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Chapter 15 Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Section 15.1: Fish (p.400-401) Vertebrate Characteristics Traits of Chordates Vertebrate animals belong to the phylum Chordata 3 subphyla, largest is vertebrates 2 smaller subphyla are made up of tunicates (sea squirts) and lancelets Tunicates Sessile Filter feeders Lancelets Free swimming Filter feeders Most times buried in sand w/heads sticking out What do tunicates and lancelets have in common with vertebrates? Notochord- flexible, rodlike structure along dorsal side (vertebrates – becomes backbone) Dorsal hollow nerve cord- tubular bundle of nerves that lies above the notochord (vertebrates – becomes spinal chord and brain) Gill slits – paired openings located in throat behind the mouth What is a vertebrate? Named for column of bones called vertebrae that encloses the dorsal nerve cord Endoskeleton – supports and protects internal organs and is where muscles are attached Most are ectotherms – animal where internal body temperature changes with temp of surroundings Endotherms – animals with constant internal body temperature (birds and mammals) What is a fish? - Three classes of fish - More than 30,000 species of fish (more than all other species of invertebrates) Fish Adaptations Ectotherms Gills for breathing Fins – used for steering, balancing and moving Scales – hard, thin, overlapping plates made of bone that cover the skin and protect the fish’s body 3 classes: jawless fish, cartilaginous fish and bony fish Origins of Fish Evolved from small, soft-bodied, filter-feeding organisms (like lancelets) Fossils of jawless fish from 450 million years ago Placoderms fossils found 390 million years ago First bony fish appeared 190 million years ago Jawless Fish Class Agnatha – lampreys (fresh and salt water) and hagfish (salt water) Agnatha – means jawless Round mouths and long, tubelike bodies covered in slimy skin with no scales Flexible bodies made of cartilage – tough, flexible tissue (like tip of nose and ears on humans) Lampreys use mouth to cut into fish and feed on its blood and body fluids Cartilaginous Fish Sharks, skates and rays Class Chondrichthyes Chondros means cartilage and ichthyes means fish Skeletons made of cartilage Movable jaws and scales Bony Fish Class Osteichthyes Osteon means bones Skeletons made of bone 95% of all species of fish belong to this class Gills have a gill cover Females release eggs into water Males swim over eggs and release sperm Spawning – external fertilization Buoyancy Swim bladder – air sac that helps control buoyancy Swim bladder allows fish to adjust its density so it can rise or sink Glands regulate gas content Deep-sea fishes often have oil rather than gases Bottom-dwellers have no swim bladders Kinds of Bony Fish Three groups – lobe-finned fish, lungfish and rayfinned fish Most are ray-finned fish Lobe-finned: fins are lobelike and fleshy Lungfish: have lungs and gills which allows fish to live in shallow waters (cover themselves with mucus and mud) Ray-finned: long, thin bones covered with skin Section 15.2: Amphibians (p.408-412) What is an amphibian? Amphibios – means double life Ectothermic vertebrates Live in water and on land Moist skin that is smooth, thin, and without scales Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged through skin and lining of the mouth Small, simple, saclike lungs for breathing Amphibian Adaptations During winter, bury themselves in mud or leaves Hibernation – period of inactivity in winter Estivation – period of inactivity during hot, dry summer months Strong skeleton made of bone Most lay their eggs in water Eggs hatch into larvae that live in water Origins of Amphibians Evolved from lobe-finned fish about 350 million years ago For 100 million years or more, amphibians were the dominant land animals Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders Have short, broad bodies with no neck, no tail, and four legs Frogs Strong, longer hind legs are for jumping Shorter, front legs are for swimming and jumping Eyes and nostrils on top of the head – let frogs see and breathe under water Frogs use tongue to catch insects Tympanic membranes vibrate to response to sounds and are used to hear Toads Breed in water Thick, warty skin Eat invertebrates (spiders, worms, etc.) Glands on back that secrete poison Salamanders and newts Found under dead leaves and rocks to avoid heat from the sun Salamanders and newts use sense of smell and vision to feed on worms, crustaceans, and insects Breed on land Amphibian Metamorphosis Series of changes larva go through to become adult Most have 2 stage life cycle Larval stage that lives in water Adult stage that lives on land Growth rate and length of time as larva depends on Species Water temperature Available food Bullfrogs may take a year Spadefoot takes about two weeks Mud puppies never grow out of larval stage Section 15.4: Reptiles (p.416-420) What is a reptile? Ectothermic vertebrate with dry, scaly skin Class Reptilia includes: lizards, snakes, turtle, crocodiles, alligators and extinct dinosaurs Thick, dry, waterproof skin covered with scales for protection Four legs with claws for moving, digging, climbing, and running (except snakes) Live on land Need water for reproduction Variety in Reptiles Vary in size, shape and color Live on every continent except Antarctica Live in all the oceans except those in polar regions Breathe with lungs Hearts have 3 chambers Development of Amniotic Egg Eggs of reptiles are fertilized internally in females After fertilization, females secrete a leather shell around each egg and lays the eggs on land Amniotic egg contains membranes to protect and cushion the embryo and get rid of wastes Yolk supplies food for the embryo Pores in the shell allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to be exchanged Looks like a young adult when hatched Origins of Reptiles First