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Agriscience 332
Animal Science
The Circulatory System
8646-A
TEKS: (c)(2)(A)
Topic B-1: Knowing the Skeletal, Muscular, Respiratory, and Circulatory Systems of Animals
Topic Goal:
The student shall be provided the opportunity to know the skeletal, muscular, respiratory, and
circulatory systems of animals as a means of explaining animal anatomy and physiology related to
nutrition, reproduction, health, and management of domesticated animals.
Topic Objectives:
After completing the topic, the student will be able to:
1. illustrate the anatomy and physiology of the heart;
2. recognize the anatomy and physiology of the vascular system;
3. identify the anatomy and physiology of systems within the circulatory system; and
4. describe the anatomy and physiology of the total circulatory system.
CLASS NOTES
The ____________________ system is comprised of the heart, veins, capillaries, arteries, lymph
vessels, and lymph glands, which work together to _____________ the body tissues with
____________________ and ______________ ___________ material.
_________________ of the
circulatory system:

Distribute _________________

Transport and exchange _____________ and _____________ ______________

Remove ___________ materials

Distribute ___________________ of endocrine glands

Prevent excessive ________________

Prevent _________________

Regulate body ____________________
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART
The ___________ is a funnel-shaped hollow, muscular organ that is responsible for pumping blood to
all parts of the body. The heart is located near the center of the ________________ cavity between the
lungs and is contained in the pericardial sac. The ____________________ sac supports the heart and
contains some fluid for lubrication.
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The broad end, or base, of the heart is supported by large ________________ and ___________. The
pointed end, or __________, of the heart is directed toward the abdomen.
The heart __________ is made up of three layers:

___________________ - outer layer of heart wall, which is also the inner layer of the epicardial
sac;

____________________ - inner layer that consists of endothelial cells, which line the heart,
cover the heart valves, and line the blood vessels; and

___________________ - middle layer composed of cardiac muscle. The ______________
muscle is an ____________________, striated muscle with fibers that intertwine.
In mammals and birds, the heart is divided into a ___________ and __________ side and each side is
divided into an _____________ and _________________.
Therefore, the heart has __________
________________ (right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle).
The __________________________ ___________ (AV valves)
separate the atrium and ventricle on
each side of the heart. The AV valves
have flaps of tissues, called leaflets or
___________, which open and close to ensure
that the blood flows only in one direction
and does not backflow into the atriums.
The AV valve on the right side of the heart is called the _________________ valve because it has three
leaflets (cusps). The AV valve on the left side of the heart is called the ________________ valve (or
mitral valve) because it has two leaflets.
The _________________ valve and the _____________ valve prevent blood from back-flowing into
their respective ___________________. The _________________ ___________ is located between the
right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. The _____________ ___________ is located between the left
ventricle and the aortic artery.
A group of cells called the ___________________ __________ (SA node) control the beat of the heart
by sending out ___________________ signals to make the heart pump.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
The ________________ system is made up
Blood Vessels
of three types of blood ______________:

