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CHAPTER 1
THE SCOPE OF
PHYSICS
CONTAIN:
1. INTRODUCTION
2. SYSTEM OF UNITS (MEASUREMENT).
3. DIMENSION.
4. UNIT AND DIMENTION
5. SIGNIFICANT FIGURE
DESCRIPTIVE
PART
1: What is PHYSICS?
The word 'Physics' comes from the Greek
word 'phusis' meaning 'nature', introduced by the
ancient scientist 'Aristotle'. Man has always been
fascinated by nature. The branch of science
which is devoted to the study of nature and
natural phenomena is called Physics. It is
expected that all the events in nature take place
according to some basic laws. Thus Physics (the
knowledge of nature) is the science concerned
with the discovery and understanding of the most
basic fundamental laws of the universe that
control the way everything in the world around us
behaves. Discoveries in basic physics have
important ramifications for all of science.
Physics is the scientific study of matter and
energy and how they interact with each other.
Physics deals with matter on scales ranging from
sub-atomic particles (i.e. the particles that make
up the atom and the particles that make up those particles) to stars and even entire galaxies. Physics is the truly universal science.
There are many fields of physics, for example: mechanics, electricity, heat, sound, light, condensed matter, atomic physics,
nuclear physics, and elementary particle physics. Physics is the foundation of all the physical sciences, such as chemistry, material
science, and geology and is important for many other fields: biology, medicine, computing, ice hockey, and television, list goes on.
The physics was divided in main two branches: i. Classical mechanics ii. Quantum mechanics.
The Mechanics or classical physics is an important field of physics. Developed by Sir Isaac Newton in the 17th century, the laws
of mechanics and the law of gravity successfully explained the orbits of the moon around the earth and the planets around the sun.
Newton’s laws are used to design cars, clocks, airplanes, earth satellites, bridges, buildings, just about everything, it seems, except
electronics.
Electricity is another example of physics, one that you may experience as a spark when you touch a doorknob on a dry
winter day. The electrical attraction of protons and electrons is the basis for chemistry. Magnetism is another force of nature,
familiar to us from refrigerator magnets and compasses. In the 19th century, James Clerk Maxwell combined electricity and
magnetism. He showed that light is an electromagnetic wave that travels through empty space.
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The Quantum mechanics deals Einstein’s theory of relativity and other modern concepts of twentieth
century are discussed. The modern physics divided in to: Atomic physics, Elementary physics, Nuclear
physics, Molecular physics, Plasma physics, Medical physics, Solid state physics, Astronomical physics,
and many others.
2: Physical Quantities: 
Physical quantity is the numerical value of a measurable property that describes a physical system's state at
a moment in time. Extensive and intensive quantities
A quantity is called:
extensive: when its magnitude is additive for subsystems (volume, mass, etc.)
Intensive when the magnitude is independent of the extent of the system (temperature, pressure, etc.)
Some physical quantities are prefixed in order to further qualify their meaning:
molar is added to refer to a quantity which is expressed per unit mass (such as specific heat capacity)
specific is added to refer to a quantity which is expressed per unit amount of substance (such as molar volume)
There are also physical quantities that can be classified as neither extensive nor intensive, for example angular momentum, area,
force, length, and time
Coordinates are sets of numbers that describe position-- position along a line, on a surface or in space. Latitude and longitude, or
declination and right ascension, each is a system of coordinates on the surface of a sphere--on the globe of the Earth or the globe
of the heavens.
3: Unit: 
Unit is the universally accepted definite amount of a physical quantity taken as a standard for the measurement of the same
physical quantity of any amount. eg. Kilogram (kg), meter (m), second (s), and etc. Some physical quantities have no units, since
each is expressed by a ratio of similar physical quantities. For example, mechanical advantage, velocity ratio, refractive index,
atomic weight, and etc. It means, a unit is a particular physical quantity, defined and adopted by convention, with which other
particular quantities of the same kind are compared to express their value.
4:Fundamental Quantities: 
The first standard units of measurement were established by the French Academy of Sciences in the 1790. The measurement of
any quantity is made relative to particular standard or unit and this unit must be specified along with the numerical value of the
quantity. Fixing the unit of only three physical quantities forms a system of units, which contains the unit of every physical quantity.
These quantities are called “fundamental quantities”, and their units are called “fundamental units”. A physical quantity is a physical
property that can be quantified. This means it can be measured or calculated and expressed in numbers. For example, "mass" is a
physical quantity that can be expressed by stating a number of some basic measurement units. A quantity of mass might be
represented by the symbol m, and could be expressed in the units kilograms.
Basic SI quantities 
The International System of Units SI is the modern form of the metric system. The SI was developed in 1960 from the old meterkilogram-second (mks) system, rather than the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system. The system is nearly universally employed.
In all there are seven SI base units: the meter for distance, the kilogram for mass, the second for time, the ampere for electric
current, the Kelvin for temperature, the mole for amount of substance, and the candela for intensity of light.
5: Derived Quantities: 
The quantities other than fundamental quantities are, called derived quantities, are defined in terms of the seven base quantities
via a system of quantity equations. Thus, Derived physical quantities are those, each of which associates one or more fundamental
physical quantities. The SI derived units for these derived quantities are obtained from these equations and the seven SI base
units.
6: System of Units: 
Measurements have an important role not only in physics but also in every branch of science and everywhere in our day-today life. To solve problems and to under stand the basics of the Physics it is very important to know what is a physical quantity,
types of physical quantities, what is a unit, what are the units of different physical quantities, types of units, symbols of units.
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S.I. System of units: 
In 1960, an international committee established a set of standards for length, mass, and other basic
quantities. The system established is an adaptation of the metric system, and it is called the SI system of
units. In this system, the units of length, mass, and time are the meter, kilogram, and second, respectively.
Other SI standards established by the committee are those for temperature (the Kelvin), electric current (the
ampere), luminous intensity (the candela), and the amount of substance (the mole). The laws of physics are
expressed in terms of basic quantities that require a clear definition. In mechanics, the three basic quantities are length (L), mass
(M), and time (T). All other quantities in mechanics can be expressed in terms of these three.
A set of fundamental and derived units for the accurate measurement of physical quantities is called “system of units”.
are seven base units of the SI:
i) The Meter: 
 The unit of length as the meter was defined as the distance between two fixed points on a platinum–iridium bar
stored under controlled conditions kept at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures at Sevres, France.
In the 1960s and 1970s.
 Meter the unit of length is defined as 1650763.73 times the wave length of orange light emitted by krypton -86 atoms
 In October 1983, the meter (m) was again redefined as the distance traveled by light in vacuum during a time of
1
second.
