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Name: _______________________________________________ Date: _________________ Period: ________________ Earthquakes Study Guide Just completing this study guide is not sufficient. You will also need to study all labs, readings, and your journal. Lesson 11 – P-waves and S-waves 1. What can be done to make buildings more earthquake safe? ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How does the type of ground material affect the amount of shaking during an earthquake? Be specific…know when the ground will shake the most/least. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which waves travel through the body of the earth? ___________________________________________________ 4. What does the ‘p’ in p-wave stand for? _____________________________________________________________ 5. What does the ‘s’ in s-wave stand for? _____________________________________________________________ 6. Which wave is the fastest? ___________________________ 7. How does each of the 3 waves affect the movement of the ground on the surface? __________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. List the waves in order from least destructive to most destructive. _______________________________________ Lesson 12 – Recording Vibrations on Seismograms, with Seismometers and Seismographs 1. What is the focus of an earthquake? ______________________________________________________________ 2. What is the epicenter of an earthquake? ___________________________________________________________ Skills: 3. Know how to use a seismogram to find the time that the p-wave and the s-wave first arrived at the seismograph station. 4. Know how to find the epicenter of an earthquake if you have earthquake data from 3 different seismograph stations. (You WILL have to do this on the test.) 5. Know how to find the distance of a location from the epicenter of the earthquake. (You WILL have to do this on the test.) Lesson 13 – Plotting Earthquakes 1. What does magnitude measure? _________________________________________________________________ 2. What scale is traditionally used to measure magnitude? _______________________________________________ 3. Each increase in magnitude number represents a _____________ increase in energy released. 4. What does intensity measure? ___________________________________________________________________ 5. What scale is used to measure intensity? __________________________________________________________ 6. What do the locations of earthquakes and volcanoes have in common? ___________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What can the locations of earthquakes around the world tell us about the earth’s surface? ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 14 – Using Earthquakes to Study the Earth’s Interior 1. Draw a diagram and label the inner core, outer core, mantle, and crust. 2. How do scientists know the inside of the earth is made of layers? ________________________________________ 3. What is one way that scientist know the outer core is liquid? ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe the lithosphere and the asthenosphere. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 15 – Investigating Plate Movement and Faults Skills: Know the names and locations of the Earth’s major tectonic plates Know the history of the theory of plate tectonics 1. Draw and label a picture of a transform boundary, convergent boundary, and divergent boundary. Label the features that are formed at each boundary. Give an example of each. Transform: Convergent: Divergent: Lesson 16 – Convection in the Mantle 1. Explain the evidence for Continental Drift Theory (evidence for Pangaea). _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 18 – Introducing Volcanoes 1. What are the warning signs that a volcano may erupt? _____________________________________________________ 2. What are 5 destructive effects of a volcanic eruption? _____________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are 4 constructive effects of volcanic activity? ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Lessons 19 & 20 – Volcanoes Change The Landscape/Viscosity And Volcano Type 1. What is the difference between magma and lava? _______________________________________________________ 2. What is viscosity? ________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Explain how lava/magma viscosity affect the type of volcano that is formed? ________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How are volcanoes formed at convergent plate boundaries? ______________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 5. How are volcanoes formed at divergent plate boundaries? ________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6. How does a hot spot form a series of volcanoes? ________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Example: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Describe and draw the three different types of volcanoes (How they form, what they are made of, shape…) Shield Describe: Draw: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Composite Describe: Draw: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ Cindercone Describe: Draw: __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ 8. Compare the three types of volcanoes (which is widest, which is tallest, which has the most explosive eruptions, which has the least explosive eruptions) _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ Lesson 23 & 24 – Volcanic Ash/The Effects of Ash Fall 1. What are the positive effects of ash? _________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What are the negative effects of ash? ________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How can volcanic eruptions affect global weather? ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________________