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Overview: Review Guide
Ty Kaufman P. 3
Conflict and War
The Beaver Wars:1640¡¯s-1680¡¯s: The Iroquois extend their authority as middlemen in the
Dutch and English trade system by attacking neighbors as far west as Illinois.
King Philip¡¯s War: 1675-1676: The Indian People of southern New England and the
Puritan colonies fight for control of land.
Bacon¡¯s Rebellion: 1675-1676: Backcountry settlers attack Indians, and colonial authorities
try to suppress these attacks.
Wars in the South:1670¡¯ s-1720¡¯s: British colonists in the Carolinas incite Creeks,
Cherokees, and other Indian tribes to attack and enslave the mission Indians of Spanish Florida.
The Glorious Revolution in America: 1689: Colonists in Massachusetts, New York, and
Maryland rise up against the colonial governments of King James II.
King William¡¯s War: 1689-1697: The first of a series of colonial struggles between
England and France; these conflicts occur principally on the frontiers of northern New England
and New York.
The Colonial Wars
King William¡¯s War
Queen Anne¡¯s War:1702-1713: England fights France and Spain in the Caribbean and on
the northern frontier of New France. Part of the European conflict known as the War of the
Spanish Succession.
War of Jenkin¡¯s Ear: 1739-1743: Great Britain versus Spain in the Caribbean and
Georgia. Part of the European conflict known as the War of Austrian Succession.
King George¡¯s War:1744-1748: Great Britain and France fight in Acadia (NE coast, off
Canada) and Nova Scotia; the second American round of the War of Austrian Succession.
French and Indian War:1754-1763: Last of the great colonial wars pitting Great Britain
against France and Spain. Known in Europe as the Seven Years¡¯ War.
Eleven Britain Measures that led to Revolution
Sugar Act: 1764: Placed prohibitive duty on imported sugar; provided for greater regulation of
American shipping to suppress smuggling.
Stamp Act: 1765: Required the purchase of specifically embossed paper for newspapers, legal
documents, licenses, insurance policies, ships¡¯ papers, and playing cards; struck at printers,
lawyers, tavern owners, and other influential colonists. Repealed in 1766.
Declaratory Act: 1766: Asserted the authority of Parliament to make laws binding the
colonies ¡°in all cases whatsoever¡±.
Townshend Revenue Acts: Placed import duties, collectible before goods entered colonial
markets, on many commodities including lead, glass, paper, and tea. Repealed in 1770.
Tea Act: 1773: Gave the British East India Company a monopoly on all tea imports to
America, hitting at American merchants
Coercive/Intolerable Acts: 1774: All of the following make up the intolerable acts.
 Boston Port Bill: Closed Boston Harbor, in response to Boston Tea Party (1773)
 Massachusetts Government Act: Annulled the Massachusetts colonial charter.
 Administration of Justice Act: Protected British officials from colonial courts by
sending them home if arrested.
 Quartering Act: Legalized the housing of British Troops in private homes
 Quebec Act: Created a highly centralized government for Canada.
First American Party System
Federalist Party: Organized by figures in the Washington administration who were in favor
of a strong federal government, friendship with the British, and opposition to the French
Revolution; its power base was among merchants, property owners, and urban workers tied to
the commercial economy. A minority party after 1800, it was regionally strong only in New
England.
Democratic Republican Party: Arose as the opposition to the Federalists; its adherents
were in favor of limiting Federal power; they were sympathetic to the French Revolution, and
hostile to Great Britain; the party drew strength from Southern planters and Northern farmers.
The majority party after 1800.