299 792 458
1m = 100 cm
1 cm =10 mm
Ii) The Kilogram: 
 One kilogram defined as the mass of a platinum-iridium cylinder3.9cm in diameter and 3.9cm in height kept at the
International Bureau of Weight and Measurement at Sevres, France, established in 1887
1 kilogram = 1000 gm
1gm = 1000 mg
 One amu or u is used as the unit of mass in atomic physics. Mass of a C12 atom is 12 atomic mass units. One u is
defined as 1/12th of the mass of one C12 atom.
iii) The Second
 Before 1960, the standard of time was defined in terms of the mean solar day for the year 1900. The one second was
 1  1  1 
originally defined as       of a mean solar day.
 60   60   24 
 In 1967, the atomic clock was adopted, choosing caesium-133 atom, which emits electromagnetic radiation of a
precise and unvarying frequency, corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state.
 The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the two
hyperfine levels of the ground state of the cesium 133 atom
1day = 24 hours
1hour = 60 min.
1min = 60 sec.
Iv) The Ampere 
 The ampere is that constant current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of
negligible circular cross-section, and placed 1 m apart in vacuum, would produce between these conductors a force
equal to 2 x 10–7 Newton per meter of length
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v) The Kelvin: 

1
of the
273.16
thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water. is 273.16 K.
The Kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction
vi) The Mole: 
 The mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities
as there are atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon 12.
vii) The Candela: 
 The candela is the luminous intensity, in a given direction, of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of
frequency 540 x 1012 hertz and that has a radiant intensity in that direction of 1/683 watt per steradian.
 It can be defined as the unit of luminous intensity “the luminous intensity in the perpendicular direction of
1
surface
square meter of a perfect black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under the pressure of
600000
1.013255x105 N/m2 of that surface”.
Supplementary unit: 
I) RADIAN: This is the SI unit of (supplementary) plane angle. One radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut
off on the circumference of an arc equal to the length of the radian.
II) STERADIAN: This is the SI unit of solid angle. One steradian is the solid angle which, with its vertex at the centre of the sphere,
cuts off an area of the surface of the sphere, equal to that of a square having sides of length equal to the radian of the sphere.
III) CURIE: This is the SI unit of radioactivity. One curie is the quantity of any radioactive substance which undergoes 3.7 x 1010
disintegrations per second.
British engineering system: 
In addition to SI system of units, another system of units is the British engineering system (sometimes called the conventional
system), is still used in the United States despite acceptance of SI by the rest of the world. In this system, the units of length, force,
and time are the foot (ft), pound, and second, respectively. In this system mass is derived quantity of unit “slug”.
After fixing the units of fundamental quantities, the units of any other quantities are easily derived. For example, Force,
F=ma
F= 1kg. 1m / sec²
1Newton = 1kg.m sec-²
Similarly, for other derived units are derived for derived quantities from their formulae.
The constant value of acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m / sec² in MKS system, 980 cm / sec² in CGS system and 32 ft / sec² in
FPS system of units. F = m a
One pound = 1 slug  1ft. sec- 2
1 slug = one pound / 1ft. sec- 2
1 slug = 4.45 N / 0.3048 m sec- 2
1 slug = 14.60 kg.
The conversion of mass in CGS and MKS system of units:
10 milligram = 1 centigram
1 gram = 1x10-3 kilogram
10 centigram = 1decigram
10 decigram = 1 gram
10 gram = 1decagram
10 decagram = 1 hectogram
10 hectogram = 1 kilogram
10 kilogram = 1 miriagram
10 miriagram = 100 kilogram = 1 quintal
10 quintal = 1 metrictonne
1kg= 2.21 lb = 2.06x1026 amu = 0.0685 slug
1slug= 32.2lb = 14.6 kg.
1amu= 1.66x10-27kg
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Other units of length in MKS and CGS systems:
10 millimeter = 1centimeter
10 centimeter = 1 decimeter
10 decimeter = 1 meter
10 meter = 1 decameter
10 decameter = 1hectometer
10 hectometer = 1 kilometer
1 hectometer = 100 meters
10 kilometer = 1 miriameter
1 m = 39.4 in = 3.23 ft
1 mile = 1.61km = 5280 ft
1 km = 0.621 miles
1 angstrom =10-10m
1 light year = 9.46x1012 km=
9.46x1015 m
1 parsec = 3.26 light year
1 parsec= 3.084x1013 km
1 fathom= 6 ft
1 Fermi= 1 femtometer = 1015 m
Units of length in FPS system:
12 inches = 1 foot
3 foot = 1 yard
220 yard = 1 furlong
1760 yard = 1mile = 8 furlong =63, 360 inches
Relation between units of length in different systems:
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 foot = 30.48 cm
1 mile = 160934 cm
Force:
1 cm = 0.3937 inch
1 meter = 39.37inch = 1.094 yard
1 kilometer = 0.621 mile
1 lb= 4.45 N
1 N= 105 dyne = 0.225 lb
Energy and power:
1joule= 107erg =2.78x10-7 kWh
1 electron volt =1.6x10-19 joule=1.6x10-12 erg
1 horse power = 746 watts = 550 ft.pound /sec
7: Dimension: 
The word dimension has a special meaning in physics. It usually denotes the physical nature of a quantity. Whether a distance is
measured in the length unit feet or the length unit meters, it is still a distance. We say the dimension—the physical nature—of
distance is length.
For example, the symbol we use for speed is v, and in our notation the dimensions of speed are written, as[LT-1] another example,
the dimensions of area, for which we use the symbol A, are The dimensions of area, volume, speed, and acceleration are listed in
below, as well as other quantities:
Quantity
M
E
C
H
A
N
I
C
A
L
Length or Distance
Time
Mass
Area
Volume
Density
Velocity
Acceleration
Momentum
Force or Weight
Pressure or Stress
Energy or Work
Kinetic Energy
Definition
fundamental
fundamental
fundamental
distance2
distance3
mass / volume
distance / time
Velocity / time
mass × velocity
Mass×acceleration
mass×(accel. of grav..)
force / area
Force × distance
mass × velocity2/ 2
Formula
D
T
M
A = d2
V = d3
d = m/V
v = d/t
a = v/t
p = mv
F = ma
W = mg
p = F/A
E = Fd
KE = mv2/2
Units
Dimensions
m (meter)
s (second)
kg (kilogram)
m2
m3
kg/m3
m/s
m/s2
kg·m/s
[L ]
[T]
[M ]
[ L2 ]
[ L3 ]
[ M L-3 ]
[ L T-1 ]
[ L T-2 ]
{ M L T-1 ]
N (Newton) = kg·m/s2
[ M L T-2 ]
Pa (Pascal)=N/m2 = kg/(m·s2)
[ M L-1 T-2 ]
J (joule)=N·m= g·m2/s2
[ M L2 T-2 ]
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Potential Energy
Power
Impulse
Action
A
N
G
U
L
A
R
T
H
E
R
M
A
L
E
L
E
C
T
R
O
M
A
G
N
E
T
I
C
mass× (accel. of grav.) × height
energy / time
force × time
energy × time
momentum × distance
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PE = mgh
P = E/t
I = Ft
A = Et
A = pd
W (watt)=J/s = kg·m2/s3
N·s = kg·m/s
[M L2 T-3 ]
[M L T-1 ]
J·s = kg·m2/s
[M L2 T-1 ]
°(degrees) or rad (radians)
= 2π rad
cyc (cycles)
Hz (hertz) = cyc/s = 1/ s
rad/s = 1/ s
rad/s2 = 1/ s2
kg·m2
360°
Angle
undamental
Cycles
Frequency
Angular Velocity
Angular acceleration
Moment of Inertia
Temperature
Heat
fundamental
cycles / time
angle / time
angular velocity/ time
mass × radius2
Radius × momentum
mom. of inert.× (ang. vel.)
