Download Imperialism Imperialism - the domination by one country of the

Imperialism
 Imperialism - the domination by one country of the political,
economic, or cultural life of another country or region
 19th century - neocolonialism
 Why
1. economic interests
2. political and military interests
3. humanitarian and religious goals
4. Social Darwinism
 ethnocentrism - regarding one’s own race or cultural
group as superior to others
 reasons for European success
 Europe : strong government & economy, powerful military,
superior technology, medical knowledge
 older civilizations in decline
 forms of imperial control
 colonies - possessions that required heavy military support
 direct rule - (France) officials administered
 indirect rule - (England) governor and council of advisors
supervised local rulers who were used as agents to govern
 protectorates - local rulers left in place, but policies were
directed by imperial power - (Japan with Korea)
 sphere of influence - (U.S. in Latin America) outside power
claimed exclusive trading and investment privileges
Partition of Africa
 late 1800s: scramble for Africa
 Britain & France got big chunks - Belgium, Germany Italy,
Portugal & Spain got smaller pieces
 Berlin Conference - 1884 - international conference to divide up
Africa without bloodshed - no Africans were invited
 borders drawn up with little regard for ethnic boundaries
 within 20 years the entire continent was partitioned
 goal to maintain the balance of power
 African resistance was widespread - only Ethiopia succeeded
 Boer War: 1899-1902: British v. Boers
 Union of South Africa: 1910
 1900s: African leaders led nationalist movements for independence
Yanqui Imperialism in Latin America
 Monroe Doctrine - 1823
 U.S. declaration against European intervention in the Americas
 gave the U.S. license to interfere in Latin America
 Mexican War: 1846-1848
 Causes
 dispute over the Texan border
 Mexico refused to sell territory of New Mexico and
California - U.S. provoked war
 Outcome: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1848
 Mexico lost 1/3 of its territory
 Spanish-American War - 1898 aka War of Cuban Independence
 U.S. got Puerto Rico, Philippines, Guam
 Cuban Constitution of 1900 - Platt Amendment
 U.S. got the right to intervene in Cuba
 Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - 1904
 U.S. could exercise “international police power” in L.A.
 Panama Canal - 1903
 U.S. sent warships to oversee Panama’s independence from
Colombia
 began in 1904 - completed in 1914
 Nationalist feeling in Latin America is expressed as antiAmericanism.
British Take Over India
 British East India Company
 1600s - obtained trading rights on fringe of Mughal Empire
 1800s - controlled 3/5 of India
 cultural diversity of India & British military strength enabled
takeover
 British westernized India : education, legal procedures, promoted
Christianity, tried to end the caste system, outlawed sati
 Sepoy Rebellion
 incitement
 Sepoys (Indian troops) were made to serve overseas religious offense
 new laws allowed widows to remarry - Christian
conspiracy to undermine Hinduism
 cow and pig fat used to grease cartridges - had to bite off
tips before loading
 action
 sepoys rose up against British officers
 many regiments marched to Delhi - old Mughal capital
 issued documents calling on Hindus and Muslims to
resist
 massacre on both sides - left legacy of fear, hatred, and
mistrust
 1858 - Parliament ended rule of EIC and placed India under the
British crown
 India was the “brightest jewel” in the British crown
 British built infrastructure of roads, railroads, telegraph &
postal service to better manage mercantilist policies
 Indians forced to grow cash crops - cotton & jute - not food
 Indian National Congress
 1885 - organized by nationalist leaders - became Congress Party
 professional and business leaders who believed in peaceful
protest to achieve greater democracy
 Muslim League
 1906 - Muslims resented Hindu domination of Congress Party
 wanted to form a separate state
 1947 – independence
European Challenges to the Muslim World
Ferment in the Muslim World
 Three Muslim Empires – Mughals in India, Ottomans in the
ME, and Safavids in Iran – were in decline and corruption was
widespread.