Second American Party System
Democrats: First organized to elect Andrew Jackson to the presidency in 1828. The
Democratic Party spoke for Jeffersonian democracy, expansion, and the freedom of the
¡°common man¡± from interference from government or from financial monopolies like the
Bank of the United States. It found its power from the rural South and West and among some
northern urban workers. The Democratic Party was the majority party from 1828 to 1860
Whigs: Organized in opposition to Andrew Jackson in the early 1830¡¯s. Heir to Federalism,
the Whig Party favored a strong role for the national government in the economy (for example, it
promoted Henry Clay¡¯s American System) and supported active social reform. Its power base
lay in the North and Old Northwest among voters who benefited from increased
commercialization and among some southern planters and urban merchants. The Whigs won the
elections of 1840 an 1848.
Expansion causes the first splits in the Second American Party
System
1844:Whigs reject President John Tyler¡¯s move to annex Texas, and expel him from the
Whig Party. Southern Democrats choose expansionist James K. Polk as their presidential
candidate, passing over Martin Ban Buren, who is against expansion.
1846: The Wilmot Proviso, proposing to ban slavery in the territories that might be gained in
the Mexican-American War, splits both parties: southern Whigs and Democrats oppose the
measure; northern Whigs and Democrats support it.
1848: The new Free-Soil Party runs northern Democrat Martin Ban Buren for president,
gaining 10 percent of the vote from abolitionists, antislavery Whigs, and some northern
Democrats. This strong showing by a third party causes Democrat Lewis Cass to lose the
electoral votes of New York and Pennsylvania, allowing the Whig Zachary Taylor to win.
The Great Sectional Compromises
Missouri Compromise: 1820:
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Missouri to Union as a slave state
Maine to Union as a free state
Prohibits slavery in rest of Louisiana purchase north of 36¡ã30¡ä, meaning entire territory
of Louisiana purchase, exclusive of Louisiana, which had been admitted to the Union in
1812.
Compromise of 1850: 1850:
 California to Union as free state
 Settles the borders of Texas (a slave state)
 Sets no conditions concerning slavery for the rest of the territory acquired from Mexico
 Slave Trade ends in district of Colombia
 Creates Fugitive Slave Laws
 Covers: Mexican Territory before end of Mexican-American War and the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): Part of Texas, California, Utah territory (now Utah, Nevada,
and part of Colorado), and New Mexico Territory (New Mexico and Arizona). These
territories would decide slavery through popular sovereignty.
Political Parties Split and Realign
Whig Party: Ran its last presidential candidate in 1852. The candidate, General Winfield
Scott, alienated many southern Whigs, and the party was so split it couldn¡¯t field a candidate in
1856.
Democratic Party: Remained a national party through 1856, but Buchanan¡¯s actions as
president made southern domination of the party so clear that many northern Democrats were
alienated. Stephen Douglas, running as a northern Democrat in 1860, won 29 percent of the
popular vote; John Breckinridge, running as a southern Democrat, won 18 percent.
Liberty Party: Antislavery Party; ran James G. Birney for president in 1844. He won 62,000
votes, largely from northern antislavery Whigs.
Free-Soil Party: Ran Martin Van Buren, former Democratic president, in 1848. Gained 10
percent of the popular vote, largely from Whigs but also from some northern Democrats.
American (Know-Nothing) Party: Nativist party made striking gains in 1854
congressional elections, attracting both northern and southern Whigs. In 1856, its presidential
candidate, Millard Fillmore, won 21 percent of the popular vote.
Republican Party: Founded in 1854. Attracted many northern Whigs and northern
Democrats. Presidential candidate John C. Fremont won 33 percent of the popular vote in 1856;
in 1860, Abraham Lincoln won 40 percent and was elected in a four-way race.
The Irrepressible Conflict: Slavery
Declaration of Independence:1776: Thomas Jefferson¡¯s denunciation of slavery deleted
from the final version.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787: Slavery Prohibited in the Northwest Territory (North of
the Ohio River)
Constitution: 1787: Slavery unmentioned but acknowledged in the 3/5 compromise and when
Congress prohibits the outlawing of the international slave trade for twenty years.
Louisiana Purchase: 1803:Louisiana admitted as a slave state in 1812; no decision about the
rest of the Louisiana Purchase.