Radius × force
mom. of inert.×(ang. accel.)
fundamental
heat energy
Θ
N
f = n/t
ω = θ/t
α = ω/t
I = m r2
L=rp
L=Iω
T=rF
T=Iα
T
Q
Entropy
heat / temperature
S = Q/T
J/K
[ M L2 T-2 K-1 ]
Electric Charge(+/-)
Current
Voltage or Potential
Resistance
Capacitance
Inductance
Q
i = q/t
V = E/q
R = V/i
C = q/V
L = V/(i/t)
E = V/d
E = F/q
φE = EA
B = F/qv
C (coulomb)
A (amp) = C/s
V (volt) = J/C
Ω (ohm) = V/A
F (farad) = C/V
H (Henry) = V·s/A
[C ]
[ C T-1]
[ M L2 C-1 T-2 ]
[ M L2 C-2 T-1 ]
[ C2 T2 M-1 L-2 ]
[ M L2 T-2 ]
V/m = N/C
[ M L C-1 T-2 ]
Electric Flux
Magnetic Field
Current× time
charge / time
energy / charge
voltage / current
charge / voltage
voltage/(current/ time)
voltage / distance
force / charge
electric field ×area
force / (charge × velocity)
V·m = N·m2/C
T (tesla)= Wb/m2 = N·s/(C·m)
[ M L3 C-1 T-2 ]
[ M C-1 T-1]
Magnetic Flux
magnetic field × area
φM = BA
Wb (Weber)=V·s= J·s/C
[ M L2 C-1 T- 1}
Angular Momentum
Torque
Electric Field
dimensionless
dimensionless
[ T-1 ]
[ T-1 ]
[ T-2 ]
[ M L2 ]
kg·m2/s
[ M L2T-1 ]
N·m = kg·m2/s2
[ M L2 T-2 ]
°C (Celsius) or K (Kelvin)
J (joule) = kg·m2/s2
[K ]
{ M L2 T-2 ]
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8: Significant Figures: 
When physical quantities are measured, the measured values are known only to within
the limits of the experimental uncertainty. The value of this uncertainty can depend on various factors, such
as the quality of the apparatus, the skill of the experimenter, and the number of measurements performed.
The concept of significant figures is often used in connection with rounding.
When multiplying several quantities, the number of significant figures in the final answer is the same
as the number of significant figures in the least accurate of the quantities being multiplied, where
“least accurate” means “having the lowest number of significant figures.” The same rule applies to division.
When numbers are added or subtracted, the number of decimal places in the result should equal the smallest number of
decimal places of any term in these.
The rules for identifying significant digits when writing or interpreting numbers are as follows:
1.
All non-zero digits are considered significant. Ex: 1, 20, and 300 all have one significant figure. Their significant figures are
1, 2, and 3 respectively. 123.45 have five significant figures: 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.
2.
Zeros appearing anywhere between two non-zero digits are significant. Example: 101.12 have five significant figures: 1, 0,
1, 1 and 2.
3.
Leading zeros are not significant. For example, 0.00012 has two significant figures: 1 and 2.
4.
Trailing zeros in a number containing a decimal point are significant. For example, 12.2300 have six significant figures: 1,
2, 2, 3, 0 and 0. The number 0.000122300 still has only six significant figures (the zeros before the 1 are not significant). In
addition, 120.00 have five significant figures. This convention clarifies the precision of such numbers; for example, if a result
accurate to four decimal places is given as 12.23 then it might be understood that only two decimal places of accuracy are
available. Stating the result as 12.2300 makes clear that it is accurate to four decimal places.
5.
The significance of trailing zeros in a number not containing a decimal point can be ambiguous. For example, it may not
always be clear if a number like 1300 is accurate to the nearest unit (and just happens coincidentally to be an exact multiple of a
hundred) or if it is only shown to the nearest hundred due to rounding or uncertainty. Various conventions exist to address this
issue:
6.
A bar may be placed over the last significant digit; any trailing zeros following this are insignificant. For example, 1300has
three significant figures (and hence indicates that the number is accurate to the nearest ten).
7.
The last significant figure of a number may be underlined; for example, "20000" has two significant figures.
8. A decimal point may be placed after the number; for example "100." indicates specifically that three significant figures are meant.
A number with all zero digits (e.g. 0.000) has no significant digits, because the uncertainty is larger than the actual measurement.
Short questions and Answers
Question #1What is an atomic clock?
Answer:
An atomic clock is a clock that keeps time using natural characteristic frequencies of atoms, such as cesium, hydrogen
or rubidium. Atomic clocks are extremely stable because the atom's characteristic frequencies are not affected by
factors like temperature, pressure or humidity.
Question #2How long is a nanosecond, a picoseconds or a femtosecond?
Answer:
A nanosecond is one billionth of a second, and picoseconds are one trillionth of a second. Timekeeping technology
has not yet reached the stage where we can measure femtoseconds. However, just for the record, a femtosecond is a
thousand times smaller than picoseconds!
Question #3What is an atomic Balance?
Answer:
Atomic balances, which are capable of measurement of nanoparticles mass, are described. The precision of
measurements is defined by the geometry of measuring microconsole and may be as high as 10-19 g. Atomic balance
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can also measure lateral stress and surface tension in thin films (also in monolayers).
Experimental data on the atomic balance usage as highly sensitive gas and liquid analyzers,
chemical and biological sensors are presented
Quantity
UNIT
Alternatives
Definition/Notes
A:
Acceleration, angular
s-2
rad.s-2
[Angular Velocity] / [Time].
Abbé number
1
Dimensionless
Inverse of refractive index.
Absorbed radiation dose
m2.s-2
J.kg-1,
[Energy] / [Mass].
Absorbed dose rate
m2.s-3
Gy.s-1
Acceleration, linear
m.s-2
Action
kg.m2.s-1
J.s
[Energy]  [Time].
Activity of radioactive source
s-1
Bq
[Events] / [Time].
Angular acceleration
s-2
rad.s-2
[Angular Velocity] / [Time].
Angular moment of inertia
kg.m2
Angular moment of motion
kg.m2.s-1
J.s
Angular velocity
s-1
rad.s-1
Area
m2
Gy
[Absorbed dose] / [Time].
[Velocity] / [Time]
[Mass]  [Distance2].
