Download Middle Ages - guided notes (HONORS)

The Early & High Middle Ages
Part 1:
Early Middle Ages
1. Timeframe:
2. Important people:
3. Important places:
4. Important
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The Germanic Kingdoms
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Riddled with social, economic, and political problems, the territories in the Roman Empire fell
from invasions.
*When Rome fell in 476 CE, Germanic invaders carved up Western Europe into small kingdoms.
o _____________________ = _________________________________________
o _____________________ = _________________________________________
o Ostrogoths = In Italy
o Anglo-Saxons = England
o _____________________ = ___________________________________ Roman Empire
Only one German Kingdom proved ________________________ …._______________________
*Frankish Kingdom was established by _______________________
o Strong military leader
o _________ Germanic ruler to ____________________________________ (500 CE)
o Gained the support of Roman Catholic Church
o *Made ________________________ part of European society by settling them and
_____________________________ them to Christianity.
o By 510, Clovis had created a powerful new _________________________that stretched
from the Pyrenees in the SW (in ____________________________) to modern day
France & W. _______________________.
The Muslim World
o By ______________________________& was an increasingly _________________
o Muslim armies overran Palestine, N. Africa, & Spain
o As the Islamic caliphates pushed over the Pyrenees Mts in Spain & deeper into
_____________________, they were _____________________ by…
 *________________________________________________________
 This is significant b/c it ______________________________________
Age of Charlemagne
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*In the 800s, ______________________________________________ much of Europe
o Set up a strong efficient gov’t model
o He _________________________________________________
o Extended Christian civilization into N. Europe
o Further blended German, Roman, & Christian traditions
After Charlemagne ________________________, his heirs battled for power
o In 843, they ______________________ the empire into __________ regions
Feudalism & the Manor Economy
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*Feudalism-a social system based on mutual ________________ between lords, vassals & serfs.
*Feudalism emerged b/c people needed ______________________ from competing interests &
invasions.
Feudalism created a strict _____________________ in medieval society.
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*The heart of feudalism – vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn
took care of their needs (i.e. gave them and their family land).
*________________________ adopted a code of conduct called ________________________
o Which required them to be brave, ______________________ , & true to their word
o In warfare to fight fairly and be generous to their enemies
o Rules in chivalry applied to nobles only (not commoners).
_____________________ made up the ____________________ of medieval society
o They lived and worked on the lord’s estate or manor
o Most peasants on the manor were serfs & _______________________ to the land
o In theory they were __________________________________ food, housing &land.
o *Daily life
 Avg life span was _____________ yrs
 Everyone worked
 ________________________ or learning
 Simple diet of black bread & few veggies
 Believed in elves, fairies, love potions, and magic charms
o Priests tried to Christianize them
The Medieval Church
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After the fall of Rome, the Christian Church ___________ into ____________________
churches. The western church, became known as the Roman Catholic Church
*It was the most _____________________________ secular force in medieval Europe
o The _____________ claimed ______________________ over _________ men
o Taught all men were sinners & ___________ unless saved through Sacraments
o Taught that men and women were ___________________________________
o But on Earth women were _______________________ to men
o Had it’s own law and courts (________________________________)
o *Could _________________________ violators – exclusion from the Roman Catholic
Church as penalty for refusing to obey Church laws.
o Nobles and Kings could be _________________________– excommunicate an entire
region, town, or kingdom.
The Church was the Center of Daily Life
*____________________ & _______________________ performed a vital cultural function by
___________________ the ____________________ of the ancient world.
*____________________________ rule 530AD
o Oath of ________________________________
o Vows of ________________________________
o Obedience to the abbot
o Hard work was of spiritual value
As the Church became stronger and _______________, it also became _____________
o Clergy tended to be worldly and lived in ______________________
o Monks and nuns ignored their vows
The Eastern Roman Empire / The Byzantine Empire
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*Capital city: ________________________________
_________________ & _________________ _________________ in Constantinople due to its
location as a meeting point between India/Asia & Europe.
