Download Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Exam Review

Honors Biology Semester 2 Final Exam Review
1. Identify the 2 equations associated with the Hardy Weinberg Theorem. Identify the parts
of the equation that represents:
a. The dominant allele
b. The recessive allele
c. Homozygous dominant phenotype
d. Heterozygous phenotype
e. Homozygous recessive phenotype
2. You have sampled a population in which you know that the percentage of the
homozygous recessive genotype (aa) is 36%. Using that 36%, calculate the following:
a. The frequency of the "aa" genotype.
b. The frequency of the "a" allele.
c. The frequency of the "A" allele.
d. The frequencies of the genotypes "AA" and "Aa."
e. The frequencies of the two possible phenotypes if "A" is completely dominant over "a."
3. There are 100 students in a class. Ninety-six did well in the course whereas four blew it
totally and received a grade of F. Sorry. In the highly unlikely event that these traits are
genetic rather than environmental, if these traits involve dominant and recessive alleles,
and if the four (4%) represent the frequency of the homozygous recessive condition,
please calculate the following:
a. The frequency of the recessive allele.
b. The frequency of heterozygous individuals.
c. The frequency of the dominant allele.
4. When does the Hardy Weinberg Theorem apply? Predict some circumstances that would
cause frequency of alleles to change over time.
5. Define Evolution.
6. What serves as evidence for evolution? Distinguish between homologous structures and
analogous structures. Provide 3 examples of each.
7. Natural selection acting on polygenic traits produces 3 possible outcomes. Identify the
three outcomes and describe a situation which would select for a particular outcome.
Draw a graph to illustrate which of the selection types the example shows.
8. How does comparing DNA sequences of organisms help scientists understand their
relatedness?
9. What are the essential nutrients that are recycled in the biogeochemical cycles?
10. Define eutrophication. Nitrates, nitrites, and phosphates are essential to life. However,
in excess they can become pollutants, especially in aquatic ecosystems. What human
activities in Missouri could potentially lead to these nutrients acting as pollutants in
aquatic ecosystems?
11. Describe the 3 types of ecological pyramids. How much of each (energy, biomass,
numbers) is passed on from the trophic level below?
12. The following are different inheritance patterns. Be sure to be able to work a genetic
problem for each type and be able to interpret the results. The patterns are: Sex-linked
(color blindness), Autosomal Dominant (Huntington’s), Autosomal Recessive (Cystic
Fibrosis), Incomplete Dominance(Color in some flowers), and Co-dominance (Blood
typing).
13. Determine the inheritance patterns in the pedigrees:
14. Explain how the use of gel electrophoresis, restriction enzymes, and polymerase chain
reactions has contributed to biotechnology, genetics, and criminal investigations.
15. Identify the ingredients and machine needed to run PCR. Explain the function of each
ingredient.
16. Identify the different genotypes possible for a dominant and a recessive allele. Relate
each genotype to a phenotype.
17. Place the following in order from largest to smallest: population, ecosystem, community,
species, and biosphere.
18. In gnats, there are two phenotypes for wing size, long and short wings. A scientist
crossed two long winged gnats and ended up with 153 long winged gnats with 49 short
winged gnats. What are the probable genotypes of the parent gnats? Which allele is
dominant and which is recessive?
19. What effects do biotic and abiotic factors have on populations?
20. What is a possible result of removing a population’s predator?
21. What is gene flow? How is does gene flow impact population genetics?
22. How can environmental factors (habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and introduction
of exotic species) be agents of natural selection?
23. What do scientists use to classify organisms?
24. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction with
regard to variation in a population.
25. Describe the conditions that would lead to both logistic and exponential growth. How do
the logistic and exponential graphs differ from one another?
26. Identify and explain the limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) that may affect the carrying
capacity of a population within an ecosystem.
27. Explain how and why the classification of any taxon might change as more is learned
about the organisms assigned to that taxon.
28. How are karyotypes used in genetics? What is a trisomy and how can it be identified
using a karyotype?
29. What is the genotype for a man? What is the genotype for a woman? Which of the
man’s parents/grandparents donate genes to his X chromosome? Which donate to the Y?
Which of the woman’s parents/grandparents donate genes to each of her X
chromosomes?
30. How do sex-linked traits lead to the expression of genetic disorders? Why are females
often carriers of genetic disorders rather than expressing genetic disorders? Why are
males not carriers?
31. Identify renewable and nonrenewable (infinite/finite) resources available on earth. How
do these resources differ from one another? How does the use of these resources affect
the biodiversity in an ecosystem?