Download pep biology - Pinelands` Enrichment Program

PEP BIOLOGY
2009 – 2010
Mrs. Lamberti
AUGUST
24 – Ch. 13.1 Read
1. Explain the ideas and contributions of the (a) Hebrews, (b) Greeks, and
(c) Romans to science.
2. Explain the contributions of (a ) Nestorian Christians, (b) Muslims, and (c) Jews to
medieval science.
DEFINE: evolution, materialism, natural history, naturalism, spontaneous generation
25 – Ch. 13.2 Read
In a paragraph, explain why English Puritans and French Hugenots and Jansenists
were so prominent in the advancement of seventeenth-century science.
26 – Ch. 13.2
1. Describe the achievements of such naturalists as (a) Brunfels, (b) Fuchs, and
(c) Gesner in botany and zoology.
2. Describe the contributions of (a) Andreas Vesalius and (b) William Harvey to human
anatomy and physiology.
3. Describe the beginnings of microscopy and micro-biology through the researches of
(a) Robert Hooke and (b) Anton van Leeuwenjoek.
4. Describe the cell principle.
5. Who is “the father of chemistry”?
6. Who is “the father of physics”?
DEFINE: anatomy, botany, cell, physiology, zoology
27 – Ch. 13.3 Read
28 – Ch. 13.3
1. Explain the Biblical presuppositions upon which modern science is based.
2. Explain the nature of scientific law.
3. Explain the inability of science to answer questions about spiritual realities or
ultimate origins.
4. Describe the steps in the research method.
DEFINE: abiogenesis, control group, controlled experiment, hypothesis, law of
biogenesis, replication, scientific law, scientism, theory, variable factor.
SEPTEMBER
1 – Read Ch. 5.1
1. What was the major contribution of Carolul Linnaeus?
2. Identify the five kingdoms and the general description of each.
3. What are the seven categories of the classification system from most general to
most specific?
4. Explain how a scientific name is assigned to an organism.
DEFINE: binomial nomenclature, taxonomy.
2 – Read 1.1
Explain the origin of the word biology.
DEFINE: biology, habitat, organism, producer
3 – Read 1.2
1. Compare and contrast the taproot system and fibrous root systems.
2. Identify the three basic leaf shapes.
3. Identify the three categories of leaf margins.
DEFINE: blade, compound leaf, herbaceous plant, leaflet, midrib, stem,
vegetative reproduction, vine, woody plant.
Study for a quiz! (HINT: pay close attention to definitions and shapes!)
See you on September 4th!
Mrs. Lamberti
September
4 – Quiz. Prepare Lab notebooks.
Obtain e-mail information. ?—students with microscopes at home.
Overview of Evolution vs, Creation. How the coloring book homework
works. Review of the syllabus. Choosing of the lab partners.
PEP Lab: Leaves – Their Shapes and Margins
7 – Labor Day, NO homework. (YEAH!!)
8 – Read 1.3
1. List several plants from each of the following families: composite, rose, mustard,
nightshade, mint, parsley, cashew, lily, and pea.
2. List several plants that are dicots and several that are monocots.
3. Identify four differences between dicots and monocots.
4. Describe the structure of a composite flower.
DEFINE: angiosperm, annual, biennial, bilateral symmetry, denitrifying bacteria,
legume, nitrates, perennial, radial symmetry, nitrogen-fixing bacteria,
nitrogen cycle.
9 – Read 1.4
1. Are grasses monocot or dicot? How can you tell?
2. Compare and contrast sedges and grasses.
3. Compare and contrast the two types of sap in grasses.
DEFINE: cereals, forage grasses, graminoids, grain, prairie, stolon, sheath, steppe,
savanna, sap, turf grass, woody grasses
10 – Chapter Review
1. Identify how land plants may be grouped according to the size and shape of the stem.
2. Identify three types of grasslands.
3. Identify the three most important cereal crops.
4. Identify the two main types of root systems.
5. Explain the purpose of flowers.
6. Explain the purpose of leaves.
7. Explain the purpose of stems.
8. Explain the purpose of roots.
**EACH STUDENT should collect TWO DIFFERENT examples of flowers for class.
11 – Quiz.
PEP Lab: Botanical Identification (flowers) and Taproots vs Fibrous Roots
14 – Read 1.5
1. Why are broadleafed trees referred to as hardwoods?
2. What is the difference between a deciduous tree and an evergreen tree?
3. What group of trees is known for thin, smooth bark that peels off in layers?
4. Name two trees that produce flowers.
5. To which family does the tulip tree belong?
6. Which group of trees grows in damp areas?
7. What are two types of trees, in addition to willows, that are members of the
willow family?
DEFINE: crown, deciduous, evergreen, samara
15 – Read 2.1
1. Compare and contrast opposite, alternate, whorled and rosette leaf arrangements.
2. Compare and contrast simple and compound leaves.
DEFINE: blade, leaflet, margin, midrib, node, organ, petiole, phototropism, root
system, sessile leaf, shoot system, vein
16 – Read 2.2, pgs. 34 – 37
Compare and contrast parallel, pinnate, and palmate venation.
DEFINE: cambium tissue, cork tissue, cuticle, epidermis, guard cells, meristematic
tissue, mesophyll, parenchyma tissue, phloem, stomata, tissue, transpiration,
vascular tissue, xylem
17 – Read 2.2, pgs. 38 – 40
Identify: (a) the three main parts of every cell,
(b) the purpose of the cell membrane,
(c) the purpose of cell walls,
(d) the tissue that forms the majority of the leaf
DEFINE: cellulose, chlorophyll, chloroplast, cytoplasm, nucleus, organelles,
vacuole
Bio CB 31 Plant Cell
18 – Quiz.