Missouri Compromise: 1820: Missouri admitted as a slave state, no slavery above
36¡ã30¡ä.
Wilmot Proviso: 1846: Proposal to prohibit slavery in territory that might be gained in
Mexican-American War causes splits in national parties.
Compromise of 1850: Mexican Cession will be decided by popular sovereignty, Texas a
slave state, stronger fugitive slave laws.
Kansas-Nebraska Act: 1854: At the urging of Stephen A. Douglas, Congress opens Kansas
and Nebraska Territories for settlement under popular sovereignty. Open warfare between
proslavery and antislavery factions breaks out in Kansas.
Lecompton Constitution: 1857: President James Buchanan¡¯s decision to admit Kansas to
the Union with a proslavery constitution is defeated in congress
Dred Scott Decision: 1857: The Supreme Court under Roger B. Taney denies Dred Scott his
freedom and upholds the stance that slaves are property. This is widely accepted in the South
and condemned in the North.
John Brown¡¯s Raid and Execution:1859: Northern support for John Brown shocks the
South
Democratic Party nominating conventions: 1860: The Democrats are unable to agree
on a candidate; two candidates one northern (Stephen A. Douglas) and one southern (John C.
Breckinridge), split the party and the vote, thus allowing Republican Abraham Lincoln to win.
Reconstruction Amendments to the Constitution, 1865-1870
13th Amendment: Ratified December 1865: Prohibits slavery in the United States.
14th Amendment: Ratified July 1868 (After Congress made it a requirement for readmission
of Ex-Confederate States to the Union:
 Conferred national citizenship on all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
 Reduced state representation in Congress proport ionally for any state disfranchising
male citizens
 Denied former Confederates the right to hold state or national office.
 Repudiated Confederate debt
th
15 Amendment: Ratified March 1870 (Required for readmission of Virginia, Texas,
Mississippi, and Georgia) Prohibited denial of suffrage because of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude
Major Indian Treaties and Legislation of the Late Nineteenth
Century
Nez Perc¨¦ Treaty: 1863: Signed illegally on behalf of the entire tribe, in which the Nez
Perc¨¦ abandoned 6 million acres of land in return for a small tribe reservation in northeastern
Oregon. Led to Nez Perc¨¦ wars, which ended in 1877 with the surrender of Chief Joseph.
Medicine Lodge Treaty:1867: Assigned reservations in existing Indian Territory to
Comanches, Plains, Apaches, Kiowas, Cheyennes, and Arapahoes, bringing these tribes together
with Sioux, Shoshones, Bannocks, and Navajos.
Treaty of Fort Laramie:1868: Successfully ended Red Cloud¡¯s war by evacuating federal
troops from Sioux territory along the Bozeman Trail; additionally granted Sioux ownership of
the western half of South Dakota and rights to use Powder River in Wyoming and Montana.
End to Treaty System in 1871
Dawes Severalty Act:1887: Divided communal tribal land, granting the right to petition for
citizenship to those Indians who accepted the individual land allotment of 160 acres.
Successfully undermined their sovereignty.
Currents of Progressivism
Local Communities:
 Jane Addams and Lillian Wald- Improving health, education, welfare in urban
immigrant neighborhoods.