[Moment of motion]  [Distance]. Like [action].
[Plane angle] / [Time].
[Distance]  [Distance].
B:
Baud rate
bit.s-1
Baud
[Information] / [Time]. Also: information flux.
Bulk modulus
kg-1.m.s2
Pa-1
[Pressure] / ([Volume] / [Volume]).
Same as compressibility.
Capacitance, electric
kg-1.m-2.s4.A2
C.V-1, F
[Charge] / [Potential]
Circulation
m2.s-1
J.s.kg-1
[Angular moment of motion]/[Mass]
Characteristic impedance
kg.m2.s-3.A-2
V.A-1, Ω, ohm
√ ([Mag.Permeability] / [El.Permittivity]).
Charge, electric
s .A
C
[Current]  [Time]
Charge, quantum
1
Dimensionless
[Charge] / [Elementary charge quantum]
Charge, molecular/ionic,
quantum
1
Dimensionless
[Charge of a molecule or ion] /
[Elementary charge quantum]
Charge density
m-3.s.A
C.m-3
[Charge] / [Volume]
Charge/mass ratio
kg-1.s.A
C.kg-1
[Charge] / [Mass]. Same as specific charge.
Charge, molar
s.A.mol-1
C.mol-1
[Charge] / [Quantity]
C:
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It’s Understanding, It’s Responsibility, It‘s Desire, It’s Reality, a Better shade, be share
8-Ch.1
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J.mol-1
[ΔInternalEnergy] / [Quantity Of Substance].
Chemical potential, molar
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
Collision cross section
m2
Compressibility
kg-1.m.s2
Pa-1
[Pressure] / ([Volume] / [Volume]).
Same as bulk modulus.
Compression modulus
kg-1.m.s2
Pa-1
[Pressure] / ([Volume] / [Volume]).
Same as compressibility.
Concentration, molar
m-3.mol
Concentration, by mass
1
Dimensionless
[Mass of substance] / [Total mass].
Same as mass concentration
Concentration, by volume
1
Dimensionless
[Volume of substance] / [Total volume].
Same as volume concentration.
Concentration, by weight
1
Dimensionless
[Mass of substance] / [Total mass].
Same as mass concentration
Conductance, electric
kg-1.m-2.s3.A2
A.V-1, S
[Current] / [Potential]. Inverse of resistance.
Conductivity, electric
kg-1.m-3.s3.A2
S.m-1
1 / [Resistivity].
Conductivity, molar
kg-1.s3.A2.mol-1
S.m2.mol-1
[El.conductivity] / [Concentration].
Conductivity, thermal
kg.m.s-3.K-1
W.m-1.K-1
[Heat flux] / ([Distance]  [ΔTemperature]).
Convergence
m-1
dioptry
in optics, but not only ...
Count rate
s-1
[Events] / [Time].
Cross section
m2
[Distance]  [Distance].
Cryoscopic constant
kg.mol-1.K
K/(mol/kg)
Current, electric
A
A
Current density (electric)
m-2.A
[Current] / [Area]. Same as current intensity.
Current intensity (electric)
m-2.A
[Current] / [Area]. Same as current density.
Current noise, variance nJ2
s.A2
Curvature radius
m
[Distance] [Distance]. Same as cross section.
[Quantity] / [Volume]. Same as molar density.
A2/Hz
[ΔTemperature] / [Molality].
[Current]2 / Bandwidth]
of a line in plane/space or surface in space
D:
C.m-3
[Charge] / [Volume]
Density of electric charge
m-3.s.A
Density of electric current
m-2.A
Density of energy
kg.m-1.s-2
Density of mass
kg.m-3
[Mass] / [Volume]. Same as specific density.
Density of substance
m-3.mol
[Quantity] / [Volume]. Same as concentration.
[Current] / [Area]. Same as current intensity.
J.m-3
[Energy] / [Volume].
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9-Ch.1
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Dielectric constant
1
Dimensionless
[Permittivity] / [Permittivity of vacuum].
Same as relative permittivity.
Dielectric strength
kg.m.s-3.A-1
V.m-1
[Potential] / [Distance]. Same as electric strength.
Diffusion coefficient
m2.s-1
[Distance2] / [Time].
Diffusivity, thermal
m2.s-1
([∂Temperatute] / [∂Time]) / [∇ 2Temperature].
Dipole moment, electric
m.s.A
C.m
[Charge]  [Distance]
Dipole moment, magnetic
m2.A
J.T-1
[Current]  [Area]
Dispersive power
1
Dimensionless
Ratio of differences of refractive indices.
Dispersivity quotient
m-1
[Refractive index] / [ΔWavelength]
Distance
m
in all Euclidean n-dimensional spaces.
Dose of absorbed radiation
m2.s-2
J.kg-1, Gy
[Energy] / [Mass].
Dose rate
m2.s-3
Gy.s-1
[Absorbed dose] / [Time].
Drift speed
m.s-1
Duration
s
s
Dynamic viscosity
kg.m-1.s-1
Pa.s
([Force] [Area]) / [Velocity]
Ebullioscopic constant
kg.mol-1.K
K/(mol/kg)
[ΔTemperature] / [Molality].
Electric capacitance
kg-1.m-2.s4.A2
C.V-1, F
[Charge] / [Potential]
Electric charge
s .A
C
[Current]  [Time]
Electric conductance
kg-1.m-2.s3.A2
A.V-1, S
[Current] / [Potential]. Inverse of resistance.
Electric conductivity
kg-1.m-3.s3.A2
S.m-1
1 / [Resistivity].
Electric conductivity, molar
kg-1.s3.A2.mol-1
S.m2.mol-1
[El.conductivity] / [Concentration].
Electric current
A
A
Electric dipole moment
m.s.A
C.m
[Charge]  [Distance]
Electric field strength
kg.m.s-3.A-1
V.m-1
[Potential] / [Distance].
Also called electric intensity
Electric field gradient
kg.s-3.A-1
V.m-2
[ΔEl.field strength] / [Distance].
Electric flux density
m-2.s.A
C.m-2
[Charge ] / [Area].
Also called electric induction
Electric inductance
kg.m2.s-2.A-2
V.s.A-1, H
[Potential] / [current / dt ]
Electric induction
m-2.s.A
C.m-2
[Charge] / [Area].
More properly electric flux density
Steady-state speed of an object. .
E:
FIRST YEAR
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It’s Understanding, It’s Responsibility, It‘s Desire, It’s Reality, a Better shade, be share
10-Ch.1
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Electric intensity
kg.m.s-3.A-1
V.m-1
[Potential] / [Distance].
More properly electric field strength
Electric permittivity
kg-1.m-3.s4.A2
F.m-1
[El.flux density] / [El.field strength].
Electric permittivity, relative
1
Dimensionless
[Permittivity] / [Permittivity of vacuum].
Same as dielectric constant.