arteries,

capillaries, and

veins.
________________ are blood vessels that carry blood, rich in _____________, from the heart to other
parts of the body. The large arteries have ___________ walls of ______________-like tissue that
enables them to withstand the blood ________________ created by the heart’s beating.
As the arteries extend away from the heart, they branch out into smaller arteries called
___________________.
The smaller arteries’ ___________ are composed of large amounts of
_____________ muscle instead of the elastic tissue.
Arterioles _____________ into smaller vessels called capillaries. At this ________________, the
arterioles have an especially ___________ layer of smooth muscle in their ___________ that carefully
controls the amount of ___________ each capillary receives.
Blood ________________ for the entire circulatory system is maintained by the ______________ at the
end of the arterioles.
___________ is a serious condition that occurs when the arterioles
_____________ (relax) and allow a large volume of blood into the capillary beds.
The
______________ blood flow that occurs with shock jeopardizes ___________ organs.
____________________ are tiny, thin-walled blood vessels that ______________ arteries to veins and
are located in all body tissues. Capillaries are so ___________ in diameter that blood ___________
pass through in a _____________ file.
The semi-permeable ________________ of capillary
walls allows _________________, _____________, and
___________ to diffuse from the blood to
the tissues. Waste products, like
_____________ ______________, diffuse from the
tissues into the blood.
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Larger tubular ___________________, which also connect arterioles to venules, are located within the
_________________ __________. These tubules allow more ___________ to flow through an area,
help __________ tissues, and increase the return of blood ________________ to the heart. Once blood
_____________ through the capillary beds, it begins its _____________ to the heart. ___________ are
the blood vessels that _____________ blood to the ___________ from all parts of the body.
Capillaries unite to form small veins called ______________. The venules join together to form larger
___________, which have __________ walls and are ____________________.
For each
_____________, there is a much larger __________ counterpart. Veins have _____________ that aid
the return __________ of blood and prevent the blood from _________________ flow. These valves
allow for muscular ______________________ and ________________ of body parts. The valves also
assist the return flow of blood to the heart when blood ________________ is low.
PARTS OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The total ____________________ system is divided into two main parts:
_________________
circulation and ________________ circulation.
Pulmonary Circulation
_________________ circulation is the part of the circulatory system that takes the blood from the
___________ to the ___________, where it is ___________________, and returns it to the
___________. The main parts of the _________________ circulation system include the ___________,
pulmonary ________________, capillaries of the ___________, and pulmonary ___________.
Flow of Blood in Pulmonary Circulation
Blood that is ________ in oxygen ______________ to
the heart through two large veins called the
________________ (or cranial) vena cava and the
________________ (or caudal) vena cava. The
un-oxygenated blood enters the right _____________
of the heart. The blood then passes through
the right atrioventricular (_________________) valve
into the right _________________.
The right ventricle pumps the blood through the pulmonary
___________ into the _________________ artery. The pulmonary artery quickly ______________ into
two branches. Each _____________ of the pulmonary artery carries blood to a __________. In the
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lungs the pulmonary arteries branch into ____________________ that surround the ______________.
Through _________________, carbon ______________ moves from the ___________ into the
______________ and _____________ moves from the ______________ into the ___________. The
___________________ blood then returns to the ___________ through the pulmonary __________ into
the left _____________. From the left _____________, the blood flows through the left atrioventricular
(________________) valve into the left _________________.
The thick-walled __________ ventricle pumps the blood through the aortic valve into the ___________.
The amount of ________________ that is required for _________________ circulation is much
__________ than what is required for ________________ circulation. Therefore, the _____________
mass developed in the ___________ ventricle is much __________ than that of the __________
ventricle.
Un-oxygenated blood is __________ or ________________ red, while oxygenated blood is bright
________. In the _________________ system, _______-___________________ blood is carried by the
pulmonary ________________ and ___________________ blood is carried by pulmonary
___________. In the ________________ system, ________________ carry ___________________
blood and ___________ carry _______-___________________ blood.
The Systemic Circulation System
The ________________ circulation includes the flow of oxygenated blood from the ___________ to the
______________ in all parts of the __________ and the return of un-oxygenated blood back to the
___________. The blood vessels, including the ________________, ____________________, and
___________, are the main parts of systemic circulation.
Through systemic circulation, _____________ and _________________ are delivered to the body
______________ via the arteries. ___________ is ________________ during systemic circulation by
the ______________ (most of the waste) and ___________ (sugars). The systemic circulatory system is
______________ and its functions vary. The systemic circulatory system is divided into subsystems for
particular ______________ of the body.
Flow of Blood Through the Systemic Circulatory System
Oxygenated ___________ leaves the left ventricle of the ___________ through the ___________, the
largest artery in the body.
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The
left
and
right
________________
arteries immediately branch from the aorta
and
carry
fresh
blood
to
the
heart
_________________________ itself.
The
________________________ veins quickly
_____________ that blood back to the
____________.
A heart _____________
often involves a __________ in the coronary
________________ or their branches.
The __________________________ trunk is the next branch from the aorta. The ______________
arteries branch off the brachiocephalic trunk and carry oxygenated blood to the __________ and
__________ region. Blood from the neck and head region is returned by the ______________ veins.
The left and right ________________ arteries also branch from the brachiocephalic trunk to supply
blood to the _________________ and ________________.
The ________________ aorta refers to the portion of the aorta that goes from the heart, through the
thoracic _____________ to the _________________. The portion of the aorta that goes from the
_________________, through the _________________ region, to the last _____________ vertebrae is
called the _________________ ___________.
Branches from the ________________ aorta supply oxygenated blood to the ___________ (via
bronchial arteries), _________________, __________, and _________________. The _____________
artery branches from the aorta immediately past the diaphragm and itself branches into the
______________, ______________, and ______________ arteries.
supplies blood to the ______________.
The ______________ artery
The ______________ artery supplies blood to the
_____________. The ______________ artery supplies blood to the ___________.
The cranial and caudal ___________________ arteries branch from the abdominal aorta and carry blood
to the ___________ and ___________ intestines. The ___________ arteries are next to branch from the
abdominal aorta.
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The ___________ arteries have two important functions:

Supply blood to the ______________, and

Carry
large
volumes
of
blood
to
the
kidneys
for
___________________
and
______________________.
From the renal arteries arise arteries that supply blood to the _________________ in males (internal
spermatic arteries) and parts of the ______________________ system in females (uteroovarian arteries).
The _________________ aorta ends where it branches into the internal and external ___________
arteries. The ________________ iliac artery supplies blood to the _____________ and ________
region.
The ________________ iliac artery branches into the ______________ arteries.
The
______________ arteries and their branches supply oxygenated blood to the hind __________.
___________ normally accompany ________________ and often have similar names. Veins are always
_____________ than the arteries and are sometimes more ______________ than arteries because they
are _____________ to the skin surface. Most veins eventually ___________ the un-oxygenated blood
into the __________ ___________.
The ______________ veins return the blood from the __________, __________, ________________,
and part of the ________________ cavity to the right atrium of the heart via the ________________
vena cava. These cranial veins include the ______________ vein, ________________ veins, internal
________________ veins, and the _________________ veins.
The _____________ veins return blood from the ___________, _____________, ___________, and
______________ veins to the right atrium of the heart via the ________________ vena cava.
Before ___________ is returned to the heart from the ______________, ________________, small
_________________, and _____________, it goes through the ___________ for filtration. This portion
of the systemic system is known as the ______________ portal system. The ______________ vein
(stomach),
______________
vein
(spleen),
___________________
vein
(pancreas),
and
___________________ veins (small intestines) empty into the portal vein that carries the blood to the
___________. In the liver, the _____________ vein branches into smaller venules and finally into
capillary beds. In the capillary beds of the ___________, nutrients are _________________ for storage
and the blood is ________________.
The capillaries then join into venules that empty into the
______________ vein, which carries blood to the ________________ (caudal) vena cava.
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The _________________ system is part of the _____________ system and acts as a secondary
(accessory) circulatory system.
Functions of the lymphatic system are to:

Remove excess _____________ from body tissues;

Absorb __________ acid and transport _______ to circulatory system; and

Produce _____________ cells (lymphocytes, monocytes,
and plasma cells).
Flow of Blood & Lymph Within Tissue
Flow of Blood & Lymph Within
Tissue
Blood fluid ______________ through the thin-walled
capillaries into _____________ between body tissue
cells. Lymph ______________, which have very thin
walls, pick up the fluids called ___________.
The ___________ vessels join to form larger ducts that pass
through lymph ___________ (or glands). Each lymph node
has a fibrous outer covering (______________),
a _____________, and a ______________.
Lymph nodes _____________ foreign substances, such as ________________and _____________
cells, from the lymph before it is re-entered into the blood system through the larger veins. Lymph
___________, which are scattered among the lymph ______________, act as the body’s first
______________ against infection.
Lymph ___________ produce the following cells:

____________________ - a type of ___________ blood cell,

_________________ - a leukocyte that protects against blood-borne _________________, and

_____________ cells - produce ___________________.
Each lymph node has its own ___________ supply and venous drainage. The lymph nodes usually have
names that are related to their ________________ in the body.
When a specific location gets
________________, the lymph nodes in that area will ______________ to fight the infection. If the
lymph node closest to an infected area is unable to _________________ the infection, other lymph
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nodes in the _____________ will attempt to ___________ the infection. This is particularly critical in
the case of _____________, which can be spread from its point of _____________ to all parts of the
__________ through the _________________ system.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE BLOOD
___________ is an important component of the circulatory system. Anatomically and functionally,
blood is a ___________________ tissue. The _____________ of blood that a domestic animal has is
expressed in terms of percentage of body weight (____________ - 7.7%; __________ - 8.0%; and
___________ - 9.7%).
Components of Blood
_____________, which makes up 50% - 65% of the total volume of blood, is a straw-colored liquid
containing ___________ (90%) and _____________ (10%). The solids in plasma include inorganic
___________ and ______________ substances, such as antibodies, hormones, vitamins, enzymes,
proteins, and glucose (blood sugar). The non-plasma, or ________________, portion of blood is
composed of ________ blood cells, ___________ blood cells, and _________________.
Red blood cells, called ______________________, are responsible for carrying _____________ from
the lungs to various body tissues. Red blood cells contain ___________________, which gives them
their characteristic red color and helps them carry the oxygen.
Red blood cells are biconcave
___________, a shape that provides a large __________ for oxygen exchange. Red blood cells are
produced in the red _____________ of bones. Most domestic animals have a red blood cell count of
___________ million cells per cubic milliliter of blood. Red blood cells will last from _______ to
________ days and are removed from the ___________ by the spleen, liver, bone marrow, or lymph
nodes when they are worn out.
_____________ is a condition caused by ________ levels of red blood cells and hemoglobin. Anemia
can be caused by:

Loss of blood due to _____________,

Infestations of blood-sucking _________________, or

Low levels of red cell production due to poor _________________.
_____________________________ is a condition in which there is an above normal level of red blood
cells. Hemoconcentration is normally caused by ____________________ (loss of body fluid), which
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can be the result of ________________, ________________, or any chronic disease characterized by
high body ______________________.
Blood platelets, or ______________________, are oval-shaped discs that are formed in the __________
marrow. Blood _________________ help prevent blood __________ from injuries to blood vessels by
forming ___________ (white thrombus). Platelets may secrete a substance that causes the __________
to contract and solidify. Platelets may also secrete a substance that causes an injured _____________ to
constrict at the injury.
White blood cells, or ___________________, are divided into two general categories: granulocytes and
agranulocytes.
______________________ are the category of leukocytes that contain granules within the cytoplasm.
Granulocytes include:

____________________ - produced by bone marrow; neutrophils fight ______________ by
migrating to the point of infection, absorbing bacteria, and destroying them.
Neutrophils
dissolve __________ tissue resulting in a semi-liquid material called ________.
An
______________ is a concentrated area of pus.

____________________ - a type of granulocyte that plays a role in combating infection by
_________________, as well as, impacting _________________ and _____________. They
contain most of the _________________ protein in the blood, which is an indication of allergic
reaction when elevated.

_________________ - rare granulocytes that are responsible for the symptoms of
_________________, including inflammation.
_______________________ are the category of leukocytes that contain very little, if any, granules.
Agranulocytes are ________________ by the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and other lymphoid tissue.
There are two types of agranulocytes:

____________________ - agranulocytes that produce and release ___________________ at the
site of infections to fight disease. Lymphocytes also produce antibodies that allow an animal to
build up immunities to a particular disease.

_________________ - agranulocytes that _____________ disease-producing materials, such as
bacteria that cause tuberculosis, through ______________________.
Unlike neutrophils,
monocytes do not produce ________. Monocytes join body tissue to form larger, diseaseabsorbing masses called ____________________.
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In domestic animals, approximately _____% to _____%
of the leukocytes in domestic mammals are neutrophils
and lymphocytes. The total number of neutrophils and
lymphocytes are about equal, but temporary
_____________ increases the ratio of neutrophils to
lymphocytes until that stress is removed.
When bacterial ___________________ occur, the
number of white blood cells normally
_________________. When ___________ infections
occur, the number of white blood cells normally
_________________. Therefore, the concentration of
___________ blood cells can help ________________ disease.
Blood ________________ is called ____________________ and is important in reducing blood loss
caused by injury and in healing the injury. _____________ is a thread-like mass produced by fibrinogen
(fibrous protein in blood) and thrombin. Fibrin holds the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
together to form a blood __________. Coagulation times for livestock species vary: cattle- ________
minutes; swine - ________ minutes; sheep ________ minutes; and horses - __________ minutes.
Vitamin _____ helps maintain Antithromboplastin and antithrombin, which are two substances that
______________ blood from ________________ within the circulatory system.
Blood ___________ are classified based on certain ________________ and ___________________
found on the surface of red blood cells. Young animals can receive certain ___________________ from
their mothers.
These antibodies must be passed on to the young animal through the
___________________ milk because the placental membrane is fairly impermeable.
When two
different blood types, an ______________ and its ________________, combine as a result of mating,
the reaction would cause agglutination or ________________ together of red blood cells. This may
cause some _____________ during the early embryonic development in animals.
Many blood ___________ and _____________ have been identified in domestic animals.

Cattle have _____ recognized blood groups

Horses have _____ recognized blood groups

Canine have _______ described groups, but only _____ recognized groups
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Some blood types can cause ______________ in the offspring of animals. Individual animals and their
parents can be ___________________ using blood-typing.
artificial insemination must be blood-typed.
Bulls used for ___________________
Certain blood types may be connected to
________________ production and/or ____________________ in animals. For example, ________
production and hatchability can be improved in ________________ and __________ Stress Syndrome
(PSS) can be identified in ___________.
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