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WORLD HISTORY
UNIT 2 – POSTCLASSICAL PERIOD - KEY
Time – 55 minutes
70 Questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or
completions. Select the one that is best in each case and place the letter of your choice in the corresponding
box on the student answer sheet. There will be a guessing penalty of .25 points for each wrong answer.
Questions from previous AP exams are marked with an “*”.
Note: This exam uses the chronological designations B.C.E. (before the common era) and C.E (common
era). These labels correspond to B.C. (before Christ) and A.D. (anno Domini) which are used in some
world history textbooks.
1. Cyril and Methodius were responsible for
what accomplishment?
4. When the Japanese emperor moved his
government from Nara to Heian,
(A) The ending of the iconoclastic
controversy
(B) The creation of a written script for the
Slavic language to aid in Christian
evangelism to the Slavs
(C) The conversion of Poland and
Czechoslovakia to Orthodox Christianity
(D) The conversion of Poland and
Czechoslovakia to Roman Catholicism
(E) The recapturing of much of the territory
of the Roman Empire
(A) Buddhism ceased to play a major
role in Japanese society.
(B) the scholar-gentry was able to assert
itself through the examination system.
(C) the aristocracy took over most of
the positions in the central government
and a period of “high culture”
flourished.
(D) Shintoism was formally suppressed.
(E) he centralized his power and
tightened control over the aristocracy.
2. As a result of imperial suppression under the
late Tang Dynasty,
5. With his defeat of the Chen, Wendi ended the
civil war of the Era of Six Dynasties and
(A) monastic orders continued to exert
political influence and control landed wealth
as they did in the first decades of Tang rule.
(B) Buddhism was restored as the primary
religion of the state during the Song dynasty.
(C) Buddhism gained much underground
support, which eventually led to its
becoming the prominent religion of China.
(D) Buddhism was eradicated in China.
(E) Buddhism survived, but in a reduced
state without much political influence.
(A) worked to ban Confucianism in
China.
(B) actively promoted the spread of
Buddhism in East Asia.
(C) recentralized power in China by
establishing the Sui dynasty.
(D) returned to the Legalist principles
of government characteristic of the Qin
under Shi Huangdi.
(E) built an impressive terra cotta army
to immortalize his greatness.
3. What institutions were responsible for the
regulation of apprenticeship, guarantee of good
workmanship, and admission to various trades in
western Europe during the Middle Ages?
6. Karakorum was
(A) the consultative assembly of
Mongol males used to elect leaders.
(B) the name for Mongol rule in Russia.
(C) one of Chinggis Khan’s sons who
ruled the Golden Horde.
(D) the battle in which the Mongols
were defeated by the Russians.
(E) the new capital constructed by
Chinggis Khan for his empire.
(A) Church
(B) Monasteries
(C) Feudal monarchies
(D) Serfs
(E) Guilds
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*7. The growth of Islam in West Africa before
1450 was largely the result of the
10. Which of the following reforms was NOT
established by Chinggis Khan to provide for a
lasting peace in his domains?
(A) influence of Muslim traders from
the north involved in the trans-Saharan
trade
(B) multiple conquests by Arab armies
from North Africa
(C) lack of powerful sub-Saharan states
able to resist Muslim influences
(D) grassroots movements among poor
Muslims who demanded that the ruling
and commercial classes respect their
religion
(E) reaction to the violence associated
with the Atlantic slave trade
(A) A script was devised for the
Mongolian language to facilitate
keeping records.
(B) A legal code was promulgated to
prevent feuds between Mongol clans.
(C) Chinese and Islamic bureaucrats
were strictly banned from service in the
Mongol administration.
(D) Farmers were taxed to support the
Mongol courts and military expeditions.
(E) He tolerated all religions in his
empire.
*8. Which of the following was a reason for the
rapid expansion of Islam into central Asia and
eastern Europe during the seventh and eighth
centuries?
11. What was the primary political cause of the
schism between the Roman Catholic and Eastern
Orthodox Churches by 1200 C.E.?
(A) disputes over doctrinal differences
(B) disputes between bishops
concerning taxation of church lands
(C) disagreements over the supremacy
of the pope vs. patriarch as head of the
Christian church
(D) jealousy over the control of trade
routes
(E) disagreements between kings and
church leaders
(A) The economic growth of the
Mughal empire
(B) The advanced military technology
of the Islamic forces
(C) The political divisions within the
Byzantine and other neighboring
empires, like the Persian
(D) The political unity of the North
African peoples
(E) The advent of moveable type, which
made the Qu’ran widely available
12. Which of the following statements
concerning the Mongol conquest of Song China
is most accurate?