 Islamic Reform Movements (1700s – 1800s)
 stressed piety and behavioral obedience
 Wahhabi movement rejected the schools of theology and
law and tried to bring back Muhammad’s original
teachings
 still influential in Saudi Arabia
 In Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad (who called himself the
Mahdi – or long-awaited savior of the faith) resisted
British expansion.
 still influential in Sudan
 Through diplomacy and military threat, European powers won
treaties that provided favorable trading and began interfering in
local affairs or taking over an entire region.
Challenges to the Ottoman Empire
 Nationalism in Western Europe inspired revolts in the Ottoman
Empire.
o Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, and Egyptians
gained independence.
 Revolts in Arabia, Lebanon, and Armenia were suppressed.
 European nations attempted to take advantage of the dying
Ottoman Empire, and Britain and France succeeded in
extending their influence.
Efforts at Reform
 In the late 1700s, Ottoman rulers saw the need for reforms and
looked to the West for inspiration.
o Successes
 reorganized bureaucracy and tax collection
 built railroads and improved their education system
 European officers trained their military.
 Young men were sent to Europe to study science
and technology.
 Better medical care and revitalized farming
brought a population explosion.
o Failures
 The larger population increased pressure on the
land, which caused social unrest.
 Western ideas about government increased tension.
o Repressive sultans tried to stop reform and bring back
the autocratic power enjoyed by earlier rulers.
 Young Turks
o liberal movement formed in the 1890s
o overthrew the sultan in 1908
o beginning of WWI halted further reforms
 Armenian Genocide
o Turkish nationalism got ugly in the 1890s when
minorities wanted their own states.
o Muslim Turks didn’t trust Christian Armenians, who they
thought were supporting the Russians.
o The sultan ordered the slaughter of tens of thousands.
o Over the next 25 years, a million more Armenians were
killed.
Egypt Seeks to Modernize
 Muhammad Ali was the Albanian Muslim governor.
o As a soldier, he tried to drive Napoleon out of Egypt in
1799.
o Later, he conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan.
o He improved tax collection, reorganized the landholding
system, promoted irrigation projects to increase farm
production, expanded cotton production, encouraged
industry, brought in western military experts, and made
Egypt a major Middle Eastern power before his death in
1849.
 Suez Canal
o In 1859, Frenchman Ferdinand de Lesseps organized a
company to build a 100-mile waterway linking the
Mediterranean and Red seas.
o It was completed in 1869.
o In 1875, the ruler of Egypt could not repay the loans for
the canal and was forced to sell his shares, which were
bought by the Britain.
o In 1882, after a nationalist revolt, Britain made Egypt a
protectorate.
o Under the British, modernization continued, but
discontent grew marked by protests and riots.
Iran and the Western Powers
 The Qajar (kah-JAHR) shahs, who ruled from 1794-1925, were
autocrats like the Safavids before them, but they introduced
reforms.
 Russia and Britain competed for influence.
o Russia – who wanted to protect its southern frontier and
expand into Central Asia – gained influence in the north.
o Britain – who wanted to protect its interests in India –
gained influence in the south.
o Oil was discovered in the early 1900s; Russia sent troops
and by 1914 had a dominant position.
 Iranian nationalists were outraged at foreign interference.
o Urban middle class nationalists wanted to adopt western
ways.
o Muslim religious leaders – who represented the rural poor
– condemned the government and western influences.
