Download 1) Describe the content of the subinguinal hiatus (space between

1) Describe the content of the subinguinal hiatus (space between the inguinal ligament and the pelvic
rim)
Psoas major, iliacus, pectineus muscles, femoral nerve, artery and vein, lymphatics, lateral cutaneous
nerve of thigh
2) Describe the borders and content of the femoral triangle
Borders: Base formed by inguinal ligament, medial border is medial margin of adductor longus, lateral
margin formed by medial margin of the sartorius, roof formed by fascia latae
Content: (lateral to medial) femoral nerve, femoral artery, femoral vein, lymphatic vessels
3) Describe the walls and content of the adductor canal (pg 546 Gray’s Textbook for picture)
-Fascial canal that extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus, in the adductor
magnus, to open into the popliteal fossa behind the knee. The femoral artery and vein pass inferiorly
through the adductor canal and become the popliteal vessels behind the knee, where they meet and are
distributed with branches of the sciatic nerve, which descends through the posterior thigh from the
gluteal region.
Borders:
Anteriorly and Laterally – vastus medialis
Posteriorly – adductor longus and adductor magnus
Roof and Medially – sartorius and vastoadductor membrane
Content: Femoral artery, vein, and nerve
4) Describe the adductor hiatus
Opening at the bottom of the adductor canal, which by this point has emerged posteriorly through an
aperture in the lower end of the adductor magnus, which opens into the popliteal fossa behind the
knee. Is above the medial epicondyle of the femur.
5) Describe the borders and contents of the popliteal fossa
Borders: Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius, plantaris
Content: Popliteal artery, popliteal vein, and the tibial and common fibular nerves (posterior cutaneous
nerve of thigh and small saphenous vein in roof of fossa)
6) Describe the pathogenesis of the Baker’s cyst and the prepatellar bursitis
Baker’s Cyst: Cyst of synovial fluid between the tendons of the medial head of the gastrocnemius and
the semimembranosus muscles. Is posterior to the medial femoral condyle.
Prepatellar bursitis: Inflammation of the prepatellar bursa, which is just anterior of the patella
7) Describe the pathogenesis of the foot drop
Foot drop is caused by damage to the common fibular nerve (specifically the deep fibular nerve) and
affects the muscles in the anterior portion of the lower leg. While walking, people suffering the
condition drag their toes along the ground (inability to dorsiflex); inability to plantar flex would lead to
‘foot slap’
8) Describe the unhappy triad and the Pott fracture
Unhappy triad:
Anatomy involved: Anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus
Patient Presentation: Pain, unstable knee joint
Mechanism of injury: Forceful trauma to the lateral aspect of the knee (frequently in football)
Pott’s fracture: Caused by a combined abduction external rotation from an eversion force. This action
pulls on the extremely strong medial (deltoid) ligament, often tearing off the medial malleolus. Example
of this would be the foot everting in a football tackle (lateral force pushing the fibula towards the tibia)
9) Describe the cutaneous innervation of the lower limb
10) Describe the borders of the femoral canal and the symptoms of the femoral hernia
Femoral canal is the medial compartment of the femoral sheath and is a weak area of the wall.
Borders: Anteriorly by the inguinal ligament
Posteriorly by the pectineal ligament
Medially by the lacunar ligament
Laterally by the femoral vein
Femoral hernia: A hernia is caused by the protrusion of a visceral organ through a weakness in the
containing wall. Symptoms include a painful bulge next to the pubic area (at the femoral canal)
11) Describe the pes anserinus
Is the common tendonous insertion of …
12) Describe the course of the saphenous nerve and the descending genicular artery
Saphenous nerve - branches from femoral nerve and innervates skin on medial side. Travels with the
femoral artery through the adductor canal, penetrates directly through the connective tissue to appear
between the sartorius and gracilis on the medial side of the knee. It penetrates deep fascia and
continues to the foot.
Descending genicular artery – contributes to the anastomosis of…
13) Describe the venous circulation of the lower limb
Is superficial to the fascia latae.
14) Describe the anatomy of the lesser and greater sciatic foramina
Greater- border: greater sciatic notch, upper borders of sacrospinus and sacrotuberous ligaments, and
lateral borders of the sacrum.
Contents: superior gluteal artery/vein/nerve, sciatic nerve, inferior gluteal artery/vein/nerve, internal
pudendal artery and vein, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, nerve to obturator internus, quadrates
femoris' and gemellus superior and inferior.
Lesser-Obturator internus tendon, pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels
15) Describe the ligaments supporting the plantar arch
Ligaments that support the arches include the plantar calcaneonavicular (spring ligament), plantar
calcaneocuboid (short plantar ligament), long plantar ligaments, and plantar aponeurosis
16) Describe the arterial supply of the femoral head and the possible fracture sites
Medial femoral circumflex artery and lateral femoral circumflex artery form an arterial ring around the
neck of the femur (if medial femoral circumflex artery blood flow ceases, the head and neck of the
femur bone will die).
Smaller inputs from superior and inferior gluteal arteries and the artery of the ligamentum teres.
Fractures occur mostly in the neck of the femur. These are intracapsular and disrupt the cervical vessels
of the subsynovial intra-articular ring the head will usually necrose so a full hip replacement is needed.
Intertrochanter fractures do not disrupt blood supply