9. Which of the following does NOT
REPRESENT a difference between the spread of
civilization in eastern and western Europe?
(A) The Mongols were unable to
establish political control over the Song
dynasty.
(B) Song China, because of its relative
weakness, capitulated within two years
after the initiation of the Mongol
conquest.
(C) The campaigns against the Song
were interrupted by power struggles
among the Mongols, but took slightly
more than five years.
(D) Due to the difficulty of the
campaign, the Mongols abandoned the
effort to conquer China.
(E) Song China proved one of the
toughest areas for the Mongols to
conquer, taking from 1235 to 1279 to
subdue.
(A) Civilization spread northward in the
case of eastern Europe, but to the south
in western Europe.
(B) During most of the postclassical
period, major portions of eastern
Europe were significantly more
advanced in political organization.
(C) Eastern Europe maintained
important features of the late Roman
Empire directly, whereas Western
leaders turned to much more selective
borrowing.
(D) The forms of Christianity adopted
in eastern and western Europe differed.
(E) Eastern Europe maintained contact
with other parts of the world, while
western Europe’s global interaction was
curtailed by the Germanic invasions.
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13. Which of the following statements
concerning the nomadic society of the Mongols
prior to the establishment of the empire is NOT
accurate?
16. Which of the following is the best
description of Neo-Confucianism?
(A) a type of feminist Confucianism
that supported female rulers like
Empress Wu
(B) a synthesis of Chan Buddhism and
Hinduism
(C) Buddhist monasteries monopolizing
the banking institutions in China
(D) Confucianism without ancestor
worship
(E) a simplified set of Confucian rules
combined with Daoist and Buddhist
ideas that reinforced patriarchy and the
subordination of women
(A) The Mongols were primarily
herders of cattle and horses.
(B) The basic economic unit of the
Mongols was the tribe.
(C) Mongol leaders were selected by all
free males for as long as they could
hold power.
(D) The Mongols were capable of
forming tribal confederations in times
of war.
(E) The basic unit of Mongol society
was the tribe.
17. In what way did the ruling elites in Japan
NOT implement the Chinese model?
14. What monk was responsible for the creation
of a set of rules for Western monasteries in the
6th century?
(A) they mastered Chinese architectural
styles
(B) they copied the style of centralized
government
(C) they converted to Buddhism
(D) They required elite women to bind
their feet
(E) They learned the Chinese written
language
(A) Basil
(B) Bernard of Clairvaux
(C) Benedict of Nursia
(D) Boniface VIII
(E) Cyril
15. Which of the following statements
concerning the Tang dynasty’s attitude toward
Buddhism is most accurate?
*18. The Crusades launched by European
Christians at the end of the eleventh century
were motivated primarily by
(A) Under the Tang, Buddhism became
the official religion of the state.
(B) After initial attempts to suppress
Buddhism, later Tang emperors actually
resuscitated the Buddhist monasteries,
particularly in southern China.
(C) Although Empress Wu attempted to
have Buddhism recognized as the
official religion of the state, later
emperors persecuted Buddhism as an
economic threat to the state.
(D) From the outset, Buddhism was
persecuted under the Tang.
(E) Although Tang rulers disliked the
practice of Buddhism, they adopted a
policy of toleration.
(A) the desire of Italian city-states to
seize control of the spice trade from
Central Asian and Chinese merchants
(B) the desire to demonstrate Europe’s
new technological supremacy over
Islam
(C) resentment toward Islamic
missionaries seeking to spread their
faith along the Mediterranean
(D) western European fears that
Byzantium and Muslim kings would
launch a military attack against western
Europe
(E) Papal efforts to unite western
European rulers and nobles in support
of the papacy, ostensibly under the
claim of re-conquering the holy land
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*19. Which of the following is an accurate
comparison of the political systems in western
Europe and China during the time period 10001300 C.E.?
22. What was a fundamental difference between
European and Japanese feudalism?