Electric polarization
m-2.s.A
C.m-2
[Charge] / [Area]. Like electric flux density
Electric potential
kg.m2.s-3.A-1
W.A-1, J.C-1, V
[Power] / [Current], [Energy] / [Charge]
Electric quadrupole moment
m2.s.A
C.m2
[El.dipole]  [Distance]
Electric resistance
kg.m2.s-3.A-2
V.A-1, Ω
[Potential] / [Current]
Electric resistivity
kg.m3.s-3.A-2
Ω.m
([Resistance]  [Length]) / [Area].
Electric strength
kg.m.s-3.A-1
V.m-1
[Potential] / [Distance].
Also called dielectric strength.
Electromagnetic vector
potential
kg.m.s-2.A-1
V.s.m-1, T.m
[El.field strength]  [Time],
[Mag.flux density]  [Distance]
Electromotive force (emf)
kg.m2.s-3.A-1
V
[Potential]
Electrostriction coefficient
kg-2.m-2.s6.A2
m2.V-2
([ΔVolume] / [Volume]) / [Electric field strength]2.
Energy
kg.m2.s-2
N.m, J
[Force]  [Distance], [Power] [Time].
Energy, molar
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Energy] / [Quantity].
Energy, specific
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Energy] / [Mass].
Energy density
kg.m-1.s-2
J.m-3
[Energy] / [Volume].
Energy flux
kg.m2.s-3
J.s-1, W
[Energy ] / [Time]. Same as power.
Enthalpy
kg.m2.s-2
J
Like energy and heat.
Enthalpy, molar
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Enthalpy] / [Quantity]. Like molar heat.
Enthalpy, specific
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Enthalpy] / [Mass]. Like specific heat.
Entropy
kg.m2.s-2.K-1
J.K-1
[Heat] / [Temperature].
Entropy, molar
kg.m2.s-2.K-1.mol-1
J.K-1.mol-1
[Entropy] / [Quantity].
Entropy, specific
m2.s-2.K-1
J.K-1.kg-1
[Entropy] / [Mass].
Evolution rate on log-scale
s-1
d{ln(Q)} / dt = (dQ / dt) / Q.
Also relative evolution rate.
Expansion coefficient, thermal
K-1
([Length] / [Length]) / [Temperature].
Exposure
kg-1.s.A
Extinction coefficient
m-1
C.kg-1
[Charge] / [Mass]. Used for ionizing radiations.
In transmission of a radiation through space.
FIRST YEAR
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It’s Understanding, It’s Responsibility, It‘s Desire, It’s Reality, a Better shade, be share
11-Ch.1
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F:
Force
kg.m.s-2
N
[Mass]  [Acceleration].
Force, thermodynamic
kg.m.s-2.mol-1
N/mol
[Chemical potential] / [Distance].
Free energy
kg.m2.s-2
J
Also Helmholtz function. Like energy.
Free energy, molar
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Free energy] / [Quantity].
Also molar Helmholtz function.
Free energy, specific
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Free energy] / [Mass].
Also specific Helmholtz function.
Free enthalpy
kg.m2.s-2
J
Also Gibbs function. Like energy.
Free enthalpy, molar
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Free enthalpy] / [Quantity].
Also molar Gibbs function.
Free enthalpy, specific
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Free enthalpy] / [Mass].
Also specific Gibbs function.
Frequency of waves or events
s-1
Hz
Frequency drift rate
s-2
Hz.s-1
[Frequency] / [Time].
Friction coefficient
1
Dimensionless
[Tangential force] / [Normal force].
Fugacity
kg.m-1.s-2
Pa
Effective pressure in real gases.
g-factor of a particle
1
Dimensionless
[Magnetic moment] / ([Spin].[Bohr magneton])
Gradient, of electric field
kg.s-3.A-1
V.m-2
[ΔEl.field strength] / [Distance].
Gradient, of magnetic field
kg.m-1.s-2.A-1
T.m-1
[ΔMag.flux density] / [Distance].
Gradient, thermal
K.m-1
[ΔTemperature] / [Distance].
Same as temperature gradient.
Gravitational field intensity
m.s-2
[Force] / [Mass], [Acceleration].Same as gravity
Gravitational field potential
m2.s-2
[Energy] / [Mass].
Gravity
m.s-2
[Force] / [Mass], [Acceleration].
Same as grav. field intensity
Gyromagnetic ratio
kg-1.s.A
G:
Hz.T-1
[Mag.moment] / [Angular moment of motion].
H:
Half life
s
typically of a radioactive substance
Hamiltonian
kg.m2.s-2
J
[Force]  [Distance], [Power]  [Time]. Like energy.
Hardness
kg.m-1.s-2
N.m-2
[Force] / [Area]
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Heat
kg.m2.s-2
J
Like energy.
Heat, molar
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Heat] / [Quantity].
Heat, specific
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Heat] / [Mass].
Heat capacity
kg.m2.s-2.K-1
J.K-1
[Heat] / [ΔTemperature].
Heat capacity, molar
kg.m2.s-2.K-1.mol-1
J.K-1.mol-1
[Heat capacity] / [Quantity].
Heat capacity, specific
m2.s-2.K-1
J.K-1.kg-1
[Heat capacity] / [Mass].
Heat | Thermal conductivity
kg.m.s-3.K-1
W.m-1.K-1
[Heat flux] / ([Distance]  [ΔTemperature]).
Heat flux
kg.m2.s-3
J.s, W
[Heat] / [Time]. Like power.
Heat flux density
kg.s-3
W.m-2
[Heat flux] / [Area]. Same as irradiance.
Illuminance
cd.sr.m-2
lm.m-2, lx
[Luminous flux] / [Area].
Impedance, characteristic
kg.m2.s-3.A-2
V.A-1, Ω, ohm
√ ([Mag.Permeability] / [El.Permittivity]).
Impact resistance
kg.s-2
J.m-2
[Energy] / [Area]
Inductance
kg.m2.s-2.A-2
V.s.A-1, Wb.A-1, H
[Potential] / [dCurrent/dt], [Mag.flux] / [Current]
Induction, electric
m-2.s.A
C.m-2
[Charge] / [Area].
Same as electric flux density
Information
bit-1
bit
One bit is the elementary information quantum.
Information flux
bit.s-1
Baud
[Information] / [Time]. Also called baud rate.
Intensity of electric current
m-2.A
Internal energy
kg.m2.s-2
J
Like energy and heat.
Internal energy, molar
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Internal energy] / [Quantity]. Like molar heat.
Internal energy, specific
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Internal energy] / [Mass]. Like specific heat.
Ion mobility
kg-1.m-1.s2.A
m2.s-1.V-1
[Velocity] / [Electric field strength].
Ionic force (strength)
m-3.mol
Ionic quantum charge
1
Ionic strength (force)
m-3.mol
Irradiance
kg.s-3
W.m-2
[Heat flux] / [Area]. Same as heat flux density
kg-1.m.s2.K
K.Pa-1
[Temperature] / [Pressure].