 Florence Kelley- Child labor, eight-hour day
 Frederic C. Howe- Celebrating immigrant cultures
 Samuel Jones- Reforming urban politics, municipal ownership/regulation of utilities
State:
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Robert M. Lafollete- Limiting the power of railroads, other corporations (would run for
president as head of the progressive party in 1924)
Hiram Johnson- Improving civil service
Al Smith- Promoted direct democracy and applying academic scholarship to human
needs
National:
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James K. Vardaman- Disfranchisement of African AMericans
Hoke Smith- ¡°Trustbusting¡±
Theodore Roosevelt- Conservation and Western development
Woodrow Wilson- National regulation of corporate and financial excesses, as well as
reform of national banking
Intellectual/Cultural:
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Jacob Riis, Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Upton Sinclair, and S.S. McClureMuckracking various topics (Meatpacking, labor, coal mines, children, racism, mentally
challenged treatment
John Dewey- Education reform
Louis Brandeis- Sociological jurisprudence
Edwin A. Ross- Empowering ¡°ethical elite¡±
Key Legislation of the First New Deal (Hundred Days) March-June
1933
Emergency Banking Relief Act: Enlarged federal authority over private banks, gave
government loans to private banks, ended the bank crisis
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC):Unemployment relief and the conservation of
natural resources
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA):Direct federal money for relief,
funneled through state and local governments (One federal dollar for every three state dollars put
towards relief)
Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA):Federal farm aid based on parity
pricing and subsidy
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA):Economic development through conservation and
cheap electricity for Tennessee Valley
National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA):Self-regulating industrial codes to revive
economic activity
Public Works Administration (PWA):Federal public works projects to increase
employment and consumer spending
Key Legislation of the Second New Deal (1935-1938)
Emergency Relief Appropriation Act:1935: Large-scale public works program for the
jobless. Includes the Works Project Administration (WPA) and then in turn the Federal Arts,
Theater, and Music Projects (FAP, FTP, and FMP)
Social Security Act:1935: Federal old-age pensions and unemployment insurance
National Labor Relations Act (NLRA):1935: Federal guarantee of right to organize
trade unions and collective bargaining
Resettlement Administration:1935: Relocation of poor rural families (away from Dust
Bowl) as well as promoting reforestation and soil erosion projects
National Housing Act:1937: Federal funding for public housing and slum clearance
Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA):1938: Federal minimum wage and maximum hours
Major Cold War Policies
Truman Doctrine: 1947: Pledged the United States to the containment of communism in
Europe and elsewhere. The doctrine was the foundation of Truman¡¯s foreign policy. It
impelled the United States to support any nation whose stability was threatened by communism
or the Soviet Union.
Federal Employees Loyalty and Security Program:1947: Established by Executive
Order 9835, this barred Communists and fascists from federal employment and outlined
procedures for investigating current and prospective federal employees.
Marshall Plan:1947: U.S. program to aid war-torn Europe, also known as the European
Recovery Program. The Marshall Plan was a cornerstone in the U.S. use of economic policy to
contain communism.
National Security Act:1947: Established Department of Defense (to coordinate the three
armed service), the National Security Council (to advise the president on security issues), and the
Central Intelligence Agency (to gather and evaluate intelligence data).
Smith-Mundt Act:1948: Launched an overseas campaign of anti-Communist propaganda.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO):1948: A military alliance of twelve
nations formed to deter possible aggression of Soviet Union against Western Europe.
NSC-68:1950: National Security Council Paper calling for an expanded and aggressive U.S.
defense policy, including greater military spending and higher taxes.
Internal Security Act (Also known as the McCarran Act and Subversive
Activities Control Act):1950: Legislation providing for the registration of all Communist
and totalitarian groups and authorizing the arrest of suspect persons during a national emergency.
Psychological Strategy Board created:1951: Created to coordinate anti-Communist
propaganda campaigns.
Immigration and Nationality Act (Also known as McCarran Walter
Immigration Act):1952: Reaffirmed the national origins quota system but tightened
immigration controls, barring homosexuals and people considered subversive from entering the
United States.
Landmark Civil Rights Legislation, Supreme Court Decisions, and
Executive Orders
Missouri v, ex.rel.Gaines: 1939: Required University of Missouri Law School either to
admit African Americans or build another fully equal law school.
Executive Order 8802 (By FDR):1941: Banned racial discrimination in defense industry
and government offices; established Fair Employment Practices Committee to investigate
violations.
