Download Community Ecology - Harlem School District 122

ECOLOGY
CHAPTER 19- 23
KEY CONCEPT
Ecology - is the study of the relationships
among organisms and their environment.
LEVEL OF ORGANIZATION
• Large to Small
• Biosphere- Ecosystem- Community- Population- Organism
• An organism is an individual
living thing, such as an alligator.
Organism
Organism
• A population is a group of the
same species that lives in one
area.
Population
Population
Organism
Organism
• A community is a group of different
species (populations) that live
together in one area.
Community
Community
Population
Population
Organism
Organism
• An ecosystem includes all of the
organisms as well as the climate, soil,
water, rocks and other nonliving things
in a given area.
Ecosystem
Ecosystem
Community
Community
Population
Population
Organism
Organism
• A biome is a major regional or global
community of organisms characterized
by the climate conditions and plant
communities that thrive there.
Biome
Ecosystem
Ecosystem
Community
Community
Population
Population
Organism
Organism
ECOLOGY OF ORGANISMS
KEY CONCEPT
Every ecosystem includes both living and nonliving
factors.
Biotic factors are living things.
• plants
• animals
• fungi
• bacteria
plants
Abiotic factors are nonliving things.
– moisture
– temperature
– wind
– sunlight
– Soil
– Water
– Rocks
sunlight
moisture
CHANGING ONE FACTOR IN AN ECOSYSTEM
CAN AFFECT MANY OTHER FACTORS.
• Biodiversity is the assortment,
or variety, of living things in an
ecosystem.
• Rain forests have more
biodiversity than other
locations in the world.
A keystone species is a species that has an unusually large effect
on its ecosystem.
keystone
• Keystone species form and
maintain a complex web of life.
creation of
wetland
ecosystem
increased waterfowl
Population
keystone species
increased
fish
population
nesting
sites for
birds
NICHE
• The “job” of an organism
• Producer
• Consumer
• Herbivore
• Carnivore
• Omnivore
• Decomposer
• Scavengers
• Consumers are not all alike.
– Herbivores eat only plants.
– Carnivores eat only animals.
– Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
– Detritivores eat dead organic matter.
– Decomposers are detritivores that break
down organic matter into simpler compounds.
Herbivore
carnivore
decomposer
NICHE DIFFERENCES
• Generalists- species that can tolerate a range of
conditions and resources (broad niches)
• Specialists- species that have narrow niches
TODAY’S ECOLOGICAL
ISSUES
NEGATIVE HUMAN
INTERACTION
ENCROACHMENT
• Destroying natural habitat in the name of progress
•
•
•
•
New roads
Sub-divisions
Airports
Schools
DRAINAGE OF WETLANDS
• Takes away nesting sites for ducks, geese, and other
water birds
• Habitat for other birds and small animals
MORE DRAINAGE
• Drainage of Coastal Wetlands
and Salt Water Estuaries
• Destroys nesting sites of sea turtles
• Destroys hatcheries and nurseries
of many important marine species
• Over ½ of U.S. wetlands destroyed
by pollution or drainage
DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS
• Tropical – earths richest and most
diverse ecosystem
• Over ½ all plant and animal species
found
• Over ½ of our tropical forest have
been destroyed since 1945
DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS
• Each year an area the size of Wisconsin is destroyed
• Firewood
• Farming
• Growth of 3rd world nations
DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS
• Temperate
• Found in North America & Europe
• Only about 10% of the original forest land is left in Europe
DESTRUCTION OF FORESTS
• Old Growth Forest
• Never been logged
• Wilderness areas
• Some forms of wildlife can only survive in undisturbed areas
DESTRUCTION OR GRASSLANDS &
PRAIRIES
• Changing a very complex
community with its wide
variety of plant and animal
life (biodiversity) into
monoculture fields of wheat
or corn
• Grazing of cattle and sheep
over large areas
MINING AND OIL DRILLING
• Brooks range in Alaska, off shore drilling, open pit
mines
• Waste tailing causes acid water pollution
• What is dug out of the land and piled as waste
OTHER PROBLEMS
• Destruction of small wood lots, cornfields, and small
farms throughout the U.S.
SPORTS AND TROPHY HUNTING
• In past, very damaging
• Many animals hunted to extinction
• Today, hunters are usually the major supporter of
conservation programs
POACHING
• Killing of animals for profit
• Rhinos-horns
• Elephants and Walrus – ivory
tusks
• Big cats – skin
• Bears – liver & gallbladder
• Tigers - claws
THINNING OZONE AND
CLIMATE CHANGES
• CFC’s chlorofluorines are
destroying the ozone layer.