I:
[Current] / [Area]. Same as current density.
Sum ([Concentration]  [Ionic quantum charge]2).
Dimensionless
[Ion charge] / [Elementary charge quantum]
Sum ([Concentration]  [Ionic quantum charge]2).
J:
Joule-Thomson coefficient
K:
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katal
[Quantity] / [Time].
Same as molar production rate.
Katalytic activity
mol.s-1
Kinematic viscosity
m2.s-1
[Dynamic viscosity] / [Density]
K-space vector
m-1
Same as reciprocal space position.
L:
[Force]  [Distance], [Power]  [Time]. Like energy.
Lagrangian
kg.m2.s-2
J
Length
m
m
Logarithmic ratio logb(A/A')
1
log in any base b
Applicable to any ratio of like quantities.
Logarithmic ratio ln(A/A')
1
Np
neper. Uses natural logarithm.
Logarithmic ratio Log(P/P')/10
1
dB
Decibel. Uses base-10 logarithm. Aplies only to power P.
Logarithmic ratio Log(X/X')/20
1
dB
Decibel. Aplies to voltages (X = V) and currents (X = I).
Logarithmic scale differential
1
Dimensionless
Luminance
cd.m-2
Luminosity
cd
cd
Same as luminous intensity.
Luminous flux
cd.sr
lm
[Luminosity]  [Solid angle]
Luminous intensity
cd
cd
Same as luminosity.
Magnetic dipole moment
m2.A
J.T-1
[Current]  [Area]. Like magnetic moment.
Magnetic field gradient
kg.m-1.s-2.A-1
T.m-1
[ΔMag.flux density] / [Distance].
Magnetic field strength
m-1.A
Magnetic flux
kg.m2.s-2.A-1
V.s, W.s.A-1, Wb
[Potential]  [Time], [Power] / [current / dt]
Magnetic flux density
kg.s-2.A-1
Wb.m-2, T
[Mag.flux] / [Area].
Also called magnetic induction.
Magnetic induction
kg.s-2.A-1
Wb.m-2, T
[Mag.flux] / [Area].
More properly magnetic flux density.
Magnetic intensity
m-1.A
Magnetic moment
m2.A
J.T-1
[Current]  [Area]
Magnetic permeability
kg.m.s-2.A-2
H.m-1
[Mag.flux density] / [Mag.field strength].
Magnetic permeability, relative
1
Dimensionless
[Permeability] / [Permeability of vacuum].
dQ / Q , d{ln(Q)}, for any quantity Q
Also relative differential.
[Luminosity] / [Area]
M:
[Current] / [Distance].
Also called magnetic intensity
[Current] / [Distance].
More properly magnetic field strength
FIRST YEAR
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Magnetic quadrupole moment
m3.A
m.J.T-1
[Mag.dipole]  [Distance]
Magnetic susceptibility
1
Dimensionless
[Relative permeability]-1.
Magnetization
m-1.A
Magnetogyric ratio
kg.s-1.A-1
Magnetomotive force (mmf)
A
Magnitude of a star
1
Dimensionless
Mass
kg
kg
Mass density
kg.m-3
Mass concentration
1
Dimensionless
[Mass of substance] / [Total mass].
Also concentration by weight.
Mass flow
kg.s-1
kg
[Mass] / [Time].
Same as mass production rate.
Mass production rate
kg.s-1
[Mass] / [Time]. Same as mass flow.
Mass, molar
kg.mol-1
[Mass]/[Quantity]
Modulus of compression
kg-1.m.s2
Pa-1
[Pressure] / ([ΔVolume] / [Volume]).
Same as compressibility.
Modulus of rigidity
kg.m.s-2
N, N.rad-1
[Force] / [ΔAngle]. Same as shear modulus.
Mobility, ionic
kg-1.m-1.s2.A
m2.s-1.V-1
[Velocity] / [Electric field strength].
Molality
kg-1.mol
mol/kg
Molar charge
s.A.mol-1
C.mol-1
Molar concentration
m-3.mol
Molar conductivity, electric
kg-1.m-3.s3.A2.mol-1
Molar density
m-3.mol
Molar energy
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Energy] / [Quantity].
Molar enthalpy
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Enthalpy] / [Quantity]. Like molar heat.
Molar entropy
kg.m2.s-2.K-1.mol-1
J.K-1.mol-1
[Entropy] / [Quantity].
Molar free energy
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Free energy] / [Quantity] Also molar Helmholtz
function.
Molar free enthalpy
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Free enthalpy] / [Quantity]. Also molar Gibbs
function.
[Mag.moment] / [Volume].
Like magnetic field strength.
T.Hz-1
[Angular moment of motion] / [Mag.moment].
[Current]  [Number fo turms]
M - m'= -100.4 (S/S'), where
S,S' are the luminous fluxes of two stars.
[Mass] / [Volume]. Same as specific density.
[Quantity] / [Mass]. A way to specify concentration of a
solution.
[Charge] / [Quantity]
[Quantity] / [Volume]. Same as concentration
S.m-1.mol-1
[El.conductivity] / [Concentration].
[Quantity] / [Volume]. Same as concentration.
FIRST YEAR
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15-Ch.1
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Molar heat
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Heat] / [Quantity].
Molar heat capacity
kg.m2.s-2.K-1.mol-1
J.K-1.mol-1
[Heat capacity] / [Quantity].
Molar internal energy
kg.m2.s-2.mol-1
J.mol-1
[Internal energy] / [Quantity]. Like molar heat.
Molar mass
kg.mol-1
Molar production rate
mol.s-1
Molar refractivity
m3.mol-1
[( r2- 1 ) / (r2 +2 )] / [Concentration],
where r is the refractive index.
Molar relaxivity
m3.s-1.mol-1
[Relaxation rate] / [Concentration].
Molar solubility
m-3.mol
[Quantity] / [Volume]. Same as concentration
Molar volume
m3.mol-1
[Volume] / [Quantity].
Molarity
m-3.mol
[Quantity] / [Volume].
Same as concentration or molar density
Molecular quantum charge
1
Dimensionless
[Charge of a molecule] / [ Elementary charge
quantum]
Moment of force
kg.m2.s-2
N.m
[Force] [Distance].
Moment of motion
kg.m.s-1
Mutual inductance
kg.m2.s-2.A-2
V.s.A-1, Wb.A-1, H
[Potential] / [dCurrent/dt], [Mag.flux] / [Current]
kg.s-2
J.m-2
[Energy ] / [Area]
kg.m-1.s-2
Pa
Peltier coefficient
kg.m2.s-3.A-1
W.A-1, V
[Heat flux] / [Current].
Permeability, magnetic
kg.m.s-2.A-2
H.m-1
[Mag.flux density] / [Mag.field strength].
Permittivity, electric
kg-1.m-3.s4.A2
F.m-1
[El.flux density] / [El.field strength].