*____________________________ – most notable emperor in 552
o Restored Roman empire during his reign. From N. Africa to Asia Minor.
o Most important contribution – ___________________ ____________ _______ which
became the basis for much of the legal system in Europe
o Greatest achievement – built the famous ______________________________ in 537–
the Church of Holy Wisdom
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*Theodora
o __________________________ & Justinian’s wife
o Championed ______________________________________
 Women can _____________________, keep children, & own _______________
 Laws against beating wives
 Responsible for keeping Justinian in _______________________ when city was
under attack by riots
The Agricultural Revolution
1. Wood plows pulled by oxen (broke & slow) 
__________________________________________________________ (stronger & faster)
2. _____________________ were invented – they’d grind large quantities of grain into flour
3. The _________________________________ - one w/ grains, one w/ legumes, and one fallow.
When fallow, _________________ has time to _________________
*Results of the Agricultural Revolution…. More _______  More ____________________
o Population more than doubled between the years 1,000-1,300 CE
European Trade Revives
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Merchants set up routes with ______________________________________
*________________________________ help __________________________________
o Artisans made goods for the traders
o Cities slowly grew
o The most prosperous in N. Italy & Flanders
Charters
o From the king or lord
o Townspeople could control their own affairs
o Anyone living in the town for _____________________________________!!!
o Put new ideas into circulation & greatly expanded the middle class
*Economic Changes
o _____________________ reappeared
o The need for capital created _____________________ houses
o Partnerships developed
o _______________________________ underwriting began
o Bill of exchange
*Social Changes
o Most lords needed money to buy goods
o Many serfs began to sell goods to the towns
 Paying their lords in cash instead of trade
o By 1300, most ________________ were now _____________________or hired laborers
*Medieval Towns
o Grew in a ______________________________ manner
 Jumble of __________________________ streets & tall buildings
 No street lighting
 _______________________ during the day deserted at night
 Had _________________or_________________ so waste went into the streets
o Towns were filthy, smelly, noisy & crowded
*Effects of Trade
o Put ___________________________ and products into circulation
o Reintroduced money
o Revised social structure
 _________________ had __________________________________
 Growing middle class
 _________________ changed to _________________ peasants
o Sets the stage for the Renaissance
Part 2
The High Middle Ages
Timeframe:
Important places/people/things:
 England
 France
 Holy Roman Empire
 Crusades
 Black Death
 Hundred Years War
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The High Middle Ages
 *Strong monarchs in England & France used various means to centralize power
o Set up system of ___________________________________
o Created a ________________________________________
o Tax systems
o Standing __________________
o Worked w/ the new middle class
In England: New Political Traditions Evolved
 *Common law
o Henry II sent out _________________________________ to enforce royal law
o Their decisions became the basis for
 The jury system
o The justices formed groups to determine which cases should be heard (grand jury)
o Evolved into ___________________________________
 *Magna Carta in 1215
o King John was __________________________________
o It stated that nobles had certain rights
o The ___________________________________________________________
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 *Parliament
o The Great Council evolved into _____________________________________
o In 1295, Edward I added common people to the council
o Parliament became _______________________: House of _____________________
and House of ___________________________________
 *In France: Strong leaders built an efficient centralized bureaucracy
o Philip Augustus of France
 Used __________________________middle class _______________________
 Chartered many new towns
 Organized a standing army
 Introduced a _________________________________
 __________________________ royal _____________ holdings
o Louis IX
 Lived by the rules of Chivalry
 _________________ ____________, ________________, & ________________
 Expanded royal courts
 _______________________________________
 Ended serfdom in his lands
o Phillip IV
 Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII so he __________________________ & moved
the new pope to France
 *Set up the ____________________________________- had representatives
from all three estates or classes:
 _________________________________
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Church Supremacy
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Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II
o Preoccupied with power struggles with the Church
o Was forced to give in to demands of the German nobles
o The nobles increasing independence made it _________________________________ to