China
Ming Dynasty
 1368 - pushed the Mongols back beyond the Great Wall
 restored Confucianism and civil service
 economic revival: improved farming techniques, repaired canals,
improved printing techniques, great vases
 voyages of Zheng He: 1405-1433: Southeast Asia, India, Red Sea,
Persian Gulf
 policy of isolation
 1514 - Portuguese traders arrived - followed by Dutch, English, and
other Europeans
 limited to port of Macao - near Canton
 strict limits on trade
1644 - Manchus from northeast set up Qing (CHIHNG) Dynasty
 barred intermarriage with Chinese
 no foot-binding
 continued to restrict foreign trade
 sold tea, silk, and porcelain for gold and silver
 favorable balance of trade
 West suffered from a trade deficit - buying more than they sold
 late 1870s - China was in a period of decline: poorly maintained
canals and irrigation systems led to massive flooding of Huang He
River and rich farmland - population explosion a century earlier
led to economic hardship for peasants - governmental corruption,
bribery scandals in the civil service, tax evasion by the rich
 Industrial Revolution in the West created the need for expanded
markets and they had the military power needed to expand
Opium War
 since the late 1700s - British merchants had been trading Opium
from India for Chinese tea
 Chinese addiction meant a lot of silver was flowing out of China
and disrupting the economy
 China executed drug dealers and politely asked Britain to stop the
drug flow - they refused
 1839 - Chinese warships blocked a major opium shipment, Britain
retaliated with all their military might - gunboats bombarded
Chinese coastal and river ports
Treaty of Nanjing - 1842
 first in the series of unequal treaties that forced China to give up
rights to western powers
 treaties with France and the U.S. soon followed
 Britain got a huge indemnity - payment for losses in the war
 Britain got island of Hong Kong
 China had to open five ports to foreign trade
 British citizens living in China received extraterritoriality - right to
live under their own laws and be tried in their own courts
 Britain received “most favored nation” status - it would
automatically receive the same rights granted to any other nation
 mid-1800s - more ports were opened - Christian missionaries
allowed to preach and convert
Taiping Rebellion: 1850-1864
 most devastating peasant revolt in Chinese history up to that point
 Hong Xiuquan (howng shyoo CHWAHN) - schoolteacher who
failed the civil service exams four times was inspired by religious
visions and became a revolutionary prophet.
 He wanted to establish a “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace”
(Taiping)
 He was influenced by the teachings of Christian missionaries, but
disappointed when westerners refused to aid his cause.
 He supported radical social ideas: land reform, community
ownership of property, equality of men and women, strict morality,
and an end to the Qing dynasty.
 Rebels won control of large parts of China, held out for 14 years,
and almost toppled the Qing dynasty.
 between 20 - 30 million died
 lower Yangzi basin - center of the revolt - was largely destroyed
 weakened Qing govt. had to share power with regional
commanders
Reform Efforts
 some officials wanted to adopt western ideas and technology
 conservative imperial court led by Empress Ci Xi (tsee SHYEE)
opposed change
 1860s - “self-strengthening movement” launched by reformers
o imported western technology; set up factories to make
modern weapons; developed shipyards, railroads, mining,
and light industry; translated western works of science,
govt., and economy - little govt. support
War with Japan - 1894 - over influence in Korea
 lost Korea and Taiwan to Japan
 Britain, France, Germany, and Russia moved in to carve out
spheres of influence in China
 U.S. didn’t get involved - but feared it would be cut out from trade
 1899 - “open door policy” instituted - everyone could trade on an
equal basis - China was not consulted
 conservatives were blamed for defeat by Japan and humiliation by
Europeans
o accused of being “soundly asleep atop a pile of kindling”
o argued that Confucius was a reformer
o China could not look back on their golden ages of the past but must modernize as Japan had done
Hundred Days of Reform - 1898
 new laws to modernize civil service exams, streamline govt., and
encourage new industries
 reforms affecting schools, military, and bureaucracy
 conservatives at court reasserted control - reformers fled for their
lives
Boxer Uprising
 1899 - secret society - Righteous Harmonious Fists - formed
 westerners who watched them train in the martial arts called them
Boxers
 goal to drive out the “foreign devils” who were polluting China
with western religion and technology
 1900 - attacked foreign communities across China
 crushed by a multinational force
 China forced to make more concessions to Europeans
 however, even conservatives realized they had to modernize
Reforms Begin
 schools stressed math and science over Confucianism, girls
admitted to schools
 expanded shipping, railroads, banking,
 increased exports: silk, tobacco, soybeans
 small-scale industry also developed
 business class emerged
 urban working class demanded rights
 nationalism spread
 early 1900s - constitutional monarchy instituted - calls for a
republic
Sun Yixian (soon yee SHYAHN) aka Sun Yat-sen - organized the
Revolutionary Alliance
 goal to rebuild China on the “Three Principles of the People”
1. nationalism - free China from foreign domination
2. democracy - representative govt.