Morgan v. Virginia:1946: Ruled that segregation on interstate buses violated federal law and
created an ¡°undue burden¡± on interstate commerce.
Executive order 9981 (By Truman):1948: Desegregated the U.S. armed forces
McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents:1950: Ruled that forcing an African American
student to sit, eat, and study in segregated facilities was unconstitutional because it inevitably
created a ¡°badge of inferiority¡±.
Sweatt v. Painter: 1950: Ruled that an inferior law school created by the University of Texas
to serve African Americans violated their right to equal protection and ordered Herman Sweatt to
be admitted to University of Texas Law School
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka I:1954: Declared, ¡°separate educational
facilities are inherently unequal¡± this overturning Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and the ¡°separate
but equal¡± doctrine as it applied to public schools.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka II:1955: Ordered school desegregation to begin
with ¡°all deliberate speed,¡± but offered no timetable.
Civil Rights Act of 1957: 1957: Created Civil Rights Division within the Justice
Department
Civil Rights Act of 1964:1964: Prohibited discrimination in employment and most places of
public accommodation on basis of race, color, religion, sec, or national origin outlawed bias in
federally assisted programs; created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
Voting Rights Act:1965: Authorized federal supervision of voter registration in states and
counties where fewer than half of voting age residents were registered; outlawed literacy and
other discriminatory tests in voter registration.
Protest Movement of the 1960¡¯s
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS): 1962: Organization of college students that
became the largest national organization of left-wing white students. Calling for ¡°Participatory
Democracy,¡± SDS involved students in community-based campaigns against poverty and for
citizens¡¯ control of neighborhoods. SDS played a prominent role in the campaign to end the
war in Vietnam.
Free Speech Movement: 1964: Formed at the University of California Berkeley to protest
the banning of on-campus political fund-raising. Decried the bureaucratic character of the
¡°multiuniversity¡± and advocated an expansion of student rights.
Anti-Vietnam War Movement: 1965: Advocated grass-roots operation to U.S. involvement
in Southeast Asia. By 1970 a national mobilization committee organized a demonstration of a
half-million protesters in Washington D.C.
La Raza: 1965: A movement of Chicano youtg to advance the cultural and political selfdetermination of Mexican Americans. La Raza included the Brown Berets, which addressed
community issues and regional civil rights groups such as the Crusade for Social Justice, formed
in 1965.
Black Power: 1966: Militant movement that emerged from the civil rights campaigns to
advocate independent institutions for African Americans and pride in black culture and African
heritage. The idea of Black Power, a term coined by Stokely Carmichael, inspired the formation
of the paramilitary Black Panthers.
American Indian Movement (AIM): 1968: Organization formed to advance the selfdetermination of Indian peoples and challenge the authority of the Bureau of Indian Affairs. Its
most effective tactic was occupation. In February 1973, AIM insurgents protesting land and
treaty violations occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota, the location of an 1890 massacre, until
the FBI and BIA agents drove them out
Women¡¯s Liberation: 1968: Movement of mainly young women that took shape following
a protest at the Miss America Beauty pageant, Impatient with the legislative reforms promoted
by the National Organization for Women, founded in 1966, activists developed their own agenda
shaped by the slogan ¡°The Personal Is Political.¡± Activists included the formation of
¡°¡±consciousness-raising¡± groups and the establishment of women¡¯s studies programs.
Asian American Political Alliance (AAPA): 1968: Formed at the University of
California Berkeley, the AAPA was one of the first pan-Asian political organizations to struggle
against racial oppression. The AAPA encouraged Asian Americans to claim their own cultural
identity and to protest the war against Asian peoples in Vietnam.
Gay Liberation: 1969: Movement to protest discrimination against homosexuals and lesbians
that emerged after the Stonewall Riots in New York City. Unlike earlier organizations such as
the Mattachine Society, which focused on civil rights. Gay Liberationists sought to radically
change American society and government, which they believed were corrupt.