____________________________________ Germany’s many feudal states.
 *______________________________________________.…1198
o ____________________________________________________
o Keep strict control over the clergy
o Claimed supremacy over all other rulers
o Led a crusade against the Albigensians in S. France
The Crusades 1095 to 1204
 *Byzantine Empire
o ____________________ ____________________ (Muslims) extended their power over
_________________ and attacked Christian pilgrims
o Alexius I sent an urgent plea for help to Urban II
 Western Europeans were _______________________ of _______________________________
_______________________ in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
 Urged on by Pope Urban
o *___________________________________ the Crusades….Why did they go?
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________
 ____________________________________ at home
 ____________________________________
 Seven Crusades
o 1st
____________________________________________________
o 2nd
1147-49 - Epic fail!
*Then in 1187... Muslim forces began to fight back… Holy City of Jerusalem fell to Muslim
forces under the leader, _______________________________
o 3rd
1188-1192 - King ___________________________ the Lionhearted of England
negotiated w/ Saladin, Christians permitted to visit Jerusalem
th
o 4
1202-1204 - Looted Constantinople
o 5th
1217-1221
th
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1228-1239
o 7th
1248-1250
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o __________________________________________________ from their land
o Created a unified state under King ________________________& Queen
________________________ --> 1492
o Spain was broke afterwards so they hired ____________________________ to search
for ________________________________________.
 *________________________ of the Crusades
o Left a bitter legacy of _________________________________________
o Helped quicken the changes in Europe
o Increased levels of ________________________________________
o _____________________________________ reached its greatest height
o Hardened Byzantine resentment against the West
o Increased the ______________________ of W. Europe’s ______________________
o Encouraged the ____________________ of a money _________________________
o Brought Europe into contact with other civilizations
Revival of Learning
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Improved economic and political conditions led to a __________________________ of learning
__________________________ started teaching..... math, geometry, astronomy, music,
grammar, rhetoric and logic
*Europe enjoyed a cultural flowering, as writers created works in the vernacular and cities all
over Europe __________________________ towering stone __________________________
that served as _____________________ of their wealth and religious devotion.
Europeans rediscovered the writings of the ancient Greeks
o Setting off a revolution in the world of ideas
o *Forcing Christian scholars to resolve the ______________________________
_____________________________________________(__________________)
o Use reason to discover basic truths OR accept truths on faith
o __________________ made _______________________....most thought true
knowledge must fit with _____________________ teachings
A Time of Crisis
*Europe attacked in 3 ways in mid-1300's
1. _____________________________________
2. _____________________________________
3. _____________________________________
1. Drought caused widespread crop failures resulting in
 *Famine, malnutrition and ___________________________________
 Famine__________________________________, leaving them vulnerable to the plague
2. Black Death /The Bubonic Plague
 *Spread by _______________________________________
 Unsanitary towns helped spread the plague
 Symptoms:
o Swellings and black bruises
o Rotten on the inside spitting blood & smelling
o Heavy sweats
o Died in agony
o Convulsive coughing
 *Approximately ______________________________________________
 Created ____________________________________________________
 *Social Changes
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Turned to magic and witchcraft for cures
Plunged into wild pleasures
Saw plague as _____________________________________
Blamed the _________________________
*Economic Changes
o ________________________ shortage
o Scared people rioted & revolted
o Therefore _____________________ (as did cost of labor)
3. Hundred Years War
 *War fought between _____________________________________
 1337 – 1453
 *_______________________________________________________
o _________________________________ French soldiers & led them in battle
o _____________________________________ by French & died on the stake
 The effects of the war…
o Increased nat’lism & expanded royal power in France
o Devastated the countryside
o ________________________ power of __________________________ in England
o ________________________ their _____________________ supply
 *Changes in warfare:
o __________________________
o _____________________________