(A) The political structure in western
Europe was more decentralized
(B) The ties binding knights to lords in
western Europe were more contractual
and not based on the personal loyalty
between a Samurai and his lord
(C) Serfdom in Japan was not a
hereditary institution
(D) Japanese feudalism was more tied
to long-distance trade
(E) The emperor in Japan exercised
more authority than the king in western
Europe
(A) Western Europe developed multiple
feudal monarchies while China
maintained a single empire
(B) Developments in the legal systems
of China emphasized individual
political rights while western Europe
concentrated on maritime law
(C) Both societies began an aggressive
policy of imperialism and territorial
expansion
(D) Both societies gradually adopted a
representative democratic system
(E) Both regions experienced Mongol
imperial rule
*23. The rise of the Mongol Empire included all
of the following EXCEPT
20. The Tale of Genji described
(A) the spread of Christianity
(B) an empire that extended across parts
of Europe and Asia
(C) an unsuccessful attempt to conquer
Japan
(D) the spread of the plague
(E) the growth of trade across Central
Asia
(A) the military organization of the
Bakufu in Kamakura.
(B) the life at the imperial court at
Heian.
(C) the structure of society under the
Ashikaga Shogunate.
(D) the travels of an imperial emissary
in China.
(E) how the Ashikaga Shoguns came to
power.
24. Which of the following is the most important
effect of the Islamic expansion on the civilization
of Western Europe?
*21. Which of the following was an important
factor that helped the eastern Roman Empire
(Byzantium) survive while the western Roman
Empire collapsed?
(A) The influence of Indian architecture
on Gothic cathedrals
(B) The development of theocracies in
the Holy Roman Empire
(C) The conversion of large areas of
southern Italy to Islam
(D) The diffusion of Greek and Arab
learning from east to west and west to
east
(E) The promotion of religious reform
movements in the Catholic Church
(A) Its status as headquarters of Roman
Catholic Christianity gave it social unity
that helped it resist invaders.
(B) It had a loyal army, a skilled
bureaucracy, and great reserves of
wealth based on agriculture.
(C) It followed an expansionist foreign
policy to conquer northern European
lands by the Germanic tribes
(D) It could rely on its defensive
alliance with the Persian Empire for
protection against European invaders
(E) It was not an attractive target for
conquest because it was isolated from
trade routes and had little wealth
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*25. Islamic and Chinese empires in the postclassical period (700 C.E. – 1200 C.E.) shared
which of the following characteristics?
29. How did the spread of Christianity affect the
polytheistic religions already present in northern
Europe?
(A) An imperial bureaucracy based on
an examination system
(B) The abolition of slavery
(C) Battles over control of religious
sites
(D) Extensive urbanization and
maritime trade
(E) Strict monogamy for uncontested
succession
(A) All traces of those earlier religions
were eradicated.
(B) Conversion produced a religious
amalgam of Christianity and beliefs in
magic and supernatural spirits.
(C) Many areas of Europe retained
purely polytheistic religions.
(D) Christianity achieved few
conversions, and most of Europe
retained polytheistic religions.
(E) In order to gain converts,
Christianity allowed people to continue
certain polytheistic rituals.
26. Which of the following statements
concerning the manorial system is NOT true?
(A) It was comprised of essentially selfsufficient manors.
(B) It had originated in the Roman
Empire.
(C) Its obligations bore heavily on serfs.
(D) Agricultural productivity was low.
(E) It was technologically sophisticated.
30. After the collapse of the Roman Empire, in
which direction did classical culture shift?
(A) Southwest to the former Roman
colony of Spain
(B) Nowhere; it stayed in Italy,
particularly Rome
(C) Northeast toward the central plains
of northern Europe
(D) to Greece
(E) East to Constantinople
27. During what period did the nomads of central
Asia impact the other global civilizations of the
Eastern Hemisphere in the postclassical era?
(A) 800 to 1000
(B) 900 to 1100
(C) 1100 to 1300
(D) 1200 to 1400
(E) 1300 to 1500
31. Vassals were
(A) Grants of land given to lesser
members of the military elite in return
for military service.
(B) Agricultural laborers, also known as
serfs.
(C) Members of the military elite in
western Europe who received land in
return for military service and pledges
of loyalty to superiors (e.g. Lords to the
king).
(D) Merchants in western Europe who
received special permission to engage in
commerce between manors during the
medieval perios.
(E) Special oaths made between lesser
and greater lords.
*28. The Byzantine Empire achieved which of
the following?
