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Transcript
MIMM 211 Lecture 2 Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis) Important Names -John Needham -Lazzaro Spallanzani 1859. French Academy of Science sponsored competition to disprove Spontaneous Generation 1861. Louis Pasteur - boiled meat broth in curved swan flask a. No micro-org. Developed b. Disproved spontaneous gen. 1877. John Tyndall proved that dust carried micro-org. Role of Micro-organisms in Disease -Lucretius and Fracastro suggested invisible organisms cause diseases -People believed diseases caused by -Supernatural occurrences -Imbalance in good/bad blood -Bassi showed fungus caused disease in silkworms -"Germ theory of disease" was born -M.J. Berkeley showed that Irish Potato Blight was caused by fungus -Pasteur showed that protozoans caused another disease in silkworms -France then began producing silkworms from healthy moths. 1867. Joseph Lister- heat sterilized instruments and dipped surgical dressing in phenol -he was interested in Pasteur's work 1876. ROBERT KOCH- discovered anthrax causing bacteria -Koch's Postulates: 1. See lecture slides/wiki, anywhere, etc. Development of Techniques to Study Microorganisms Koch wanted to isolate suspected pathogens o Difficult to work with liquid culture (mixed bacteria is a problem) o Tried to grow bac. On solid surface Easier to attain pure culture as a colony progenated from one bacterium will be visible o Tried potato slice = failed o Tried solidified liquid media (gelatin + meat broth) = semi-fail µ-organism degraded gelatin Gelatin melted at 37°C Fannie Eilshemius Hesse (wife of one of Koch's assistants) o Suggested using agar (from seaweed) Richard Petri- (another one of Koch's assistants)- invented Petri Dish Koch eventually used meat extracts + protein with agar for media o Using the above techniques, he eventually isolated tuberculosis bac. et autres Beginning of IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES -Ed Jenners immunized people against smallpox -used fluid from cowpox blisters -HYPOTHESIS: Dairy maids were immune to smallpox -It worked -Louis Pasteur created the first attenuated vaccine (1880s) -grew pure culture (anthrax) -attenuate them: incubate at 43-44° C and add Potassium bichromate -provided immunity -Did same with cholera, etc. -D.E. Salmon + Theobalt Smith discovered that killed microbes also worked as vaccines -von Bhring discovered humoral immunity antibodies could be produced in blood Rabies Vaccine and the Pasteur Institute of Paris o Rabies vaccine: attenuated culture of an abnormal growth Brains + spinal cords from dead rabbits --> dried. o Joseph Meister (a kid with rabies) received 13 injections of increased dosages of virus over 10 days Boy survived o Pasteur became famous People donated money to create the Pasteur Institute Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology -Pasteur discovered that microorgansims caused fermentation (sugar instability) -from beet sugar to alcohol -Eventually yeast was replaced by lactic acid -Winogradsky- found that oxidation of iron, sulphur and ammonia of bacteria provided energy -Begerinick- found nitrogen-fixing and sulfur-reducing bacteria -W+B produced enrichment media (for soil?) Classifying Organisms -Taxonomy- artificial classification of organisms -Soley based on visible similarities -Still used to name organisms -Phylogeny- Natural classification of organisms -Reflect evolutionaryrelations Phylogeny -Before evolution concept, organisms were grouped by morphological similarities -Many fossils were grouped by visible similarities -Microorganisms were not classified until 1960s -Used DNA -Classified by using universal ubiquitous gene sequence to classify