Download Some agricultural water used in Madera comes from behind dams in

State Test Earth Science Study Guide Part 2 Name___________
Some agricultural water used in Madera comes from behind dams in
manmade ________. Some of our water is pumped from ___________
aquifers. Much of this water comes from local mountains where it had
previously been stored as ______________ before melting and flowing down
the mountain to be stored underground.
Nitrogen is important to life because it is necessary to form amino _________
and proteins. Even though about ___ percent of Earth’s atmosphere is made
up of nitrogen, it is not in a form that can be used by plants or animals. In
order to be used by plants it must be __________. Some nitrogen is fixed by
lightning, but much more is fixed by _____________ in soil or in nodules on
plants called ____________.
The composition of most stars is 73% hydrogen, 25% helium, and 2% other
elements.
The spectra or light given off of stars indicates the ________ they are made
of. The color of a star depends on its temperature. Hot stars are ______, cool
stars are _______. The different colors of light are caused by different
__________ lengths of the electro-magnetic energy. Edwin Hubble found that
distant galaxies had a red _________ in color, indicating that they were
moving further away at faster and faster speeds. This was support for the
______ ________ theory of the origin of the universe. The brightness of a star
depends on its size and temperature. How bright a star appears on Earth
depends on how far the star is from Earth and how bright the star actually is.
The _________magnitude is its brightness as seen from Earth. (the closer to
Earth, the brighter it appears) The _________ magnitude is the brightness the
star would have if it were a standard distance from Earth.
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a graph used by astronomers. It shows a
relationship between surface temperature and brightness. Most stars (90%)
form a diagonal band called the main sequence stars. In the main sequence,
surface temperature increases as brightness increases. Our sun is an average
__________ _________star. Our Sun is about the same age as Earth or about
_____ billion years old. It is located near the outer edge of a spiral
__________, the Milky Way, which is about 100,000 ______ ________
across. The Sun is in about the __________ of its life cycle, so it can be
expected to be around for at least several ____________ more years. The
_________ wind is a stream of charged particles ejected from the upper
atmosphere of the sun. Earth’s magnetic field deflects these particles, which
can be seen as strange colored lights in the sky near the poles
called__________. The solar wind is also what causes a comet’s tail to
always point ________ from the Sun. Black Holes are the remnants of
massive stars where matter is so dense that it causes a ____________ pull so
strong that not even light can escape. Asteroids are small rocky bodies in orbit
around the sun. The asteroid belt where most of them are found is between
______ and Jupiter. ________ is the most massive of all the planets. The big
red spot on Jupiter is a huge _________. Saturn is characterized by its rings
which are made of _____ and rocks. If a meteoroid enters Earth’s atmosphere
and strikes the ground it is called a_____________. A ____________ is a
small body of ice, rock and cosmic dust loosely packed together that orbits the
Sun.
Earth has seasons because its axis is tilted as it orbits around the sun causing
unequal _________of the Earth’s surface. Day and Night are associated with
the ________ of the Earth around its axis. The side facing the sun is
experiencing day. A solar __________ occurs when the moon comes between
Earth and the sun, casting a shadow on earth. The phase of the moon during a
solar eclipse is always _________ moon. A total eclipse can be seen from
places on earth where the moon’s ________ or total shadow is cast. A
_________ eclipse occurs when Earth casts a shadow on the moon. The phase
of the moon during a lunar eclipse is always __________ moon. Because the
Earth, moon, and Sun are in a direct line during either kind of eclipse, Earth
experiences periods of extreme high and low tides called _________ tides.
This is because tides are caused by the _____________ pull of both the moon
and Sun. The gravitational pull of the Sun on the Earth is about ________ of
that of the moon because it is much further away.
Wind is caused by air moving from and area of high pressure to an area of
_______ pressure. Lines on a weather map indicating areas with the same
barometric air pressure are called ____________. When these lines are close
together, this is called a steep pressure ______________ and indicates
_________ winds. Lines on a weather map indicating areas of the same
temperature are called __________. When warm air masses converge with
cooler air masses at Earth’s surface, ____________ weather patterns develop.
A stratovolcano, also called a _________ volcano, is a tall, cone shaped
volcano composed of many layers of hardened lava, pyroclastic material , and
volcanic ash. These kinds volcanoes are characterized by a steep shape and
very __________ eruptions. The ________ that flows from them is viscous,
and cools and hardens before spreading very far. Ancient volcanoes put the
gas _________ into the atmosphere. This caused global warming at that time
and also led to an increase in oxygen in the atmosphere through the process of
____________ by early bacteria.
Earth’s atmosphere is divided into layers based upon their _______________
gradient. For example temperature ____________ with elevation in the
troposphere, then increases with elevation in the _________________. This
increase in temperature in the stratosphere is caused by the absorption of
_______________________ energy by the ozone layer. Temperature
decreases with elevation again in the ___________________, and increases
again in thermosphere.
The thermohaline circulation is the global density-driven circulation of ocean
_________. These are also called density currents. Water at the poles becomes
denser because colder water is denser and because as water freezes, the
_________ it contains is left behind in the liquid water making that water
even denser. This more dense water ___________ and moves slowly towards
the _____________. These slow moving currents are also called the global
______________ belt. This conveyor belt helps to distribute heat _______ to
various parts of the Earth.
Deserts are usually found in places where air masses that have lost their
moisture and are sinking back towards the surface. This happens at about 30
and 60 degrees north and south latitudes and on the leeward (opposite side as
where the prevailing winds come from) sides of large __________ ranges.
When two tectonic plates move towards each other they are called
__________ plates. If one of these plates is oceanic crust and the other
continental crust, the oceanic plate ___________ beneath the continental
plate. A deep ocean _____________ forms at the point of subduction. The
plate melts as it subducts and the molten magma rises forming ___________
mountains on the overriding continental plate. When two tectonic plates move
apart, they are called _________________ plates. Molten magma rises
between the diverging plates, cools, hardens and forms new ___________.
The further the rocks in the oceanic crust are from the mid-ocean _________
that forms at the divergent plate boundary, the ___________ the age of the
rocks. This is further evidence of plate tectonics.
Part 2 Answers
4.6
78
absolute
acids
apparent
aurora
away
bacteria
big bang
billion
blue
CO2
comet
composite
convergent
conveyor
crust
currents
decreases
divergent
eclipse
elements
energy
equator
explosive
fixed
full
galaxy
gradient
gravitational
gravitational
half
heating
ice
isobars
isotherms
Jupiter
lakes
lava
legumes
light years
low
lunar
main sequence
Mars
mesosphere
meteorite
middle
mountain
new
older
photosynthesis
red
ridge
rotation
salt
shift
sinks
snow
solar
spring
storm
stormy
stratosphere
strong
subducts
temperature
trench
ultraviolet
umbra
underground
volcanic
wave