(A) The introduction of Benedictine
monasticism to Ireland
(B) The conversion of many Slavic
peoples to Christianity
(C) The unification of Christians under
the pope of Rome
(D) The conquest of both Nubia and
Ethiopia
(E) The legal toleration of religious
minorities
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32. Under the first Sui emperor Wendi
35. What Frankish monarch was able to establish
a substantial empire in 800?
(A) Confucianism was revitalized and
the scholar-gentry gained dominance in
government.
(B) the Buddhists were persecuted to
the point of annihilation.
(C) the merchant class gained much
social prestige in China and were
elevated over peasants in the social
hierarchy.
(D) the Grand Canal was constructed.
(E) ever-ready granaries were created to
relieve the threat of famine.
(A) Clovis
(B) Charles Martel
(C) Pepin III
(D) Charlemagne
(E) Louis
36. The imperial title formerly held by the
Carolingians was later claimed by:
(A) France
(B) Italy
(C) England
(D) Switzerland
(E) The Holy Roman Empire
33. Ending the dispute between the Taira and
Minamoto clans in Japan during the late Heian
period, the Gempei Wars signaled the end of
strong imperial rule and the beginning of
37. Bushido refers to were
(A) a centralized Confucian
bureaucracy staffed by Chinese scholars
from the mainland.
(B) the Japanese feudal age under the
shoguns.
(C) Japanese industrialization and
opening under the Meji.
(D) the long period of cultural and
economic isolation under the
Tokugawa.
(E) a period of cross-cultural
communication and trade with Russia
and the United States.
(A) warrior leaders in the 10th century
who controlled provincial areas of
Japan from small fortresses.
(B) mounted troops who served the
provincial military elite.
(C) curved swords introduced into
Japanese warfare at the time.
(D) the code of loyalty between a
Samurai and his lord; similar to the
western European concept of chivalry
(E) people who worked the rice fields.
38. Samurai were
34. What made possible the rapid revival of the
empire under the Tang?
(A) provincial military commanders
based in small fortresses.
(B) close advisors to the emperor.
(C) curved swords introduced into
Japanese warfare in the 10th century.
(D) mounted troops who served the
provincial military elite in feudal Japan.
(E) aristocratic families who dominated
the central administration at Heian.
(A) The abandonment of Confucianism
in favor of the more widely practiced
Buddhism
(B) The brevity of the period of political
dislocation
(C) The willingness of the Tang to
abandon traditional approaches to
government
(D) The preservation in the many
kingdoms of the Confucian traditions
that had been central to
Chinese civilization
(E) The government’s focus on using
people with practical technical skills as
opposed to the scholar-gentry
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39. Which of the following statements
concerning entry into the Chinese bureaucracy
during this time period is most accurate?
42. Islam in west Africa
(A) was popular with most elements of
society.
(B) converted the kings and elites first
without necessarily affecting the
masses.
(C) interested merchants alone.
(D) confronted an entrenched Christian
religion, which resisted conversion.
(E) had little lasting effect on the area.
(A) Although a higher percentage of
candidates under the Tang received
office through the examination system
than during the Han dynasty, birth
continued to be important in securing
high office.
(B) Under the Tang, family connections
ceased to be of significance.
(C) Although the examination system
continued to be monitored, almost all
officials received positions as a result of
family connections.
(D) The examination system was
eliminated during the Tang dynasty, and
only members of the
imperial family served in the
bureaucracy.
(E) The government strove to allow fair
access to all people who could
demonstrate talent.
43. Pastoral nomads from the central Asian
steppe who had threatened sedentary cultures
throughout world history included all of these
EXCEPT:
(A) Indo-Europeans.
(B) Hsiung-nu (Huns).
(C) Scythians.
(D) Turks.
(E) Bantu.
44. The major demographic change in China
between 500 and 1000 C.E. was the
40. Manorialism was the system that
(A) decline of cities as populations
moved to the countryside.
(B) widespread migration of Chinese to
foreign lands.
(C) population decrease in the north due
to frequent nomadic raids.
(D) large population increase in the
south around the Yangtze.
(E) internal migration of the populace
from rural to urban areas.
(A) Described economic and political
relations between landlords and their
peasant laborers.
(B) Secular authorities utilized to name
bishops.
(C) Defined relationships between
members of the military elite.
(D) United the traditions of classical
rationalism with medieval Christianity.
