF OVERIAN FOLLICLE AND EXPULTION OF
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THE OVUM WITHIN ITS SUROUNDING LIQUID In rat
.
Koran“And GOD fashioned the two of a pair, the male and female” “ From a small quantity
of liquid, when it is poured out “.( 53:45-46)
The small quantity of liquid in the female (notfa) come from the ruptured Graffian follicle
carrying the ovum while the liquid in the male (notfa) come from the seminal fluid .
Fertilization occurs when a sperm penetrates an egg`s membranes driving deep into its
chromosome filled center where it is no longer visible. The egg now has two polar bodies one from
the ovum and the other from the sperm , they contain the discarded chromosomes
The chromosomes of the sperm now join with the chromosomes of the ovum and a new human
individual is formed. With 46 chromosomes and the combination of the male and female
notfa is called (Notfa Amshag) Zygot.
The actual fertilization , however goes through a series of preparations in both the ovum and
sperm to allow the sperm and ovum to discard their coatings and enzymes as hialoridinase to
dissolve a pass through ovarian wall (Capacitation )then the sperm goes through the process
of Acrosomal reaction (loss of the acrosomal cap at the sperm)then perforation of the wall of
the nucleus and the male and female pro-nucleoli merge
Zygot (Notfa Amshag )(Combined fertilized ovum)
EMBRYO BEGINS TO DIVIDE
One cell
Day 2
Day 4
Day 5
TOTIPOPTOTIPOTENT"-C ELLS HAVE THE CAPACITY TO FORM ANY CELL, TISSUE OR ORGAN IN THE HUMAN BODY,
INCLUDING NEW EMBRYOS
Amshag is an Arabic pleural word used instead of a single word Mashig which means compound. Using the pleural word
together with a single word, in Arabic literature would mean a complex structure.(something ? inside) Z . NAGAR.
( Al Ahram News paper 15-11-2004)
Koran: “ Indeed We created mankind of a small quantity of mingled liquids (NotfaAmshag), to try him , so We made him hearing and seeing.” (56:2)
During th stage of embryonic development till implantation 6th or 7th day , many biological
changes occur inside the fertilized ovum::
1. Determination of sex :
Sex is determined by one of the 23 pares of chromosomes that are formed by the merger
of the female nucleus with the male nucleus. In this pair unlike all the other pairs
the chromosomes are not always similar in structure. Sometime one chromosome in the pair
is the type called), the X chromosome (from its appearance under magnification ), while
the other quite different in appearance and much smaller is the type called Y Chromosome.
An XY pairing produces a boy. An XX pairing produces a girl
2-The fate of the developing human being is decided through the gene combinations from
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the father and mother, color, height ,appearance or even character and behavior differing
from every other preceded human being thanks to its own unique combination of genes from
the lottery of inheritance, an individual the exact like of which has never lived before.
Koran :“GOD is the One who created you harmoniously and in due proportions”.
”Into what form He pleases He made you out of components.” ( : 7-8)’
Hadith :“When the fertilized ovum settles in the uterus , GOD brings to it every relation
between it and Adam .. {Ref:Ben Garir &Ben Hashim}.
NB: ADAM must have had All the Genes distributed among the Human beings males &females.
3- Twinning :At this stage twins are formed uni-ovular (similar twins.)
Conjoined twins are also determined if there is a delay of cell division after the7th day of
fertilization.
The Zyg0t undergoes mitotic division of the cells doubling quickly to form the Morula which
is formed of 16 cells. After reaching the uterus, the Morula develops a cavity and becomes a
Blastocyst.
Blastocyst
Blastocyst and implantation in the wall of uterus.
The cells of the blastocyst differentiate to an inner cell mass and trophoblast .The inner
cell mass will form the embryo while the trophoblast will form the placenta and membranes.
The trophoblast is differentiated into an outer layer of calls syncytio-trophoblast (sheet of
protoplasm with cell margins) and an inner layer called cyto-trophoblast of round cells (Langhams,
layer.)
The chorion (an embryonic outer layer) is formed of two layers with meso-dermal connective
tissue in between. Spaces within the syncitium fuse together to form the chorio-decidual space .
The trophoblast invades the decidua and forms the chorionic villi.
1- Primary villi: a solid trophoblast column invades the decidua.(uterine cavity cells. ).
2- Secondary villi; The primary villi are invaded by mesonchyme derived from the cyt
otrophoblast.
3 Tertiary villi: Blood vessels form in situ from the mesenchimal core. The villi branch
repeatedly like a grapevine .
Each main stem and its branches form a placental cotyledon. The villi end freely in
the intervillous space.(maternal blood pool).
4-. Anchoring villi: Proliferation of cellular trophpblast at the tip of the villi producing
trophoblastic cell columns not invaded by mesenchyme but to the decidual plate
.(fixing the developing placenta to the uterine wall.
