Download Queen Victoria

IS Final Study Guide
Compilation of:
Kons, Kyle’s, Athena’s, Jason’s, and 3 other “unknowns” work
Update: Apparently Dasha also contributed.
PS: Whoever spelled because “cuz”, I hope you get an ass-full of something long and
sharp.
Queen Victoria
•In 1876, by an act of parliament, she became Empress of India and ruler over the Indian
princes’ states as well as British India. During her reign as Empress the following
changes underwent in India
•1858—parliament ended East India Company, sent viceroy to represent her
• Encouraged English women to go to India, because she didn’t like Bebes. The Bebes
went against Protestantism. She wanted to “civilize” India.
• Route to India made faster by Thomas Waghorn, making it easier for women to go into
India. (Across Egypt, down Red Sea. Wanted to use steam ships. Camels,
carriages.)
• Establish separate enclaves for Europeans, enclosed, no contact w/ Indians. Bebes
pushed into shadows. Off-duty men went back to family. Racial separation was a
factor in Sepoy Mutiny
• After Indian rebellion (Kanpur Massacre--1857), she proclaimed National Day of
Humiliation, so that people would humble themselves before God, and asked to be
pardoned for atrocities committed against Indians. It was considered barbaric,
stooping down to Indian’s level.
•India for first time in history was largely unified. (with Pax Britannica, or British Peace,
as this was known).
•Improvements in
-Railroad system
-national postal and telegraph network had been established
-a canal system to help irrigate the land
-public health measures against diseases such as cholera, smallpox and others.
-a “famine relief system” which aided millions of starving people when harvests were
poor.
•New schools built by British. (including universities)
•The ideal of equality before the law, regardless of religion, race or social status, was
introduced to India (although the Brits themselves didn’t practice it)
•Certain practices were ended (such as suttee and female infanticide).
Mahatma Gandhi
• Went to S. Africa, succeeded in furthering rights of small Indian minority
• Was killed by member of a militant extremist Hindu organization at a prayer meeting
because angry at his tolerant attitude toward Muslims
• Began a fast to death in effort to end Hindu-Muslim rioting
• Amritsar Massacre—(1919) killed people in walled compound, British attacked Indians,
Gandhi decided to go against British as a result
•Salt March—(1930) march to beach to make salt, protest British salt tax
•Indian nationalist leader who left his country to freedom through a nonviolent
revolution.
•Born of a Hindu family in the state of Gujarat on the western coast of India.
•Sent to England to continue his studies, graduated with a law degree and returned to
India.
•When he became leader, he urged a program of non-cooperation and civil
disobedience, but without deliberate force.
•Gandhi contributed the following to Indian nationalism:
- he introduced highly successful methods of nonviolent non-cooperation and civil
disobedience.
- changed the principles of the nationalist movement from a small western-educated
group to a mass movement supported by millions.
- by encouraging non-violence, he also introduced concepts of social justice and
equality.
•Gandhi embarked on a countrywide tour calling upon the people to boycott English
goods, schools, and courts, after the Amritsar Massacre in 1919.
•Salt March was a result of Gandhi’s boycott on English goods (in this case salt)
•Born to Hindu family in sate of Gujarat in 1869
•Father & grandfather had been prime ministers in small states, his family belonged to the
merchant caste
•Mother taught him ahimsa, nonviolence to living things
•Married at 13 at 18 sent to England to study
•Went to South Africa as lawyer to fight for India rights, stayed until 1913
•Mass resistance called styagraha, “Soul force”
•Return bad deeds with good deeds
•Contributed to Indian nationalism; nonviolent non-cooperation, & civil disobedience,
changed the base of the movement for independence from a small Western-educated
group to a mass movement. The concepts of social justice & equality
Sepoy Mutiny
•Began at the Army post of Meerut, 30 miles from Delhi in may 1857
•Sepoys killed every European possible; news of the uprising spread quickly and so did
the mutiny. Sepoys in Kanpur and Lucknow mutinied
•The immediate cause was new gun cartridges that had been greased with animal fat.