3. livelihood - economic security for all Chinese
 1908 - Ci Xi died - two-year-old boy inherited the throne - chaos
 1911 - uprisings by peasants, workers, students, local warlords,
and court politicians toppled dynasty and ended the 2,000-yearold monarchy
 Sun Yixian became president of the new Chinese Republic
 next 37 years - China was constantly involved in civil warfare or
fighting off foreign invasion
Japan
 Tokugawa Shogunate - period of isolation 1638-1853 - only allowed
the Dutch to trade through Nagasaki
 1800s - government corruption led to discontent
 Urban merchants had more money and lived better than
daimyo and samurai, but had no political power.
 Daimyo had to maintain house in Edo and their landed estate very costly.
 Samurai became noble bureaucrats, but were unhappy because
they were no longer fighters.
 Peasants were heavily taxed.
 News of the Opium War was upsetting.
 July 1853 - Commodore Matthew Perry arrived with letter from
President Franklin Pierce that made three demands:
1. grant U.S. the right to trade with Japan
2. guarantee the safety of American sailors shipwrecked in
Japanese waters
3. allow American ships to get food, water, and fuel at Japanese
ports
 Perry left Japan, but promised to return the following year.
 Japan realized they were in a weak position. Rather than face defeat
in a potentially costly and deadly war, they signed the Treaty of
Kanagawa in 1854.
 The shogun agreed to open two ports to American ships.
 The U.S. soon won extraterritoriality and most favored nation
status.
 Britain, France, and Russia won similar rights.
 1867 - revolt unseated shogun and “restored” the emperor to power
 He moved from Kyoto (the old imperial capital) to Edo, which
was renamed Tokyo (eastern capital).
 Meiji (MAY jee) Restoration: 1868-1912
 “enlightened rule” of emperor
 goal – to strengthen Japan against the West
 “a rich country, a strong military”
 After 1871 - Japanese went abroad to study government, economics,
technology, and customs.
 1889 - remodeled government after Germany
 emperor had autocratic power
 limited suffrage
 limited power of Diet
 lower house - elected
 upper house - appointed by emperor
 western-style bureaucracy
 military with western technology
 ended special privileges of samurai
 all men subject to military service
 major economic advancements
 govt. built factories and sold to wealthy families
 zaibatsu (ZI baht soo) – powerful banking and industrial
families
 1890s - silk manufacturing, shipyards, copper and coal mining,
steelmaking
 peasants flocked to the cities to work
 women had a low position in society
 homogeneous society - common culture and language
 1890s - Western powers were forced to revise unequal treaties
 Imperialism - East Asia
 1894 - war with China took Korea and Taiwan
 1904 - Russo-Japanese War - got Korea and parts of Manchuria
 1910 - annexed Korea - ruled for 35 years
 repressive - tried to erase Korean culture and language
 March 1, 1919 - nonviolent protest was crushed - many
Koreans were massacred
 March First Movement - rallying point for Korean
nationalists.
Southeast Asia
 two parts: peninsula and 20,000 islands
 early influence from India
 Hinduism, Theraveda Buddhism (life devoted to spiritual work
- monks and nuns), Islam
 Vietnam also influenced by China - especially during Tang Dynasty
(618-907)
 Confucianism, civil service, Daoism and Mahayana Buddhism
(easy for all to follow, worshipped Buddha)
 women had status - occasionally were rulers, matrilineal descent,
some choice in marriage and divorce
 located in the sea lanes between India and China
 1600s - Dutch controlled the spice trade
 tin and rubber resources
 1890s - Imperialism
 Britain = Burma (Myanmar) and Malay Peninsula
 France = Indochina: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia
 Siam (Thailand) - 1851-1868: worked to modernize and avoided
becoming a colony
 instituted social, political, and economic reforms
 Britain and France accepted as a buffer zone - each had a
sphere of influence there
Impact of Imperialism
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money economy replaced barter system
heavy taxes imposed on colonial subjects
disrupted family life and traditions
created cycle of dependency
perpetuated mercantilist policies
modernization – banking systems, communication, transportation
westernization – language, dress, customs, missionaries built schools
and hospitals = improvements in literacy, vaccinations, hygiene
 West also affected = new foods, Eastern philosophy, artistic styles