appeared in the fossil record nearly 280 million years ago First reptiles called cotylosaurs By the end of Triassic period, reptiles began to dominate the land The Mesozoic era is considered the Age of the Reptiles Modern Reptiles Descended from cotylosaurs 3 orders of reptiles: turtles; crocs and alligators; and lizards and snakes Turtles Found on almost every continent and in most of the world’s oceans Body covered by hard shells on top and bottom Withdraw into their shells for protection Have no teeth Use their beaks to feed on insects, worms, fish and plants Crocodiles and Alligators Among largest living reptiles Order Crocodilia Found in or near tropical climates Crocodiles have long, slender snouts Crocodiles are more aggressive than alligators Alligators have broad snouts Lizards and Snakes Make up the largest group of reptiles Lizards have movable eyelids, external ears and legs with clawed toes on each foot Lizards eat reptiles, insects, spiders, worms, and mammals Snakes “hear” vibrations in the ground Snakes are meat-eaters Some snakes constrict, others inject prey with venom Maternal Care in Reptiles Most fish, amphibians, and reptiles show little or no care for their eggs once laid Crocodiles stay near their nests Chapter 15 Fish, Amphibians, and Reptiles Section 15.1: Fish (p.400-401) Vertebrate Characteristics Traits of Chordates Vertebrate animals belong to the 3 subphyla, 2 smaller subphyla are made up of tunicates (sea squirts) and lancelets Tunicates Filter Lancelets Free Filter s Most times buried in sand What do tunicates and lancelets have in common with vertebrates? Notochord Dorsal hollow nerve cord(vertebrates – becomes spinal chord and brain) – paired openings located in throat behind the mouth What is a vertebrate? Named for column of bones called Endoskeleton – supports and protects Most are ectotherms – animal where internal body Endotherms – animals with temperature (birds and mammals) What is a fish? - Three classes of fish - More than 30,000 species of fish Fish Adaptations Gills for Fins – used for Scales – hard, thin, overlapping plates made of bone that cover the 3 classes: Origins of Fish Evolved from small, soft-bodied, filter-feeding organisms Fossils of from 450 million years ago Placoderms fossils found years ago First bony fish appeared years ago Jawless Fish – lampreys (fresh and salt water) and hagfish (salt water) Agnatha – Round mouths and long, tubelike bodies covered in Flexible bodies made of cartilage – Lampreys use mouth to cut into fish and feed on its Cartilaginous Fish Sharks, skates and rays Class Chondros means Skeletons made of Movable jaws and Bony Fish and ichthyes means Class Osteichthyes Osteon means Skeletons made of bone of all species of fish belong to this class Gills have a Females release eggs Males swim over eggs and Spawning – Buoyancy Swim bladder – air sac that helps Swim bladder allows fish to adjust its density so it can Glands regulate Deep-sea fishes often have Bottom-dwellers Kinds of Bony Fish Three groups – Most are ray-finned fish Lobe-finned: fins are Lungfish: have lungs and gills which allows fish to live in shallow waters Ray-finned: long, thin bones covered Section 15.2: Amphibians (p.408-412) What is an amphibian? Amphibios – means Live in water and Moist skin that is Carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged through skin and Small, simple, saclike Amphibian Adaptations During winter, bury themselves in Hibernation – period of Estivation – period of Strong skeleton made of Most lay their eggs in Eggs hatch into larvae that Origins of Amphibians Evolved from about 350 million years ago For 100 million years or more, amphibians were the Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders Have short, broad bodies with no neck, no tail, and four legs Frogs Strong, longer Shorter, front legs are for Eyes and nostrils on top of the head – let frogs Frogs use tongue to catch Tympanic membranes vibrate to response to Toads Breed in Thick, Eat (spiders, worms, etc.) Glands on back that secrete Salamanders and newts Found under to avoid heat from the sun Salamanders and newts use to feed on worms, crustaceans, and insects Breed on Amphibian Metamorphosis Series of changes larva go through to become adult Most have that lives in water that lives on land Growth rate and length of time as larva depends on Water Available Bullfrogs may take a Spadefoot takes about Mud puppies never grow out of Section 15.4: Reptiles (p.416-420) What is a reptile? Ectothermic vertebrate with Class Reptilia includes: lizards, snakes, turtle, crocodiles, alligators and extinct dinosaurs Thick, dry, waterproof skin covered Four legs with claws for (except snakes) Live on Need water for Variety in Reptiles Vary in Live on every continent Live in all the oceans except those in Breathe with Hearts have Development of Amniotic Egg Eggs of reptiles are After fertilization, females secrete a Amniotic egg contains membranes to protect and cushion Yolk supplies for the embryo in the shell allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to Looks like a young adult when Origins of Reptiles First appeared in the fossil record nearly 280 million years ago First reptiles called By the end of Triassic period, reptiles began to The Mesozoic era is considered the Modern Reptiles Descended from 3 orders of reptiles: Turtles Found on almost every continent and in most of the world’s oceans Body covered by Withdraw into their shells Have no Use their beaks to feed on Crocodiles and Alligators Among living reptiles Order Crocodilia Found in or near Crocodiles have Crocodiles are more aggressive than Alligators have Lizards and Snakes Make up the largest group of Lizards have movable Lizards eat reptiles, insects, spiders, worms, and mammals Snakes vibrations in the ground Snakes are Some snakes Maternal Care in Reptiles Most fish, amphibians, and reptiles show Crocodiles stay near