Cows are sacred to the Hindus and touching the cartridges greased with beef fat was a
sacrilege. Also the requirement that soldiers serve outside of India, when overseas
travel was considered wrong by the upper castes, as well as new telegraph & railroads
•Supporters included North India (dispossessed princes and their unemployed former
soldiers) & those worried about foreign ideas and the outlawing of Indian customs
•Did not spread to the south, Sikhs in North didn’t participate
•After a year of brutal British suppression it was over i.e.: Entire population of Delhi was
driven from the city, many killed as brutally as when the revolt was started, many
without a trial
•Rumors of forced conversions to Christianity
•Received support from many in northern India – dispossessed princes, their unemployed
former soldiers,
•A year after Lord Dalhousie (1848-56) had returned to England this all began
Suleiman the Magnificent
•Military Commander, skillful administrator, patron of the arts
•Ruled from 1520 to 1566, given title of The Lawgiver because he organized Ottoman
Laws
•Acted as both sultan (political ruler) and caliph (religious ruler), he had absolute
authority
•Got support from personal advisors, bureaucracy, the Ulema (religious advisors), and a
highly trained army
•A grand vizier (prime minister) headed bureaucracy & enforced Suleimans decisions
•Ulema made decisions on Islamic law; army conquered and controlled new territory
•Had janissaries who are converted Christian boys that were underwent rigorous training
and were a loyal fighting force
•Ruled from 1520-1566
•Allowed non-Muslims to practice their faith and have the religious groups to run affairs
in their own millets which were communities and chose their own leaders to present
their views to the gov’t.
•Conquered Belgrad 1521 by using gunpowder and dynamite
•Organized Istanbul, united Ottoman Empire
•Tried to invade Vienna in 1529, failed because of bad weather & cannons sinking in
mud
•Conquered much of Hungary after Battle of Mohacs (1526)
•Sons and wife died
•Died at age 67 on battlefield in his tent
The Black Death
•Went to S. Africa, succeeded in furthering rights of small Indian minority
• Bubonic plague, caused by fleas on the rats
• Killed 1/3 of entire European population
• Originated in India, spread to Mongols then to Europe
• Demographics—killed off young able-bodied workers. Many old or young survived.
• Short-term effects: shock, disrupt economy, higher demand for certain jobs, people
deserted towns and cities, anti-Semitism (blamed on Jews), need for grave-diggers
and clergy
• Long-term effects: factor substitution (made labor worth more than land), technology
improved, specialized work, population decrease, class fluidity, lower class people
demanded more money for work, general inflation, serfdom disappeared (destroyed
feudal system), end of Middle Ages, middle class grew, higher living standards, more
jobs available, more meat available because domesticated animals didn’t die, tried to
make laws on clothes to preserve classes (similar to sumptuary laws)
•Jews—blamed, Christians didn’t like them, murdered them, burnt them, made them
where hats and felt patches to distinguish them, banned from certain occupations,
money-lenders (Christians couldn’t because of gaining interest in “not honest way,”
against religion, hated as result of being money-lenders
Semi-Autonomous Region
•Kurds (Iraq) and Palestinians (Israel), want their own land/country
•Two million Kurds fled to mountains, cut off from supplies, harsh winter, U.N. set up
“free zone” in N. Iraq, allowing Kurds to set up semi-autonomous stated called
Kurdistan
•Promised freedom by USSR, Britain, France, but not given freedom (“conveniently
forgot”). Just as the Palestinians were promised land but were also “forgotten” and
now it’s a big problem.
•Partial control over own people while under another country’s gov’t.
• Kurds are rivals of Saddam Hussein, US encouraged them to revolt against him after
Persian Gulf War, he attacked them, forced into mountains. Killed many with
mustard gas – a whole village.
