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NAME:
LECTURE EXAM 1
BIOL 425 Mammalogy
Oct. 13, 2010
Section I. Matching (2 points each, 20 pts total).
Match the terms on the left (by
writing the corresponding letter or number on the lines provided) with the short definitions or
descriptions on the right.
1.__E___
Intraspecific variation
A
2.__G___
Logistic curve
B
3.__A__
Rapoport’s rule
C
4.__F__
Generalist
D
5.__J___
Systematics
E
6.__H___
Sexual selection
F
7.__B__
Allen’s rule
G
8.__C__
Phylogenetics
H
9.__D___
Fundamental niche
I
10.__I___ Guild
J
Species ranges in mammals tends to
increase from the equator to the poles
Animals in colder climates have shorter
appendages than their relatives in
warmer climates
The field of biology that deals with the
relationships between organisms,
including the discovery of these
relationships and the study of causes
(e.g., evolution) behind these patterns.
All the potential resources that a species
can use in its environment
Morphological, physiological, behavioral,
and spatial differences within a species.
A mammal which responds relatively
well to fragmentation an often occupies
edge habitat
Represents population change over time
in a density dependent system
A process that produces anatomical and
behavioral traits that affect an
individuals ability to acquire mates.
More than one species occupying the
same trophic level and exploiting a
common resource
The field of biology that deals with the
diversity of living organisms, usually
divided into the two subdisciplines of
taxonomy and phylogenetics.
Section II. True or False (2 points each, 20 pts total)
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NAME:
1. T
or
F
A unique characteristic of modern mammals is a 4-chambered heart
with a functional right aortic arch.
2. T
or
F
Synapsids evolved from amniotes.
3. T
or
F
Percent body fat of wild reindeer in Svalbard commonly exceeds 10%
in the fall. This is unique in reindeer.
4. T
or
F
All teeth of modern mammals grow from the premaxilla, maxilla, and
dentary bone.
5. T
or
F
Invasive rats arriving to the Aleutians via shipping vessel is an
example of active dispersal of the species.
6. T
or
F
Despite upcoming lactation costs, female caribou may space out
before giving birth into areas without forage.
7. T
or
F
Male mammals typically contribute more in precocial mating systems.
8. T
or
F
“r” selected species usually have smaller body size, rapid
development, and low mortality rates compared to “K” selected
species.
9. T
or
F
Fat reserves of caribou and moose bulls in Alaska peak in October and
slowly deplete through the winter.
10. T or F
Over time, wild caribou from North America were eventually
domesticated and renamed reindeer.
Section III. Multiple Choice (2 points each, 20 pts total)
1. Which of the following is a unique characteristic that only occurs in modern mammals?
a. Muscular diaphragm
b. Give birth to live young
c. Endothermy
d. Sprawling gait
2. Of the Therapsids, which group did mammals eventually evolve from?
a. Caseidae
b. Dicynodontia
c. Reptiles
d. Cynodonts
3. Mammal teeth and dentition are one of the most important diagnostic features of living
mammals because for all the following reasons except:
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NAME:
a.
b.
c.
b.
reflect trophic level
reflect specialization
they fossilize
exhibit little variation compared to the skeletal system
4. Which of the following faunal regions has the most endemic Families of mammals?
a. Neotropical
b. Australian
c. Nearctic
d. Palearctic
5. A zebra folding its ears back is an example of a discrete or graded signal? (circle one)
6. The most common mating system in mammals is?
a. Polyandry
b. Polygyny
c. Monogamy
d. Promiscuity
7. Which is not a type of interspecific relationship among mammals?
a. Competition
b. Predation
c. Symbiotic
d. Mutualism
8. In landscape ecology, which is not considered a basic component of the land mosaic.
a. connectivity
b. patch
c. matrix
d. corridor
9. Radioactive carbon C14 decays to?
a. C12
b. N14
c. C13
d. N13
10. Most survivorship curve is uncommon in mammals?
a. Type I
b. Type III
c. Type I and III
d. Type II
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NAME:
Section IV. Fill in the blank (2 points each, 20 pts total)
1. Class Mammalia is of the phylum __CHORDATA_________________.
2. The 1st mammals arrived during the _MESOZOIC_______ era.
3. Early Mammals could be defined by the articulation between the ___SQUAMOSAL____ and
__DENTARY_________________ bones.
4. The faunal region without endemic families is the _PALEARCTIC___.
5. When looking at the cross sections of the tooth, you would expect the crown of the
molars to be proportionally larger and more complex in a __HERBIVORE, GRINDER,
GRAZER, ETC..__(feeding type) compared to a _CARNIVOR, OMNIVORE_(feeding type).
6. Character displacement is more likely to occur in __SYMPATRIC___ species than in
allopatric species.
7. Name 2 large mammal species that were present in Alaska in the Pleistocene epoch but
are now extinct worldwide? ___ WOOLLY MAMMOTH, MASTODON, HELMETED MUSKOX,
GIANT GROUND SLOTH, SABER-TOOTHED CAT, SHORT-FACED BEARS ARE GOOD
ANSWERS; STEPPE LIONS AND STEPPE BISON ARE QUESTIONABLE: HAD THESE
ALREADY SPECIATED FROM THE ANCESTORS OF PRESENT-DAY LIONS AND BISON?_____
8. An example of sound communication in mammals that doesn’t employ the vocal cords
would be _ANTLER RAKE, TAIL SLAP, BREACHING, FOOT DRUMMING___________.
9. All, or almost all of the large caribou herds in North America migrate from wintering
areas in the _____BOREAL FOREST OR TIAGA_________(biome type) to breeding areas in the
___ARCTIC TUNDRA______________ (biome type).
10. __ INFRASONCIC___ sound may be used by whales, whereas bats may use
___ULTRASONIC______ sound.
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Section V. Short Answer (4 points each, 20 pts total)
“just a few sentences each please”
1. Please describe physiological and anatomical changes that helped Mammals utilize
oxygen more efficiently and move better.
OXYGEN – ENUCLEATED RED BLOOD CELLS
MUSCULAR DIAPHRAGM
FORMATION OF SECONDARY PALATE
MOVEMENT – DIFFERENTIATED VERTEBRAE
MODIFIED PECTORAL AND PELVIC GIRDLE
MORE ERECT POSTURE
DOUBLE OCCIPITAL CONDYLE
CHANGES IN RIB STRUCTURE
2. Please explain the effects of fragmentation on a generalist and a specialist mammal
species. Provide an example of each. It may be useful to incorporate any of the following
terms and concepts into your answer: habitat patch size, home range size, landscape
connectivity, edge species, umbrella species, and interior species.
3. Please explain the predator-prey relationship between muskox and grizzly bear in
ANWR. Also, provide an argument for and against liberalized harvest of grizzlies to boost
muskox numbers. It may be helpful to incorporate any of the following terms into your
answer: predator pit, carrying capacity, extirpation, climate change, density dependence,
surplus killing, adaptation.
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NAME:
Continued… Section V. Short Answer (4 points each, 20 pts total)
4. At the end of the Pleistocene, there were widespread mammal extinctions. Why?
5. Briefly discuss 2 ways that caribou cows can enhance the chances of survival of their
calves and how one way might work better at low densities and the other way may work
better at high?
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