Permittivity, relative
1
Dimensionless
[Permittivity] / [Permittivity of vacuum]. Dielectric
constant.
Phase angle
1
rad
φ in exp( i(ωt + φ ))
Phase drift rate
s-1
rad.s-1
[Phase angle] /[Time].
Pi coefficient, molar
kg.m-1.s-2.mol-1
J.m-3
[ΔInternalEnergy] / [ΔVolume].
Piezzoelectric coefficient
kg.m.s-3.A-1
V.m-1
[Electric field strength] / ([ΔLength] / [Length]).
[Mass] / [Quantity]
katal
[Quantity] / [Time]. Like katalytic activity.
[Mass] [Velocity], [Mass flow]  [Distance].
N:
Notch resistance
O:
Osmotic pressure
P:
FIRST YEAR
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Plane angle
1
rad
Polarization, electric
m-2.s.A
C.m-2
Position vector
m
Potential, electric
kg.m2.s-3.A-1
W.A-1, J.C-1, V
[Power] / [Current], [Energy] / [Charge]
Power
kg.m2.s-3
J.s-1, W
[Energy] / [Time]. Equivalent to energy flux.
Prandtl number
1
Dimensionless
[Kinematic viscosity] / [Thermal diffusivity].
Poynting vector
kg.s-3
W.m-2
[El.field strength] / [Mag.field strength].
Like irradiance.
Pressure
kg.m-1.s-2
N.m-2, Pa
[Force] / [Area].
Probability of an event
1
Probability density on ln-scale
1
Np-1
[Probability] / [Natural-logarithmic ratio]
Quadrupole moment, electric
m2.s.A
C.m2
[El.dipole]  [Distance]
Quadrupole moment, magnetic
m3.A
m.J.T-1
[Mag.dipole]  [Distance]
Quantity of substance
mol
mol
Quantum charge
1
Dimensionless
[Charge] / [Elementary charge quantum]
Quantum charge,
molecular or ionic
1
Dimensionless
[Molecule/ion charge] / [Charge quantum]
Quotient of dispersivity
m-1
[Charge]/ [Area]. Like electric flux density.
in all Euclidean n-dimensional spaces.
Real number lying in the interval [0,1].
Q:
[Refractive index] / [ΔWavelength]
R:
Radiance
kg.s-3.sr-1
W.m-2.sr-1
([Power] / [Area]) / [Solid angle].
Radiation dose
m2.s-2
J.kg-1, Gy
[Energy] / [Mass].
Radiation dose rate
m2.s-3
Gy.s-1
[Absorbed dose] / [Time].
Radioactivity
s-1
Bq
[Events] / [Time].
Radius of curvature
m
Ratio of like quantities
1
Reciprocal space position
m-1
Redox potential
kg.m2.s-3.A-1
V
Same as reduction potential.
Reduction potential
kg.m2.s-3.A-1
V
Same as redox potential.
Refractive index
1
Dimensionless
Light speeds ration (in a medium) / (in vacuum).
Refractivity, molar
m3.mol-1
of a line in plane/space or surface in space
Dimensionless
Same as k-space vector.
[( r2 - 1) / ( r2 + 2 )] / [Concentration]
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Refractivity, specific
m3.kg-1
[( r2 - 1) / ( r2 + 2)] / [Specific density],
Relative differential
1
Relative evolution rate
s-1
Relative permeability, magnetic
1
Dimensionless
[Permeability] / [Permeability of vacuum].
Relative permittivity, electric
1
Dimensionless
[Permittivity] / [Permittivity of vacuum]. Dielectric
constant.
Relative variation
1
Dimensionless
ΔQ/Q, for any quantity Q.
Relaxation rate
s-1
Relaxation time
s
Used in all branches of Science.
Relaxivity, molar
m3.s-1.mol-1
[Relaxation rate] / [Concentration].
Resistance, electric
kg.m2.s-3.A-2
V.A-1, Ω
[Potential] / [Current]
Resistance to impact
kg.s-2
J.m-2
[Energy] / [Area]. Same dimension as notch
resistance.
Resistivity, electric
kg.m3.s-3.A-2
Ω.m
([Resistance]  [Length]) / [Area].
Reynolds number
1
Dimensionless
[Velocity]  [length] / [ Kinematic viscosity]
Seeback coefficient
kg.m2.s-3.A-1.K-1
V.K-1
[Potential] / [Temperature.
Same as thermoelectric power.
Self-diffusion coefficient
m2.s-1
Shear modulus
kg.m.s-2
N, N.rad-1
Solid angle
1
sr
Solubility, molar
m-3.mol
Specific charge
kg-1.s.A
Specific density
kg.m-3
Specific energy
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Energy] / [Mass].
Specific enthalpy
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Enthalpy] / [Mass]. Like specific heat.
Specific entropy
m2.s-2.K-1
J.K-1.kg-1
[Entropy] / [Mass].
Specific free energy
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Free energy] / [Mass].
Also specific Helmholtz function.
Dimensionless
dQ / Q, d{ln(Q)}, for any quantity Q.
Also log-scale differential.
d{ln(Q)} / dt = (dQ / dt) / Q.
Also evolution rate on log-scale.
1/ [Relaxation time]. Used in all branches of Science.
S:
[Distance2] / [Time].
[Force] / [ΔAngle].
Same as modulus of rigidity.
[Quantity] / [Volume]. Same as concentration
C.kg-1
[Charge] / [Mass]. Charge/mass ratio.
[Mass] / [Volume]. Same as density of mass
FIRST YEAR
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Specific free enthalpy
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Free enthalpy] / [Mass].
Also specific Gibbs function.
Specific heat
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Heat] / [Mass].
Specific heat capacity
m2.s-2.K-1
J.K-1.kg-1
[Heat capacity] / [Mass].
Specific internal energy
m2.s-2
J.kg-1
[Internal energy] / [Mass]. Like specific heat.
Specific refractivity
m3.kg-1
[( r2 - 1 ) / ( r2 + 2 )] / [Specific density]
Specific volume
m3.kg-1
[Volume] / [Mass].
Speed
m.s-1
[Distance] / [Time]. Same as velocity.
Spin
1
Dimensionless
of a quantum particle
Star magnitude
1
Dimensionless
m - m' = -100.4 ( S / S' ), where
S,S' are luminous fluxes of two stars.
Surface density of charge
m-2.s.A
C.m-2
[Charge] / [Area]
Surface element
m2
Surface energy
kg.s-2
J/m2
[Energy] / [Area]. Same as surface tension.
Surface tension
kg.s-2
N/m
[Force] / [Length]. Same as surface energy.
Susceptibility, magnetic
1
Dimensionless
[Relative permeability]-1.
Stress
kg.m-1.s-2
Pa, N.m-2
[Force] / [Area]. Same as pressure.
Temperature
K
K
Temperature gradient
K.m-1
Tension
kg.m-1.s-2
Pa, N.m-2
[Force] / [Area]. Like pressure.