•Kurds live many regions (Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq and Turkey),
separated
From other study guides:
Essay Question #1
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Saddam Hussein made speech about how he did not like UAE (United Arab
Emirates) and Kuwait (July 7 1990)
Short term consequences: oil prices fluctuate due to embargo placed on Iraqi oil
by UN, 200 oil fires had to be extinguished, US in Iraq again,
Long term consequences: ecological problems in Kuwait due to oil fires, Saddam
Hussein still in power, doesn’t like westernization, weapons of mass destruction,
Kuwait had material loss, US in Iraq, permanent cease-fire terms, no fly zone over
Iraq (short term?), Kurds are “protected”
Current situation: Iraq weapon inspections, …dunno really…
Essay Question #2
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Causes: good natural resources, Europe’s sources depleted, able-bodied people,
strategic locations (Suez Canal), publicity created interest (Dr. Livingstone),
competition w/other European countries, hoping to improve political situations at
home, salt, gold, iron wares, slaves, natural products, steamships made it easier (could
go into Africa easier), profit from mines, plantations & factories, cheap labor, success
of treaty arrangements, interest in politics, excess population especially urban centers,
“civilize heathens”, God & Glory, God ordained slavery
Short term Effects for Europeans: Political—conflicts w/other countries over
control of land, won against Africans, use territories as pawns in Europe’s power
struggle, Economic—profit, cheap labor, raw materials, palm oil, cotton, cocoa,
rubber, diamonds, gold, strategically important, Suez Canal, Cultural—separated
themselves from Africans, apartheid, fulfilled desire to “civilize” Africans or lower
middle class, poor in Europe  high class in Africa, cape of good hope, Boers
(Dutch), Suez Canal – French built and Egypt couldn’t pay the bill so England bought
loan. Said either pay the loan or it’s ours, Upwardly mobile
Long Term Impact for Africans: Political – Were under European control 90% by
1914, some resisted but were unsuccessful in the long run, rise of nationalism,
needless massacre of people, false nationalism, unnatural boundary lines-devastating,
Economic—mines dug, plantations started, factories built, only paid little w/tax,
Africa stripped of resources, Cultural—men often housed away from homes,
traditions decline, Christianity, tribal tensions
Essay Question #3
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Self-determination: Freedom of the people of a given area to determine their own
political status; independence
Both peoples have been oppressed for a long time
Strong desire for own country
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Palestinians: Promised their own land by British but ignored, after Holocaust felt
that Jewish immigrants were taking over their land and majority in the country, want
a single Palestinian state, reject UN partition plan, attacked Israeli state but lost, many
refugees, never achieved self-rule because under Jordanian rule, then Israeli military
occupation, every time that they come close to getting their own homeland they don’t
get it (even in beginning w/Ottomans—invaded country), largest minority group
w/out own state, only had a state temporarily, lost land—changed to Israel
Kurds: promised their own country several times (1920 Treaty of Sevres
conveniently forgotten, USSR promised, but backed down after settling for oil
exploration rights in N. Iran), US encouraged them to rise up against Saddam
Hussein, they had no coalition support from the air, failure to intervene when horrible
actions are committed against the Kurds, Saddam Hussein (Iraqi forces) gassed and
bombed many of them, Kurdistan only temporary solution, upset about not having
permanent solution
Common ground between Kurds and Palestinians: both concerned about being
unrecognized by the world as a nationality that wants rights and homeland, currently
under rule of another nation who doesn’t recognize them as a people, constantly
attacked by other peoples and are in foreign governments’ hands
Queen Victoria: In 1837, at the age of eighteen, Victoria was crowned Queen of Great
Britain and began her reign of 64 years. A proclamation by Queen Victoria in
November 1858 guaranteed all Indians equal protection of the law and the freedom to
practice their religions and social customs; it also assured Indian princes that so long
as they were loyal to the queen British India would respect their control of territories.
In 1876, by an act of Parliament, Queen Victoria was made Empress of India and
ruler over The Indian princes' states as well as British India.
The Black Death: The Black Death struck and spread throughout Europe in 1348 A.D.