• The worst is over Antarctica
• Average global climate is rising
because greenhouse gases
are trapping the sun’s heat.
OZONE DEPLETION
• Composed of O3 molecules
• Absorbs ultraviolet (UV)
radiation from the sun
• Discovered as a hole in the
ozone layer over Antarctica
•A similar ozone hole has
appeared over the Arctic,
which has grown so large to
expose the northern part of
the U.S.
• Caused by
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
• Used in aerosol cans, in the
manufacture of plastics, and
coolants in refrigerators and air
conditioners
•
•
•
Most countries
have banned
the use of CFCs
ACID RAIN
• Caused from burning fossil fuels
• Acidic gases are given off which
contain nitrogen and sulfur; when they
combine with water vapor, they form
drops of nitric or sulfuric acid
• When it rains, the water has an acidic
pH
HUMAN POPULATION GROWTH
• Has grown exponentially
INCREASING POPULATIONS AFFECT…
• Amount of clean water
• Increase of waste
• Soil lost when it is cleared for agriculture
• Demand for land has led to
deforestation, which contributes to
global warming
• Pollution of the environment
• Food shortages
• Spread of diseases
TECHNOLOGY
• Technology can help solve problems, but also
contributes to pollution of air, soil, and water
• Sustainable agriculture aims to conserve soil so it
can be reused
• Farm equipment consumes nonrenewable
resources (oil, gas) and causes air pollution
• Chemicals are added to soil for agriculture (fertilizer,
pesticides, etc.)
• Man-made chemicals contribute to environmental
problems, such as CFCs that deplete the ozone
• Outdated equipment (old computers, cell phones,
etc.) have to disposed of
• Modern transportation causes an increase of use of
gas and oil and creates air pollution
• Transportation also causes aid precipitation
• Nuclear power doesn’t create pollution, but wastes
have to be disposed of
• Some resources are renewable and can be
replaced almost as quickly as they are used (trees
used for paper), but some are nonrenewable and
can not be replaced (metals, minerals, coal, oil)
BIODIVERSITY CRISIS
• Select species are becoming
extinct, thus, the genetic variation
on the planet is decreasing.
• Diversity is greatest to lowest as
follows:
• Insects, plants, crustaceans, fungi,
fishes and finally, mammals
WAYS YOU CAN HELP
• Biology conservationmaintaining natural areas
• Biology Restoration- Reversing
major changes caused by
humans
• EX. Reintroduction of
endangered species.
SPECIES INTERACTION
CHAPTER 21
PREDATION
• Predator - captures, kills, and
consumes
• Prey
• Mimicry - harmless resembles a
poisonous
• Herbivores - primary consumers
that eat plants
PARASITISM
•
•
•
•
1 benefits & 1 harmed
Host is organism invaded
Ectoparasites - external
Endoparasites - internal
PARASITISM
MUTUALISM
• Both species benefit
• Often food and protection
MUTUALISM
COMMENSALISM
• One benefits other unharmed
COMMENSALISM
COMMUNITY PROPERTIES
• Stability- resistance to change
• Richness- number of species
contained
• Diversity- number of kinds of
species contained
• Species –area effect
• Larger areas contain more different
species then small areas.
ECOLOGICAL
SUCCESSION
CHANGE IN AN ECOSYSTEM
PRIMARY SUCCESSION
• Succession that takes place
where no soil had previously
existed
• Ex: land created by volcanic
eruptions; land exposed due to
glaciers melting
The first organisms to
appear on land are the
pioneer species
Lichens and mosses
break down rock into
smaller pieces during
primary succession
Small ferns and
flowering plants grow
next
Shrubs grow next, then
small evergreens, and
finally deciduous trees
As plants die, they
decompose and add
nutrients to the soil
As the plants change,
the species of animals
also change
SECONDARY SUCCESSION
•Disturbance of land that
causes succession to
reoccur
•Ex: fires clearing land
or abandoned farmland
SMALL TREES COLONIZING
AN UNCULTIVATED FIELD
The final community to
develop is the climax
community
The climax community
varies depending on the
climate. It may be
grassland, deciduous
forest, savanna, etc.
SUCCESSION
• Gradual sequential re-growth
of species in an area.
