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11 From the Renaissance to the Puritan Age (1485-1660) 1\ The English Civil War and the Commonwealth Opposing There was a struggle for supremacy between two opposing factions, those who supported the king factions and those who supported Parliament. In 1642, a civil war was declared between these two factions the Royalists or Cavaliers, who supported the king, and the Roundheads, the parliamentary faction led by Cromwell. The latter took their names from the fact that they had their hair cut short because they considered long hair sinful. In fact, the parliamentary faction were Puritan in outlook, descendants of the Elizabethan reformists, and were supported by the new gentry along with small landowners and artisans. In January 1647, the defeated King Charles was imprisoned by Parliament. There was some disagreement within the parliamentary forces but the king was brought to London in August 16 17. Cromwell then took control of London and arrested over 100 members of Parliament loyal to the king. The members that remained formed the so-called Rump Parliament, who voted for Charles I's execution. On 30 January 1649, King Charles I was executed. Cromwell After a period of transition, monarchy was abolished and Cromwell established a sort of republic takeover known as the Commonwealth. However, this was actually little more than a dictatorship, and in 1653 Cromwell made himself Lord Protector, a position he held until his death in 1658. During Cromwell's rule, the Commonwealth tried to consolidate its commercial power. In 1651 he resumed the Navigation Acts, which imposed a limit on the introduction of goods into English ports by foreign ships. This led to a war with Holland (1652-54), in which the Dutch we're defeated. Scottish and Irish dissent was also ruthlessly suppressed during this period. The Puritans Puritanism was a movement that arose within the Church of England in the latter part of the 16th century. The Puritans wanted to carry the reformation of the Church beyond the point represented by the Elizabethan settlement (1559), which had been an attempt to find a compromise between Roman Catholicism and the ideas of the Protestant reformers. Puritanism was very influential in the first half of the 17th century, and from the Civil War until the Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 a Puritan government ruled England. After the Restoration Puritans were at first denied participation in the Church of England and refused rights of free religious 1651 1652-54 1653 1660 Navigation Acts. 284 War with Holland. Cromwell proclaims himself Lord Puritans Going to Church (1867), detail, by George Henry Boughtt,n. New York Historical Society, New Yak. Restoration of the monarchy with Protector of England. the succession of Charles C.