Medieval towns had almost no sanitation. There was a constant stench because of the
people that threw garage and sewage into the streets; because of these conditions,
there was a very rapid spread of diseases such as diphtheria, typhoid, influenza, and
malaria. In crowded towns, these diseases took many lives. The worst disease,
however, was the bubonic plague, which afflicted Europe from 1348 to 1350. The
plague killed one third of the population, earning the name the "Black Death." It most
likely began in China, spreading across Asia over time. Trading ships carried the
disease west to the Mediterranean and to Europe. Rats carrying bacteria-infected fleas
were identified as the carriers of the plague. People who were religious in medieval
Europe saw it as God's punishment. As deaths increased, production of most products
declined and wages rose. It took nearly a century for Western Europe to recover from
the disastrous effects of the plague.
Semi-Autonomous Region: Rivals of Saddam Hussein, the Kurds were brutally
massacred over a 20 year period. More than 200,000 Kurds were killed using
poisonous gas by Hussein's forces. The 20 million Kurds that live in the Middle East
make up the largest minority in the world without any land to call their own. Several
countries, such as the US and Soviet Union, have promised the Kurds land, but have
backed down soon after due to difficulty in fulfilling such promises. Finally, during
the 1990's, the United Nations came to the Kurds' aid with supplies in order to
establish a "free zone" in Northern Iraq, where the Kurds were allowed to set up a
semi-autonomous state called Kurdistan. This meant that the Kurds were able to
govern themselves, but were still under the control of a greater power.
Mahatma (Mohandas) Gandhi: Gandhi was born in 1869 into a Hindu family on the
Western coast of India. His mother taught him non-violence to all living things. He
received an English education at the age of 18, after which he came back to India
with a law degree. Under Gandhi's leadership, women were encouraged to take an
active part in his civil disobedience campaigns, in which the people were encouraged
to disobey laws that were considered unjust. Gandhi believed that one could force an
evil person or government to change by challenging it directly and nonviolently. In
these campaigns, the women were told to not pay taxes and to send children to native
schools. They were also told to make their own thread and salt and to boycott English
government made products. Gandhi renamed the Untouchables caste the "Children of
God." Gandhi also worked to improve the lives of the oppressed and the poor, mainly
the Untouchables and women. Gandhi ultimately wanted freedom for women and a
return to the ancient ideals of Hinduism. He wanted nothing for himself. He led India
to a secure freedom peacefully and became a model for other countries under foreign
control. In an effort to end the Hindu/Muslim rioting and killing, Gandhi began to fast
until his death. When various religious leaders promised that they would do their best
to restore peace, Gandhi ended his fast. The killings didn't end, however. Hindus were
angry with Gandhi's tolerant attitude towards Muslims and his efforts to make peace
with them. Gandhi was assassinated by N. V. Godse while at a prayer meeting on
January 30, 1948. Gandhi, who lived a life dedicated to peace and ending violence,
was violently murdered. His death was mourned by India and the entire World.
Suleiman the Magnificent: Suleiman, known as "the Lawgiver," ruled the Ottoman
Empire from 1520 to 1566. He ordered the assault on Christian Europe and laid siege
on Vienna in 1529, which was saved later through military action. His reign was
known as the golden age of Ottoman greatness, the period when the imperial system
worked to perfection. He was a heroic military commander, skillful administrator, and
a patron of the arts. The organizer of the Ottoman laws, he enjoyed absolute authority
since he was the political ruler and the caliph, or religious ruler. In 1526, Suleiman
defeated Hungary's king at the battle of Mohacs. As a result, most of Hungary came
under Ottoman rule.