(E) Provided a comfortable living for all
involved
45. As had Hammurabi’s Code (Mesopotamia),
Justinian’s Code (Byzantine)
41. Islam was spread through west and east
Africa as well as southeast Asia by
(A) dealt primarily with church law and
religious issues.
(B) became the basic law code for his
state, and influenced future law codes.
(C) led to internal disruptions and faced
harsh opposition.
(D) greatly influenced the laws of
Islam.
(E) deviated sharply from previous legal
traditions when it sought to create a new
tradition.
(A) jihad or holy war.
(B) mass conversions ordered by the
rulers and monarchs.
(C) wandering Sufi mystics.
(D) merchants who established Muslim
families and traditions.
(E) migration to the areas by large
groups of Muslims.
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46. When the Mongols divided their empire, the
only region that did not become a center for one
of their khanates was
50. Serfs differed from slaves in that
(A) serfs were largely commercialized
artisans while slaves were agricultural.
(B) serfs were ethnically Europeans
while slaves were Muslims, pagans, and
Africans.
(C) they could not be bought or sold,
and owned some of the land they
farmed.
(D) serfs could serve in the military,
while slaves could not.
(E) slaves frequently were better
educated and lived in towns.
(A) Iran and Mespotamia.
(B) central Asia.
(C) India.
(D) East Asia.
(E) the steppes of Russia, the Ukraine,
and Siberia.
47. The technological advance that facilitated
Chinese overseas trade was
(A) the Grand Canal.
(B) sericulture or the production of silk.
(C) the manufacture of paper.
(D) the introduction of gunpowder.
(E) maritime tools such as the compass
and the junk.
51. The only indigenous aspect of Japanese
culture during the Heian era was
(A) Mahayana Buddhism.
(B) the imperial administration.
(C) written characters.
(D) Shinto.
(E) court etiquette and protocol.
48. The first state in Russia arose when
(A) nomadic pastoralists established a
sedentary Jewish state.
(B) Byzantine missionaries converted
Russian farmers.
(C) Scandinavian traders set up a
government along their trade route.
(D) Arabs who conquered the area
established a province of the Muslim
empire.
(E) Catholic influences from western
Europe invaded the region.
52. In Japan, Korea, and Vietnam, the class that
most welcomed Chinese influence and culture
was
(A) the local aristocrats.
(B) the court bureaucrats (scholargentry).
(C) peasants.
(D) Buddhist monks.
(E) the merchants.
49. The high level of Chinese literacy during this
time period was due to
53. One problem facing historians who study the
Mongols is:
(A) free schooling for all classes of
society.
(B) the introduction of an alphabet
during the Song dynasty.
(C) the invention of movable-type
printing and cheap paper.
(D) the simplicity of the Chinese system
of writing.
(E) priests and Confucian theology,
which insisted that Heaven wanted all
people to be able to read and to write
the Confucian classics.
(A) lack of primary sources.
(B) inability to translate the Mongolian
language and its literature.
(C) all contemporary chroniclers used
exaggeration and hyperbole to describe
the Mongols.
(D) the bias of historical accounts,
written by those defeated by the
Mongols.
(E) the Mongols never wrote anything
down, leaving no written records.
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54. Kubilai Khan’s major concern in governing
China was
(A) creating integrated Chinese and
Mongol military units.
(B) to avoid the Mongols being
assimilated by Chinese culture and
practices.
(C) the conversion of the Chinese to
Islam.
(D) educating Mongol leaders and elites
in Chinese Confucian culture.
(E) reestablishing the Confucian civil
service exams and scholar-bureaucrats.
*57. The building shown above is an example of
55. One of the strengths of Islam which made it a
successful universalizing religion similar to
Christianity was its
(A) the integration of Roman style into
indigenous African architecture
(B) military defense efforts in the
Middle East
(C) the diverse architecture of 15th
century North America
(D) the polytheistic activity of early
Bedouin society
(E) Islamic adaptation to local culture
and conditions
(A) use of a common language, Arabic,
to unite all members.
(B) insistence that there was only one
God.
(C) support for merchants and
commercial values.
(D) egalitarianism that transcended
previous clan loyalties, ethnicities, or
allegiances.
(E) condemnation of violence as
incompatible with faith.