Thermal conductivity
kg.m.s-3.K-1
W.m-1.K-1
[Heat flux] / ([Distance]  [Temperature]).
Same as heat conductivity.
Thermal diffusivity
m2.s-1
([∂Temperatute] / [∂Time]) / [∇ 2Temperature].
Thermal expansion coefficient
K-1
([ΔLength] / [Length]) / [Temperature].
Thermal gradient
K.m-1
[ΔTemperature] / [Distance].
Same as temperature gradient.
Thermodynamic force
kg.m.s-2.mol-1
N/mol
[Chemical potential] / [Distance].
Thermoelectric power |
Thermopower
kg.m2.s-3.A-1.K-1
V.K-1
[Potential] / [ΔTemperature].
Same as Seeback coefficient.
Thomson coefficient
kg.m2.s-3.A-1.K-1
W.K-1.A-1
[Heat flux] / ([ΔTemperature]  [Current]).
[Distance]  [Distance]. Same as area
T:
[Temperature] / [Distance].
Same as thermal gradient.
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Time
s
s
Torque
kg.m2.s-2
N.m
[Force]  [Distance].
Same as moment of force.
van der Waals constant: a
kg.m5.s-2
Pa.m6
a in (p+ a / V2) ( V - b) = RT.
van der Waals constant: b
m3
b in ( p+ a / V2) ( V- b ) = RT.
van der Waals virial constant: A
kg-1.m5.s-2.mol-2
A in p =( n / V) RT+ ( n / V )2 (RTB – A ).
van der Waals virial constant: B
kg-1.m3.mol-1
B in p = ( n / V )RT + ( n / V)2 (RTB - A).
Variance of current noise nJ2
s.A2
A2/Hz
[Current]2 / [Bandwidth]
Variance of voltage noise nV2
kg2.m4.s-5.A-2
V2/Hz
[Voltage]2 / [ Bandwidth]
Vector potential,
electromagnetic
kg.m.s-2.A-1
V.s.m-1, T.m
[El.field strength] [ Time], [Mag.flux density] 
[Distance]
Velocity
m.s-1
Verdet constant
kg-1.m-1.s2.A1
rad.m-1.T-1
([Angle] / [Length]) / [Magnetic flux density]
Virial coefficient: second
kg.m5.s-2.mol-2
Pa.(mol.m-3)-2
A in p= (n / V) RT + A ( n / V)2 + B (n / V )3 +C(n / V)4.
Virial coefficient: third
kg.m8.s-2.mol-3
Pa.(mol.m-3)-3
B in p =( n / V) RT + a (n / V)2 + B (n / V)3 + C( n / V )4.
Virial coefficient: fourth
kg.m11.s-2.mol-4
Pa.(mol.m-3)-4
C in p =( n / V )RT + A( n/V)2+B(n / V)3 + C( n / V)4.
Viscosity, dynamic
kg.m-1.s-1
Pa.s
([Force] / [Area] ) / [ΔVelocity]
Viscosity, kinematic
m2.s-1
Voltage noise, variance nV2
kg2.m4.s-5.A-2
Volume
m3
Volume concentration
1
U:
V:
[Distance] / [Time]. Same as speed.
[Dynamic viscosity] / [Density]
V2/Hz
[Voltage]2 / [Bandwidth]
[Area]  [Distance]
Dimensionless
[Volume of substance] / [Total volume]
W:
Wavelength
m
[Wave velocity] / [Frequency].
Wavenumber
m-1
[Number of waves] / [Distance].
Work function
kg.m2.s-2
J, eV
[Energy] needed to remove an electron.
kg.m-1.s-2
N.m-2, Pa
[Stress]/[ΔLength] / [Length]).
X:
Y:
Young modulus
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Z:
CONSTANT VALUES
Speed of sound=331m/sec=1200km/h=1090 ft/sec
1 mile per hour (mph) =1.47 ft/sec=0.447 m/s
Mass of earth = 5.98x1024 kg
Mean radius of earth = 6.37x106 m = 3960 mil
Mean earth–sun distance=1.49x108 km=2.39x 105 mil
Mean earth–moon distance=3.8 x105km=2.39 x105 mil
Speed of light=3.00x108 m/sec=1.86 x105 miles /sec
Charge of electron and proton =1.6x10-19 coul
Mass of proton = 1.67x 10 –27 kg
Mass of electron = 9.11x 10 –31 kg
Electric current: 1 abampere = 10 amperes
Electric charge: 1 abcoulomb = 10 coulombs
Capacitance: 1 abfarad = 109 farads = 1 gigafarad
Inductance: 1 abhenry = 10-9 Henry = 1 annoyer
Resistance: 1 abhor = 10-9 ohm = 1 nano
Conductance: 1 abhor = 109 siemens
Magnetic flux density: 1 abets =10-4 tesla =1 gauss
Potential: 1 abbot = 10-8 volt = 10 Nan volts
Power: 1 abaft = 10-7 watt = 0.1 microwatt
Erg:
1 erg = 10-7 J
Dyne: 1 dyn = 10-5 N
Poise: 1 P = 1 dyn s/cm2 = 0.1 Pa s
Stokes: 1 St = 1 cm2/s = 10-4 m2/s
Gauss:
1 G = 10-4 T
Oersted: 1 Oe = (1000/(4 )) A/m
Maxwell: 1 Mx = 10-8 Wb
Stilb:
1 sb = 1 cd/cm2 = 104 cd/m2
Magnetic flux: 1 baneberry = 10-8 Weber = 1Maxwell
Atomic mass constant mu =1.660 538 73(13) ×10-27 kg
Avogadro constantL, NA = 6.022141 99(47)×1023 mol-1
Bohr magneton µB = 9.274 008 99(37) × 10-24 J T-1
Boltzmann constant k = 1.380 650 3(24) × 10-23 J K-1
Electron charge e = 1.602 176 462(63) × 10-19 C
Electron mass me = 9.109 381 88(72) × 10-31 kg
Faraday constant F = 9.648 534 15(39) × 104 C mol-1
Loschmidt's constant NL= 2.686 777 5(47)×1025 m-3
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Planck constant h = 6.626 068 76(52) × 10-34 J s
Proton mass mp =1.672 621 58(13) × 10-27 kg
Speed of light c = 2.997 924 58 × 108 m s-1
Neutron mass mn = 1.674 927 16(13) × 10-27 kg
Stefan-Boltzmann constant  = 5.670 400(40) × 10-8 W m-2 K-4
Newton's gravitational constant G= 6.673(10) × 10-11 N m2 kg-2
Permeability of vacuum µ0 =4×10-7NA-2=1.256637061×10-6 NA-2
Molar gas constant R= 8.314 472(15) J K-1 mol-1 Permittivity of vacuum 0 =8.854187 817× 10-12 F m-1
Molar volume = (ideal gas, 101.325 kPa) Vm 2.241 399 6(39) × 10-2 m3 mol-1
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