Saddam Hussein: Hussein was the President of Iraq when he sent Iraqi forces into
Kuwait, claming it was a historic part of Iraq. He waned expand Iraq's influence in
the Persian Gulf. Hussein also crushed Kurdish and Shi'ite minorities in Iraq when
they rebelled against his authority. This, in turn, led to the Persian Gulf War. He
developed a chemical and nuclear weapons program to strengthen his power. He was
a megalomaniac and a threat to the political stability of the Middle East. Later on, the
US came to Kuwait's aid as an enemy of Iraq. Iraq's refusal to stop attacking Iraq led
the UN to impose a trade embargo on Iraq's products. A UN deadline was set for
January of 1991 for the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwait. Iraq failed to meet
the deadline, however, and the US proceeded to launch medium-ranged missiles on
Baghdad. Soon, collision forces helped in a massive air war in Kuwait.
Sepoy Mutiny: In May of 1857, the Sepoy Mutiny, or the "Great Indian Mutiny," took
place in which Indian soldiers rebelled against the British. It was also referred to as
the first war of Indian independence. The revolt began in the army post at Meerut
when the company's Sepoys killed every European man in the area. In this revolt, the
Europeans used new gun cartridges that were greased with animal fat. The Hindus,
however, were unable to use these cartridges, because they held cows sacred.
Muslims couldn't use them as well, because pork is forbidden to them. The mutiny
was defeated after a year of hard fighting with the help of British troops from abroad.
Many people in Delhi were killed. Thousands died in this cruel revolt without any
kind of trial.
In 1858, the parliament ended the East India Company, which had been controlling India,
and Queen Victoria sent a viceroy to represent her. She also guaranteed the Indians
social and religious rights, protection under the law, and religious tolerance. She was
made Empress of India in 1876, becoming ruler over the states of the Indian Princes
and British India. In an effort to “civilize” the Indians, Queen Victoria encouraged
English women to go to India to take the place of the Bebes she disapproved of, as
Bebes were against Protestantism. As the route to India was made faster by Thomas
Waghorn, the women could then travel to India easier. As more women went to India,
the Bebes were pushed into the shadows, as off duty men went home as opposed to
spending time with the Bebes, and the Europeans lost their only contact with the
Indian world. The separation of the Europeans and the Indians led to the racial
separation which eventually caused the Sepoy Mutiny, but Queen Victoria felt that
the English women improved life morally and religiously in India. In 1857, the
Kanpur Massacre, where many Indians were killed in response to the Sepoy Mutiny,
caused the Queen to proclaim the National Day of Humiliation, so the people could
humble themselves before God and ask for forgiveness for the wrongs they
committed against the Indians.
The Black Death was also called the Bubonic plague and was caused by the fleas on rats.
This plague is thought to have started in India and was transmitted to Europe by the
Mongols, where it killed 1/3 of the European population. The bubonic plague
changed the European demographics, as many of the able-bodied workers were
killed, and the very young and very old survived. It had many long and short term
effects on the European world. Among the short-term effects were shock, a disrupted
economy, a high demand for certain jobs, such as graveyard diggers and clergy, who
were hit the hardest by the plague, as they were exposed to the plague the most,
whole cities were deserted, anti-Semitism, because the plague was blamed, unfairly,
on the Jewish population. The long-term effects of the plague included factor
substitution, which made labor worth more than land. An improved technology, due
to the decreased number of people able to work, which also led to specialized work.
The black plague also allowed class fluidity, as so many upper class Europeans were
hit by the black plague and an increase of money was demanded for work by the
lower class people, which led to the destruction of the feudal system as serfdom
disappeared, the end of the Middle ages, and a growth in the middle class. To stop the
class fluidity, laws were made on the clothes a person could wear, similar to
sumptuary laws. A much needed population increase was also caused by the black
plague, which caused higher living standards, more jobs, and more food (which was
also due to the reduced number of deaths in domesticated animals).
Semi-autonomous region means that a country, existing as an independent entity, has
partial control over their own people while they’re under another country’s
government. An example of a semi-autonomous region is the Kurds, who, like the
Palestinians, want their own homeland. Two million Kurds fled to the mountains and
were cut off from supplies and faced with a harsh winter. The United Nations then set
up a “free zone” in North Iraq, which allowed the Kurds to set up a semi-autonomous
state called Kurdistan. Throughout history, the Kurds were also promised freedom by
the USSR, Britain, and France, but those promises were “conveniently forgotten” and
the Kurds were never given freedom. The Kurds have also lived in many regions,
including Israel, Kuwait, Lebanon, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. As rivals of Saddam
Hussein, the United States encouraged the Kurds to revolt against him after the
Persian-Gulf war, which caused them to be forced into the mountains as Saddam
attacked them.
Mahatma Gandhi was also known as Mohandas K. Gandhi. He was born in a Hindu
family on the west coast of India and belonged to he Vaisya (merchant) caste. When
Gandhi was 18, he went from India to England to study and eventually became a
lawyer. He then went to South Africa where he succeeded in furthering the rights of
the small Indian minority with methods of non-violence, once of which was civil
disobedience. Over time, Gandhi changed the independence movement from a small
western-educated group into a mass movement of ordinary people. In 1919, Gandhi
decided to go against the British as a result of the Amritsar Massacre, in which the
British attacked the Indians in a walled compound and killed them. He also carried
out the Salt March in 1930, where he marched to the beach to make salt in a protest to
the British salt tax. Gandhi also did a fast to death in an effort to end the HinduMuslim rioting, which he did for a short amount of time. In 1948, Mahatma Gandhi
was killed by a member of a militant extremist Hindu organization at a prayer
meeting because he felt that Gandhi was too tolerant of the Muslim people.
The Sepoy mutiny is also called the “Great Indian Mutiny” by the British and “The First
War of Indian Independence” by the Indians. It was started in an army post in Meerut,
where the Indians killed nearly every European person, this revolt started a chain
reaction, which caused other posts to revolt (such as the ones in Kanpur and
Lucknow). Among the reasons for the Sepoy mutiny was the rumors about the new
cartridges which the Sepoys were told to use, the cartridges were greased with animal
fat, which was said to be cow fat among the Hindus and pork fat among the Muslims
(both of which were forbidden to them) and about the forced conversion to
Christianity from the British. The British also sent the Indian soldiers overseas, which
was looked down upon by upper caste Hindus. The Indians were also against the new
construction of rail roads and telegraphs. It was also said that the British were
destroying the Indian culture. Though many people, such as dispossessed princes,
unemployed former soldiers, and others who were worried about the introduction of
foreign ideas and the outlawing of old customs, supported the mutiny, others did not
join it, such as South India and many people in North India, who supported the
British (such as the Sikhs who resented Muslim treatment more than British. The
mutiny was defeated after one year, with help from the British troops abroad. The
suppression of the Indian people was cruel and violent, as it is seen from the
thousands of Indians killed without a trial and the fleeing of the Indians from Delhi. A
result of the Sepoy Mutiny was “An Act for the Better Government of India” in 1858,
which separated British India from Native India and gave the administration of the
company to the British government, which was represented by a Raj.
Suleiman the magnificent ruled the Ottoman Empire at its peak, from 1522-1566 as both
Sultan and Caliph. He was also called Suleiman the Lawgiver for his organization of
the Ottoman laws, which is still used as a basis for laws today. Suleiman was
successful due to his army, which was made up of janissaries, which was the world’s
most disciplined infantry at that time. The janissaries were made up of children taken
from Christian families in the Balkans, and made into a fighting force that was loyal
to the Sultan and only the Sultan. Suleiman was an accomplished military leader, as is
proved in his battle at Belgrad in 1521, where he used gunpowder as dynamite and
used it to tear down the wall around Belgrad and after the Battle of Mohacs in 1526,
where he conquered much of Hungary. He also organized Istanbul and united the
Ottoman Empire, which he did so by appointing loyal people to be leaders of the
states. Suleiman was also a patron of architecture, which is shown through the
Suleiman Mosque. The downfall of Suleiman came when he tried to invade Vienna in
1529 and failed due to bad weather caused by the coming of winter, which made the
Ottoman canons sink into the mud. Another factor was the death of his sons and his
wife, Roxilana. Suleiman died at age 67 in his tent on the battle field.