58. In comparison to the fall of the Roman
Empire, changes in the Arab caliphate
(A) had few repercussions on its
inhabitants
(B) were not due to outside invasions
by pastoral nomads
(C) produced prolonged economic and
political confusion in the Middle
East
(D) left no religious institutions to
support the Islamic faith
(E) were not dramatic or sudden but
occurred gradually over several
centuries
*56. After the sixth century, Byzantine emperors
maintained political unity primarily by
(A) easing control of the Mediterranean
provinces
(B) making dynastic marriages and
diplomatic alliances
(C) hiring mercenary Christian armies
to fight invaders from East Asia
(D) applying greater pressure on
Muslim Africa
(E) sharing political power with the
large merchant class
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*61. Which of the following ideas was given to
Muslims on the authority of the Qu’ran?
(A) All earthly existence is merely an
illusion
(B) Muhammad is God
(C) The soul may be reborn in another
earthly form after the death of the
individual
(D) Moses and Jesus were both great
prophets sent by God for the
benefit of humanity
(E) The cow is a sacred animal, and
eating of beef is therefore a
sacrilegious and impure act
*59. The map above demonstrates which of the
following about Indian Ocean trade?
*62. In the period 1000 to 1450, which of the
following developments partially resulted from
knowledge of Greek science and technology?
(A) Monsoons prevented trade from
taking place along the East African
coast
(B) Europeans were active in bringing
goods from West Africa to the
Indian Ocean
(C) Trade involved most regions
bordering the Indian Ocean as well
as China
(D) The most important item traded
across the Indian Ocean was silk
(E) Arab and Indian merchants were
better traders than the Chinese
(A) Japanese temple design in Kyoto
(B) Christian theology in the Roman
Empire
(C) Islamic medical books in Baghdad
(D) Mongol military tactics in Central
Asia
(E) Inca bridge design in the Andes
*63. Which of the following did the Mongol
armies fail to conquer and why?
*60. A significant example of the interaction
among Indian, Arab and European societies by
1200 C.E. was the transfer of knowledge of
(A) Kievan Russia, because the
Mongols were unable to endure the
harsh Russian winters
(B) The Abbasid Caliphate, because the
defenders flooded the
Mesopotamian plains and made
them impassable for the Mongol
cavalry
(C) The Southern Song Empire,
because of its superior resources
from earlier commercial and
industrial revolutions
(D) Japan, because severe storms aided
the experienced Japanese naval
forces
(A) Iron and copper mining techniques
(B) The flying shuttle and spinning
jenny
(C) The science of optics and lens
design
(D) Numerals and the decimal system
(E) Gunpowder and cannons
*64. Which of the following groups of people
entered the Middle East in the eleventh century
C.E. and came to dominate most of Anatolia?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
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Greeks
Armenians
Turks
Arabs
Slavs
*65. Which of the following best describes
patriarchal gender systems?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
Women are not allowed to work
Women are confined to the home
Women can be bought and sold
Women are inferiors and must be
protected by men
(E) Women are not allowed by men to
serve as political rulers
*66. Which of the following languages came into
existence after 1000 C.E. as the direct result of
expanding global trade patterns?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Arabic
Chinese
Latin
Sanskrit
Swahili
*67. Which of the following contributed to the
Chinese government’s decision to stop voyages
of exploration in the Indian Ocean by the mid
15th century?
*68. The thirteenth-century map of
Constantinople shown above indicates that the
city
(A) Armed resistance from Arab navies
(B) Lack of sufficient Chinese goods
for trade
(C) The destruction of the Chinese fleet
by typhoons
(D) Government concern with domestic
problems and frontier security
(E) Fear of the spread of the plague to
China
(A) Was located on an island
(B) Was highly fortified against outside
attacks
(C) Tolerated many religions
(D) Looked down on trade and
commerce
(E) Valued and rewarded people of all
classes
*69. The responsibilities of aristocratic women
in both feudal Japan and medieval Europe
usually included
(A) Directing religious festivals
(B) Managing household supplies and
finances
(C) Representing their families in
courts of law
(D) Training their sons to be warriors
(E) Overseeing village schools and
hospitals
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*70. The map above indicates that
(A) Mali, Songhai and the other
grassland kingdoms, as well as the
Swahili city states, were major
sources of trade in gold and other
products
(B) Slavery existed in the western
Sudan
(C) Europeans had begun to make
inroads in West Africa
(D) Mali remained isolated from
Europe and the Middle East
(E) Atlantic ports were crucial for the
transportation of salt and gold
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