Download Ch 3 - My CCSD

Biology I (H)
Study Guide: CH 3 BIOCHEMISTRY
E. S. Gustafson
NAME:_____________________________ _______
PERIOD: ____
SECTION 3-1: WATER
POLARITY
Explain why some covalent bonds exhibit polarity.
Draw an electron-energy-level model & the structural formula for water. Indicate the charges on the
water model. What do the lines in the structural formula represent?
Distinguish between polar covalent bonds & nonpolar covalent bonds and provide some examples of
molecules of each type. (Lecture.)
HYDROGEN BONDING
Explain how a hydrogen bond is formed.
Distinguish between cohesion & adhesion.
Explain why water exhibits capillarity.
Why does water moderate temperature?
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Examine the diagram at right & draw in the appropriate charges
on the water molecules & the solute ion.
SECTION 3-2: CARBON COMPOUNDS
Distinguish between organic compounds & inorganic compounds. Provide some examples of each type.
Name three forms of inorganic carbon substances. (Lecture.)
Use chemical symbols to list several elements that commonly form bonds with carbon in organic
compounds.
CARBON BONDING
How many covalent bonds do carbon atoms form? ___________
List some important properties of carbon that lead to molecular diversity. (Lecture.)
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Explain what functional groups are.
Write the names & draw the chemical formulas of six functional groups found in organic compounds
Note: one has two variations.. (Text & Lecture.)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(3)
(6)
Circle & label the functional groups shown at right.
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LARGE CARBON MOLECULES
Define monomer & polymer.
What is a macromolecule?
Describe a condensation reaction. Note the byproduct of this reaction.
What other name is given to this reaction? (Lecture.) ____________________________________
Describe a hydrolysis reaction. Note the necessary reactant for this reaction.
Identify the forward & reverse reactions by labeling the “yield” arrows.
What does the abbreviation ATP stand for? ______________________________________
What functional group is associated with ATP? __________________________
SECTION 3-3: MOLECULES OF LIFE
CARBOHYDRATES
Describe what a carbohydrate is.
Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in typical carbohydrates. ___________________
What is the ratio of these elements? ____________________
Name the functional groups associated with carbohydrates. _________________________
Name the general term for a monomer of a carbohydrate & write its general formula.
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Identify the two monosaccharides below & draw the structural formula of a third common
monosaccharide next to the two provided. (See Fig. 3-10.) Write their chemical formulas below & briefly
discuss where these molecules are found & their functions.
What term applies to molecules that have the same elemental composition but different structures? In other
words, they have the same chemical formula but different structural formulas & different properties.
Explain how a disaccharide is formed.
List three common disaccharides & describe the composition of each. (Text & Lecture.)
Are these three common sugars isomers? ________
Explain how a polysaccharide is formed.
List two important fuel storage polysaccharides & discuss where they occur in organisms.
List two important structural polysaccharides & discuss where they occur in organisms.
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PROTEINS
Describe what a protein is.
Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in proteins. ___________________
What is an amino acid? What is the abbreviation for “amino acid”?
Draw an illustration of an amino acid below & label the central C-atom, amino & carboxyl groups,
hydrogen atom, & R-group. (See Fig. 3-11 & Lecture)
How do amino acids differ from one another?
How many different kinds of amino acids exist? ___________
What type of bond is formed when two amino acids join to form a dipeptide? _______________________
Describe the structure of a polypeptide.
Describe the four levels of structure that contribute to overall protein structure. (Lecture.)
(1) Primary structure -
(2) Secondary structure -
(3) Tertiary structure -
(4) Quaternary structure -
Provide an example of a protein composed of a single polypeptide. (Lecture.) _____________________
Provide an example of a protein composed of three polypeptides. (Lecture) _______________________
Provide an example of a protein composed of four polypeptides. (Lecture.) _______________________
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List five interactions between the R-groups of amino acids in a polypeptide or protein that causes them to
fold into a characteristic shape giving tertiary &/or quaternary structure. (Lecture.)
(1)
(4)
(2)
(5)
(3)
What are enzymes & what is their function?
What is an enzyme’s substrate?
Label & color the diagram below. Word list: enzyme; substrate; products; enzyme-substrate
complex.
A
C
B
D
LIPIDS
Describe what a lipid is.
Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in typical lipids. ___________________
Discuss is the hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio in lipids.
Name the functional groups associated with lipids. _________________________
Name the general term for a monomer of a lipids. _________________________
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Identify & circle the functional group & identify the hydrocarbon chain in the lipid below.
Fill in the chemical formula for the fatty acid pictured above. CH3(
) COOH
Distinguish between the terms hydrophilic & hydrophobic. Identify these regions fatty acid above.
Distinguish between saturated fatty acids & unsaturated fatty acids. What type is the fatty acid above?
Name the three classes of complex lipids that contain fatty acids & discuss their functions in living things.
(Text & Lecture.)
Discuss & describe some differences between saturated triglycerides (saturated fats) & unsaturated
triglycerides (unsaturated fats).
Describe & draw the basic structure of a steroid. How do steroids differ from the other lipids discussed?
Many steroids have this function: ________________________
Name several important steroids found in humans.
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Describe what a nucleic acid is.
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Use chemical symbols to list the elements found in nucleic acids. ___________________
Draw & label a general diagram to represent a nucleotide. (See Fig. 3-16.)
Name the functional groups associated with nucleotides/nucleic acids. ___________________
How many kinds of nucleotides are found in nucleic acids? ____________
Name the two large polynucleotides, provide their common abbreviations, & discuss their functions.
Label the diagrams below according to what type of organic or inorganic compound they represent.
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