Download photosynthesis and cellular respiration

BIOLOGY B REVIEW FOR TRIMESTER EXAM
2014
Name: __________________________
Hour: _____ Date: _______________
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. Draw a picture that shows the structure of DNA. Label the following: nitrogen base, deoxyribose sugar, phosphate.
2. What is a nucleotide? Draw a box around one complete nucleotide in the diagram that you drew for #1 and label it “nucleotide”.
3. What do we call the double spiral that makes up the shape of DNA?
4. Where is DNA found in eukaryotic cells?
5. What occurs during DNA replication?
6. What are the base-pairing rules for DNA? If one chain of a DNA molecule is AAGGCCTTAGATG, what is the correct order for
the bases of the second DNA chain?
7. What are the base-pairing rules for RNA?
8. DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids, but their structures are different. Explain the difference between the sugars, types of bases,
and number of nucleotide strands in DNA and RNA. You can make a chart if that is helpful to you.
9. Name the three types of RNA.
10. Protein synthesis happens in 2 main stages. Name these 2 stages, state where they occur, and explain what happens during each of
them.
11. If one chain of a DNA molecule is GCATAATTGGCCCGA, what is the correct order for the bases of the mRNA that would be
transcribed from this DNA template? (Also be able to use a mRNA codon chart to figure out the sequence of amino acids in the
protein made from this mRNA.)
BIOTECHNOLOGY
1. What is the process of making changes in the DNA code of a living organism called?
2. What is recombinant DNA?
3. What is a transgenic organism?
4. A bacterial cell can be genetically modified so that it contains a human gene. What is it advantageous to use transgenic bacteria to
produce human proteins?
5. What was sequenced during the Human Genome Project?
CELL REPRODUCTION (MITOSIS & MEIOSIS) + GENETIC MISTAKES
1. Briefly describe what happens during each of the following phases of the cell cycle for a normal human body cell: interphase, mitosis,
cytokinesis. Which phase does the cell spend most of its time in?
2. List the stages of mitosis in order.
3. How does the division of a plant cell differ from the division of an animal cell? (Hint: think about these features  centrioles,
cleavage furrow, cell plate).
4. How many chromosomes are found in a normal human body cell (somatic cell)? A human sex cell (gamete)?
5. How does a haploid cell differ from a diploid cell?
6. Explain how mitosis differs from meiosis in terms of the following: (You can make a chart if that is helpful!)
a) type of cell formed (body cell or gamete? haploid or diploid?)
b) number of chromosomes in parent cell vs. number of chromosomes in one of the daughter cells produced (same or halved?)
c) number of daughter cells formed when one cell divides
d) genetic material in parent cell vs. genetic material in daughter cell (same or different?)
7. What is a mutation?
8. What is cancer?
9. What is a tumor?
10. How does a normal human karyotype differ from an abnormal human karyotype?
11. What combination of sex chromosomes do females have? Males?
GENETICS
1. Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.
2. Explain the difference between homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous genotypes.
3. Where does an organism inherit its genes from?
4. Gregor Mendel’s experiments resulted in 3 laws. Write the name for each law stated below.
a) A pair of alleles is separated during the formation of gametes.
b) When a dominant allele is paired with a recessive allele, the dominant allele covers up the recessive allele.
c) The inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of another.
5. Identify the type of inheritance that results in each the of the following:
a) Crossing a red-flowered plant with a white-flowered plant results in an offspring with pink flowers
b) Crossing a black chicken with a white chicken produces offspring that are speckled with both black and white feathers
c) There are many variations in human skin color, eye color, hair color, and height
GENETICS (CONTINUED)
6. Are most sex-linked disorders located on the X chromosome or the Y chromosome? Which gender is more likely to have a sexlinked disorder? Explain why.
7. List the possible genotypes that could result in each of the following blood phenotypes:
a) Type A (hint: 2 possibilities!)
b) Type B (hint: 2 possibilities!)
c) Type AB
d) Type O
To prepare for the genetics questions you should also be able to interpret a pedigree and answer questions about
monohybrid and dihybrid crosses involving simple dominance by using Punnett squares.
EVOLUTION
1. What did Darwin learn from reading the works of Hutton and Lyell?
2. What was the name of Darwin’s famous book?
3. Explain Darwin’s theory of natural selection (survival of the fittest).
4. Answer the following about the different species of finches that Darwin observed on the Galapagos Islands:
a) The different species of finches had many similar physical characteristics. What does this imply about these birds’ ancestry?
b) Beak shape was one of the differences that Darwin noticed among the finches. What resource is believed to have caused the
finches to develop beaks with different shapes?
c) Darwin’s finches are a good example of the process of adaptive radiation. What happens during adaptive radiation?
5. What must happen to the gene pools of 2 populations in order for them to form a new species?
6. The fossil record is one piece of evidence scientists use to support evolution. Answer the following about the fossil record:
a) What does the fossil record indicate happened to most of the organisms that once lived on the Earth?
b) In the Earth’s rocks layers, do the fossils occur randomly or in a particular order?
c) According to the fossil record, were the original ancestors of modern organisms unicellular or multicellular?
7. What type of modern day organisms were the first organisms on Earth most likely similar to?
8. What is coevolution? Give an example of 2 organisms that have coevolved.
9. Explain how geographic isolation, temporal isolation, and behavioral isolation differ,
CLASSIFICATION
1. List the 7 levels of classification in order from the largest (most organisms) to the smallest (least organisms).
2. Describe how to correctly write a scientific name using binomial nomenclature.
3. In a scientific name, which word is the species name? Which word is the genus name?
4. List the 5 kingdoms of the 5-kingdom classification system. Which kingdom(s) contain prokaryotes? Which kingdom(s) contain
eukaryotes?
5. In the 6-kingdom classification system, which kingdom do “true bacteria” belong to? Which kingdom do unicellular organisms that
live in extreme environments belong to?
6. The 3-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between the 2 groups of what type of organism?
VIRUSES AND BACTERIA
1. How do bacteria reproduce?
2. What substances are used to treat bacterial diseases?
3. Not all bacteria are harmful. Describe some ways that bacteria can be helpful.
4. Describe the basic structure of a virus.
5. How do viruses reproduce?
6. What substances are used to prevent viral diseases?
7. What are antibodies?
8. How is HIV spread? Which type of white blood cell does HIV destroy? Why are vaccines against HIV difficult to design?
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS
1. Identify the major structures that make up each of the following body systems: Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Nervous,
Excretory, Integumentary, Immune, Endocrine, Reproductive (Pages 892-893 in your book have a summary if you need help!)
2. Identify the system being described:
a) contains white blood cells, which help defend the body against disease (your defense system!)
b) coordinates response to changes in internal and external environments
c) brings materials to such as oxygen and nutrients to cells, fights infection, and helps regulate body temperature
d) provides a physical barrier against infection and injury
e) contains glands which control growth, metabolism, and reproduction
f) provides the oxygen needed for cellular respiration and removes excess carbon dioxide from the body
g) eliminates wastes from the body in order the maintain homeostasis
h) conversts foods into simpler molecules that can be used by the cells of the body
i) allows for the production of offspring and includes the testes (males) and ovaries (females)
FINAL EXAM ESSAYS – BIOLOGY “B” 2014
You are to respond with as much accurate information and detail as possible. Points will be awarded based upon how
thorough/detailed and “on-target” you are. Underline all important vocabulary you use in your response.
The point value of these essays is approximately 10% of your exam grade. Get to work!
1. The flow of information in a cell can be explained as follows --
DNA
codes
>>>>>>
for
RNA
codes
>>>>>>
for
PROTEINS
which
>>>>>>
create
YOUR PHYSICAL
TRAITS
A) Describe the specific places in a cell where this “de-coding” and building happen.
B) Explain WHAT a gene is and where you can find them in a cell.
C) Explain why some people have BROWN hair and some people have RED hair.
D) Explain how a gene MUTATION could lead to a person’s INABILITY to digest dairy products
[their cells do not make the proper digestive enzyme].
2. Consider Darwin’s Galapagos Island finches. They show evolution of species by natural selection.
A) Explain the process of speciation that could have led to all of these birds coming from one common
ancestor.
B) Why do we see the finches that are living on the islands today?
C) What conditions are necessary for one species to divide into more than one species over time?
D) Describe at least TWO separate types of evidence used by scientists today to “prove” the
evolution of organisms.
BIOLOGY B – EXAM ESSAYS
ANSWER SHEET
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