• Primary- no previous life (bare
rock)
• Secondary- building somewhere
life once was (burnt down forest)
ECOSYSTEMS AND THE
BIOSPHERE
CHAPTER 22
KEY CONCEPT
Life in an ecosystem requires a source of energy.
PRODUCERS PROVIDE ENERGY FOR OTHER
ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM.
• Producers get their energy from non-living resources.
(The SUN)
• Producers are also called autotrophs because they
make their own food.
Plants
• Photosynthesis = producers use sunlight as
an energy source.
carbon dioxide + water +
hydrogen sulfide + oxygen
sugar + sulfuric acid
• Consumers
• organisms that get their energy by eating other
living or once-living resources.
• Also called heterotrophs … they feed off of
different things.
KEY CONCEPT
Food chains and food webs model the flow of
energy in an ecosystem.
A food chain follows the connection between
one producer & a single chain of consumers
within an ecosystem.
GRAMA GRASS
DESERT COTTONTAIL
HARRIS’S HAWK
FOOD CHAIN
• Consumers are not all alike.
–
–
–
–
Herbivores eat only plants.
Carnivores eat only animals.
Omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Detritivores eat dead organic matter.
– Decomposers are detritivores that break down
organic matter into simpler compounds.
Herbivore
carnivore
decomposer
Trophic levels are the nourishment levels
in a food chain.
– Primary consumers are herbivores that eat
producers.
– Secondary consumers are carnivores that eat
herbivores.
– Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat
secondary consumers.
Omnivores, such as humans that eat both plants and
animals, may be listed at different trophic levels in
different food chains.
KEY CONCEPT
Pyramids model the distribution of energy and matter
in an ecosystem.
• Energy pyramids compare energy used by
producers and other organisms on trophic levels.
Only 10% Between each
tier of an energy
pyramid, up to 90% of
the energy is lost into
the atmosphere as
HEATof the energy at
each tier is transferred
from one trophic level to
the next.
energy
lost
energy transferred
A vast number of producers are required to
support even a few top level consumers.
tertiary
consumers
secondary
consumers
primary
consumers
producers
5
5000
500,000
5,000,000
A food web emphasizes complicated feeding
relationships & energy flow in an ecosystem.
COMPETITION
• The use of the same limited
resources by two or more species
NUTRIENTS
• They move between the living and non-living
making a balanced environment
TUNDRA
TUNDRA
• Cold
• Largely treeless
• Northern North America,
Europe, & Asia
• Covers about 1/5 the world’s
land surface
• Permafrost
• Short growing season
TUNDRA
TUNDRA
TAIGA
TAIGA
•
•
•
•
South of the tundra
Conifers
Northern Europe, Asia, and North America
Long winters, short summers
TAIGA
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
• Eastern North America, much
of Europe, parts of Asia
• Deciduous trees
• Evenly precipitation each
season
• Many of the forests are used
for timber
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FORESTS
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
TEMPERATE GRASSLANDS
• North America (prairie), Asia (steppes), Europe,
Australia, and South America (pampas)
• Dominated by grasses
• Rich fertile soil
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
DESERT
DESERTS
• North Africa, central Australia, southwestern North
America, and eastern Asia
• Less than 25 cm of rainfall per year
• Sparse vegetation
DESERT
SAVANNA
SAVANNAS
• Africa, South America, and
Australia
• Large number of herbivores
• Alternating wet and dry
seasons
• Prolonged periods of drought
SAVANNA
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS
• Near the equator in Asia,
Africa, South America, and
Central America
• Plants grow as tall as 164 to 197
feet
• Most diverse biome
• 200 - 300 cm of rain fall
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
WATER BIOMES
OCEAN ZONE
• Intertidal Zone
• Exposed to air, low tide
• Must withstand force
• Neritic Zone
• Most productive
• Photosynthesis can occur
• Rich in plankton
INTERTIDAL ZONE
NERITIC ZONE
Intertid Neritic
al Zone Zone
OCEAN ZONE CONT.
• Oceanic Zone
• Contain fewer species
• Low nutrient levels
• Deep
• Cold
• Estuaries
• Where freshwater rivers and
streams flow into the sea
OCEANIC ZONE
Oceanic
Zone
ESTUARY
FRESHWATER ZONES
• Lakes and Ponds
• Eutrophic lakes - rich in organic
matter and vegetation, murky
• Oligotrophic lakes - little organic
matter, clear, usually sandy or
rocky
• Rivers and streams
• Flow down a slope
EUTROPHIC LAKE
OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE