Download `Alexander Huang 31 August 2010 AP US History 2A Chapter #6

`Alexander Huang
31 August 2010
AP US History 2A
Chapter #6: The Duel for North America
How and why did France settle in North America?
(France Finds a Foothold in Canada, New France Fans Out)
1. The French decided to settle in North America largely due to King
France Finds a
Louis XIV’s interest in overseas colonies. A colonial war in France
Foothold in Canada
1. What prompted
between Protestant Huguenots and Roman Catholics erupted in the
the French to
1500s, culminating with the Edict of Nantes in 1598, which stopped
settle in North
the religious wars and transformed France into a mighty empire.
America?
With King Louis XIV on the throne, coupled with his audacious
2. What early
nature, naturally drove the French to settle in North America.
conflicts did the
2. By allying with the Huron tribes, the French in New France
French settlers
(Canada) had brought upon themselves the enmity of the Iroquois.
have when they
The Iroquois constantly invaded French territory, ravaging French
first found a
settlements and allying with the British. In addition, the
foothold in
government of New France fell under autocratic royal control,
Canada?
where the people had no power in politics. Lastly, New France’s
geography made the French government favor the Caribbean island
colonies more than Canada itself.
New France Fans Out
3. What valuable
3. The French discovered the valuable resource of the beaver. Beaver
resource did the
pelt was widely believed to look fashionable, and the fuzzy fur
French discover?
would also make your head feel very warm.
4. What were the
4. French exploration and expansion could largely be attributed to the
causes of French
hunt for the beaver. As a result of the beaver pelt’s profitable price,
exploration and
French coureurs de bois and voyageurs, coupled with Native
expansion?
America allies, searched the entire North America for the animal.
5. It was said that
These searched brought the French and Native Americas to
Spain’s overArkansas, Missouri, the Rockies, Spanish Texas and other
expansion also
locations. In addition, Jesuit missionaries who wanted to convert
led to its
Native Americans to Christianity became part-time explorers and
downfall. Could
geographers, scouring the Americas. Lastly, some French explorers,
this also be true
like Antoine Cadillac and Robert de La Salle, sought after the
with the French?
hinterlands for empire and expansion.
5. Yes, it may also be true for the French. Having a large amount of
territory with not a lot of population in it (in the 1750s, only 60,000
whites lived in New France), France’s territory could be vulnerable
to Spanish and English attack in several locations.
What conflicts did France have in North America, and what were its effects?
(The Clash of Empires, George Washington Inaugurates War with France, Global War and
Colonial Disunity, Braddock’s Blundering and Its Aftermath, Pitt’s Palm of Victory, Restless
Colonists, War’s Fateful Aftermath)
1. The first wars were King William’s War and Queen Anne’s War,
The Clash of Empires
1. What were some
which was essentially a small guerilla war between the French, the
of the clash of
Spanish, the English, and whatever Native American allies each
the empires?
empire had. The Queen Anne’s War ended in 1713, with peace
What occurred?
terms giving Britain present-day Nova Scotia, Newfoundland and
2. How could have
Hudson Bay. The War of Jenkins’s Ear started in 1739 after British
some of these
captain Jenkins had his ear sliced off by a Spanish sword. This war,
wars been
originally based off in the Caribbean Sea and Georgia, merged into
avoided?
the King George’s War in North America, where American
colonists and British ships captured the “invincible” fortress of
Louisbourg.
George Washington
2. Generally, these wars were unavoidable, as conquest and expansion
Inaugurates War with
were sought after in all three empires. In addition, the contest
France
3. Why was Ohio
between the empires also led to their enmity (notably Spain and
Country such a
France versus Britain), which was demonstrated when Jenkins had
contested region
his ear cut off by Spanish revenue authorities.
between the
3. Ohio Country was a contested region between the French and the
Spanish and the
British because it was the inevitable expansion area that the English
English?
sought after. It was also a region that connected Canada with the
4. What impact did
Mississippi Valley for the French.
George
4. George Washington commanded a small group of about 150
Washington have
Virginian militiamen to attack the French-erected forts in the Ohio
on the Ohio
Valley. Although he had been defeated in Ohio, Washington and
Country in 1753his troops had “fired the first shots of the globe-girdling new
1754?
war”—referring to the French and Indian War that ultimately ended
French dominance in America.
5. The English responded by setting up an inter-colonial congress in
Global War and
Albany, New York. Although only seven of the thirteen colonies
Colonial Disunity
5. How did the
arrived to discuss matters, including supplying the Iroquois with
English respond
modern weapons and maintaining their friendship in the upcoming
to the colonial
war, the overall colonial unity was somewhat bolstered. Benjamin
disunity in
Franklin had also drawn the most famous cartoon of the colonial
colonial
era before the Albany Congress assembled, featured a chopped up
America?
snake with the slogan “JOIN, or DIE.”
6. Braddock was an English general who arrived from Britain in the
French and Indian War and proceeded to try and capture Fort
Braddock’s
Duquesne with two thousand men. His blunder was failing to
Blundering and its
capture Fort Duquesne after the French and its Native American
Aftermath
6. Who was
allies crushed the slow-paced English expedition.
Braddock? How
7. After Braddock’s defeat, the Native Americans and the French were
did he
motivated to continue deep into colonial soil. Pennsylvania and
“blunder?”
North Carolina felt the wrath of the French as England’s
7. What were the
effects of
Braddock’s
blundering?
Pitt’s Palms of Victory
8. Who was
William Pitt?
9. What was the
situation in the
Seven Years’
War when Pitt
emerged into the
conflict?
10. What was the
significance of
Pitt’s victory?
Restless Colonists
11. What were the
causes of the
American
colonists being
restless after the
Seven Years’
War?
12. What
significance
might this
restlessness have
on the future of
America?
War’s Fateful
Aftermath
13. How did the
French and
Indian War lead
to the revolution
of America?
adversaries encountered extremely little resistance. George
Washington himself defended the invaded frontier with but three
hundred men. In addition, several other British defeats occurred up
in Canada, where the fleets attempted to attack more than one
strategic location and were soundly defeated by the French.
8. William Pitt was a “tall and imposing” figure who earned the
popularity of the common people and the title “Organizer of
Victory” after his successes against the French in the Seven Years’
War.
9. When Pitt emerged into the conflict, Braddock had already
“blundered,” the British fleets in Canada had been defeated, and
colonial disunity was still present (although less so than before the
war, thanks to Benjamin Franklin and the Albany Congress).
Britain had not won a single significant victory in the war yet.
10. Pitt’s decisions, such as attacking the Quebec-Montreal area and
employing young and energetic leaders, led to a series of successive
victories in the war, including the siege of Louisbourg (where they
captured Louisbourg for a second time), the Battle of Quebec
(where, in 1759, 32-year old James Wolfe sacrificed himself to lead
his army and capture Quebec), and the capture of Montreal (in
1760). Pitt’s leadership directly resulted in the end of the war in
Paris 1763, ending French power in North America completely.
11. The British continued to treat the colonists like scum even after
their great contribution to the English cause in the Seven Years’
War. The British refused to recognize any American above the rank
of captain, humiliating and demoting the famous George
Washington. Wolfe called the colonists, “in general the dirtiest,
most contemptible, cowardly dogs that you can conceive.”
Economic benefits also caused this, as some of the southern
colonies were actually supplying the Spanish and French West
Indies with foodstuffs for profit.
12. Britain’s continued contempt towards the colonists definitely would
arouse the anger of oppression and inequality, especially after
contribution to a war that would not have been won without the
colonies’ support. In addition, the Seven Years War united the
colonies more so than almost any other conflict since the
seventeenth century. Such foreshadowing can only lead to a revolt,
or maybe even a successful revolution.
13. The French and Indian War sparked a French lust for revenge on
Britain; the Proclamation of 1763, which further enraged the
restless colonists; and a blossomed sense of independence,
sprinkled with a prosperous vision of the future. The French,
recently defeated and driven off of North America, felt it necessary
to aid or incite the defeat of Britain in North America (which would
later lead to France’s support of the Revolution). The Proclamation
of 1763 prohibited motivated settlers from expanding into the lands
of the west, which angered colonists that wanted more land or did
not have enough land in the first place. Settlers felt it necessary,
even obliged, to expand deeper into the land that they were born in
and fought for. Lastly, the war sparked a sense of independence and
opportunity. With the French out of the continent and Spanish’s
influence far away (with Florida now in the hands of the English),
the Americans felt successful and worthy of their own place in
global history.
Who were the French?
(Makers of America: The French)
1. The French arrived in North America, at first, to fulfill the dream of
The French
1. Why did the
King Louis XIV (the “Sun King”), who wanted a New France in
French arrive in
Acadia and Quebec. Louis wished to implant the French culture
North America?
into North America, following the examples of the English and the
2. What happened
Spanish.
to the French
2. The French settlers in North America were forced to swear
settlers North
allegiance to Britain or withdraw to French territory. The first to
America after
leave, the Acadians, managed to escape persecution for over 40
France’s defeat
years (Acadia was in British control since 1713) until the Great
in the French and
Displacement occurred in 1755, forcing the Acadians to flee to the
Indian War?
southern French colonies in Louisiana; they were then called the
3. What was the
Cajun, and their settlements’ isolation was broken only in the
French culture in
1930s. The Quebecois, with nowhere to go after France’s
North America?
domination in North America dissipated, probably swore allegiance
to Britain. They migrated to New England only because Quebec’s
harvest was weak and the soil was infertile. The Quebecois
continued to cross the Canadian border between New England and
their old homes, visiting often (and even more so after a train route
between Boston and Quebec was established).
3. The French were Catholics, and thus they practiced Roman
Catholicism. Stubborn to surrender to English influence, the French
wanted to keep to their “worship” and language. To this day, the
French culture still remains in Quebec, with French painted on road
signs, taught in classrooms, and spoken in the markets.
Chapter Summary
After the Edict of Nantes settled a religious war in France in 1598, King Louis
XIV took the throne and envisioned a New France in North America.
Populating much of Canada, the French settlers discovered profit in beaver pelt,
and coupled with the notion of Native American conversion, the French began
to expand into Louisiana and Mississippi. Several wars between Spain, France,
Britain and the Native Americans erupted in the eighteenth century, including
the Queen Anne’s War, which gave Britain a large portion of Canadian
territory, and the French and Indian War (the largest war in history at that time),
which gave Britain and Spain all of France’s remaining territory. Although
France had been utterly decimated in the French and Indian War, the country’s
impact on North America had already been set; the Seven Years’ War brought
unity and unrest to the colonial settlers of America, and in the event of a
Vocabulary
Revolution (which would come soon), France would be there to help them.
Vainglorious – inordinate pride in oneself or one’s achievements
Eminence – fame or recognized superiority
Fraudulent – obtained, done by, or involving deception
Rivulet – a very small stream
Louis XIV, Edict of Nantes, New France, Canada, coureurs de bois, voyageurs,
Jesuit, Antoine Cadillac, Robert de La Salle, King William’s War, Queen
Anne’s War, War of Jenkins’s Ear, King George’s War, Louisbourg, Ohio,
Quebec, Montreal, William Pitt, George Washington, Proclamation of 1763,
Great Displacement