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Leech Worm fixed to skin and sukig blood -Human Embryo fixed to uterus
The Embryo now (0.7 mm long ) got firmly fixed to the wall of the uterus and sucking its
needed blood exactly like a leech and it is shaped like it.
(The leech is a parasite worm about 2cms long which was used therapeutically in cases like
hypertension ,when applied to the arm it fixes itself and sucks the blood.) .
Koran "Man We did create you from quintessence of clay ""Then we placed
him as a drop of sperm{Notfa},firmly fixed inside the uterus](Alaka ).
(Koran ( Al Momemoon 12 )
“and then from something which clings”
[L eech like]
“and then from a chewed [Like] lump, in proportion and out of proportion,
unformed ]that we make it clear to you.”
Koran (53:5)
[Formed &
The Alka stage ends about the 25th day , the embryo now will continue grouth at
a quicker pace receiving its blood from the placenta.
Stage of Modgha.
(day 26 to 42)(length 1.3 cms.)
“The word modgha means something being chewed and change its form with each bite. .
Two typs; of modgha.are mentioned in the Koran “.
1-Non Organized: An empty sack , with no embryo which ends in abortion.
or
Growth of of trophoblast only and formation of a vesicular mole.
2-Organized : Normal grouth of tissues and organs.
`.
”
3 weeks
4 weeks
5 weeks
6 weeks 42 days
Hadith: “When the Modgha settles in the womb ,God sends an angel , if he find the
the modgha non organized the womb will through it away.
If the modhga is organized the angel Would ask God would it be happy?
What is the Fate ? and Where is it going to die?.
(Ref Emam Ibn Abi Hatem & others by Abd Ibn Massoud)
Hadith.”Each person collects in his mother`s abdomen his creation forty days.as Notfa
like that, then Alaka like that , then Modgha like that, then God send`s an Angle to
blow into him the Spirit .( Ref .Al Shaighan ,--Ibn Massoud )(Personal translation from Arabic )
( like that ; He must have been sh owing some thing as an explanation.)
.
Three layers of tissue are formed in the growing embryo:
Ectoderm ,which eventually form the skin ,brain and nerves.
Mesoderm ,which form the internal organs , heart ,liver. and stomach.
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Endoderm ,which form cartilage, bones and muscles
As the embryo grows each cell of the three layers knows where to settle and perform
its function.
At 6 weeks the embryo is less than 12 mm long.
Buds of the limbs showup.
External genital organs start to differenciate into male or female under the effect of
hormones.
If the embryo has XY chromosomes it is a male and starts to secrete hormones which
stimulate the external genital organs and inhibit the growth of the internal female organs .
If the embryo carries XX chromosomes, the internal female organs grow (uterus , tubes,
ovaries) while the remnants of the male organs can be visualized. The external female organ
are not stimulated and keep growing within the female framework .
Undifferentiated gonads
Bone Formation
`
7th week from fertilization the embryo , ossification centers & bone formation
.Koran :"----- then We fashioned the leech (Like) thing into a chewed (like) lump of flesh
(modgha), then We made out of the chewed lump bones, then we clothed the bones with intact
flesh, then We developed out of it another creature: so Blessed be God,the Best to
creat."(23:14)
Starting at the 5th to the 8th week from fertilization fetal somites slowly change from
undifferentiated masses of tissue to cartilage and then to bones , however some do not pass
through the cartilage stage.
5th week , the upper four somites join together to form the base of the cranium while the rest
form the vertebrae.
The ventro-medial sector of the somites form the skeleton, and the dorso-lateral part of the
somites form the covering muscles and the skin.
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The back of the vertebrae close over the neural groove enclosing the notocord and thus the
vertebral column is completed.
During the 8th week Ossification Centers in the ribs .
The head of the embryo is relatively big but the face is small till the nasal sinuses grow and
give the face its form with ears and eyes.
Limbs bud out and internal organs are formed .
Calcification occurs by osteoblasts leaving spaces between the vertebrae to allow for. The
skeleton is now complete.
Myo dermal cells complete the picture and cover the bones by muscles and skin
and the embryonic period ends a (babe) is formed .
The fetal stage starts and is called in the Koran Nashat stage.
Nashat Stage:
End of the embryonic and beginning of the fetal stage ,continuation of growth of internal
organs goes on till full term or for a destined time,.(pre term or abortion.)
8 weeks 3 cms
External genital organs differentiating
th
By the end of the 8 week the internal organs ,gastro-intestinal , circulatory,
and urinary are all formed as well as well as the external appearance , the face
is getting in proportion to the body.
diferrenciated external genitalia
Copyright 1965 CIBA-GEIGY Corporation . Reprinted
With permission from THE CIBA COLLECTION OF MEDICAL
ILLUSTRATION illustrated by Frank H. Netter , MD
All right reserved
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