PEP Lab: Leaves and Leaf Patterns.
21 – Read. 2.3
1. Write a complete summary of photosynthesis. Explain the requirements for
photosynthesis and how they are supplied, the actual process of photosynthesis, and
the products of photosynthesis. Include the chemical equation for photosynthesis.
2. In what form is glucose usually transported throughout a plant?
3. In what form do plants store excess glucose?
4. Explain the process of cellular respiration.
22 – Read 2.4
1. Explain the wilting of leaves and its causes.
2. Explain how guard cells open and close the stomata.
3. List the names of colors of three common leaf pigments normally hidden by
chlorophyll.
4. What are some of the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?
DEFINE: abscission layer, insectivorous plants, spines, tendrils, turgid, turgor pressure.
23 – Read 3.1
1. Compare and contrast complete and incomplete flowers.
2. Compare and contrast staminate and pistillate flowers.
3. What is the primary purpose of a flower to a plant?
24 – 3.1
Explain the structure and function of each of the four main flower parts.
DEFINE: bract, corolla, day-neutral plant, flower, inflorescence, long-day plant,
monoecious, pedicel, photoperiodism, receptacle, short-day plant.
25 – Quiz.
PEP Lab: Flower Dissection and Seed Sprouting (Preparation)
28 – Read 3.2
1. Compare and contrast cross-pollination and self-pollination.
2. Distinguish between pollination and fertilization and tell how each is involved in the
reproduction of flowering plants.
3. How are fruits and seeds formed?
DEFINE: endosperm, gamete, histamine, hormone, horticulture, nectar, pollen index,
pollen tube, ripen, sexual reproduction.
29 – Read 3.3
1. Compare and contrast simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple fruits.
2. Give an example of: tropical multiple fruit, a temperate pome, a subtropical berry,
an aggregate fruit, a subtropical drupe, a temperate berry, a temperate drupe, and a
tropical drupe.
3. Identify mechanical dispersal, agent dispersal, and two other forms of seed dispersal.
Give an example of each.
DEFINE: achene, bran, cereal grain, dry fruit, endosperm, fleshy fruit, (wheat) germ,
gluten, husk, stone.
30 – Read 3.4
1. Describe the structure of a seed and an embryo.
2. Compare and contrast monocots and dicots.
DEFINE: chemurgy, cotyledon, diastase, dormancy, endosperm, germination, hilum,
plumule, radicle, seed coat, viability.
OCTOBER
1 – Read 4.1
1. Describe how the branching pattern of plants is determined.
2. If you carved your initials on a tree trunk and came back to look at them many years
later where would find your initials. Explain why.
DEFINE: bundle scars, internode, leaf scars, lenticels, node, primary growth, tropism.
**EACH STUDENT should collect 2 TYPES OF STEMS for class AND bring in their
seedling.
2 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Stems and Seedlings.
5 – Read 4.2
1. Into what three major portions can a young woody dicot stem be divided?
2. How are the vessles and tracheids different? What type of vascular tissue do they
constitute.
3. Describe the two kinds of vascular tissue in a woody stem. Give the name and
location of each and tell the kind of sap each transports and the direction of transport.
DEFINE: grain, pith, sapwood, secondary growth, sieve plates, sieve tubes, vascular
rays, wood.
6 – Read 4.3 and p. 77
1. Compare and contrast herbaceous dicots and woody dicots.
2. Compare and contrast herbaceous dicots and herbaceous monocots.
DEFINE: chemotropism, cortex, fibrovascular bundles, hydrotropism, negative tropism,
phototropism, positive tropism, rind, thigmotropism, tropism.
7 – Read 4.4
1. Compare and contrast layering and grafting.
2. Compare and contrast slipping and budding.
3. Compare and contrast bulbs and corms.
4. Compare and contrast rhizomes and runners.
5. Briefly describe the functions of the five plant hormones on p. 78.
DEFINE: adventitious roots, asexual reproduction, cutting, scion, stock, stolon, tendril,
thorns, tuber, vegetative propogation.
8 – Read 4.5
1. Explain the function of root hairs.
2. Describe how roots grow in length.
3. Name the four main functions of roots discussed in this text.
4. Explain the difference between osmosis and diffusion.
5. Compare and contrast overwatering and burning of a plant.
DEFINE: adhesion, cohesion, epiphytes, fibrous roots, fleshy roots, prop roots, root
cortex, sap stream, stele, sucker shoots, taproots.
**EACH STUDENT should collect 2 TYPES OF ROOTS for class.
**TURN IN NOTEBOOK AND HOMEWORK TO THE BOX.
9 – Quiz
Review of Lab Notebooks
PEP Lab: Roots and Osmosis or Diffusion
12 – Read 22.1
1. Explain why organisms are cellular in structure.
2. State the cell principle (p. 581).
3. What are the average number of cells in the human body: (a) at birth, (b) in an adult.
DEFINE: cytology, molecular biology, cell
Internet Research: identify the smallest and largest cells known to man.
13 – Read 22.2
1. What are the three main parts of a plant or animal cell?
2. Briefly describe the overall structure of the nucleus. What purpose does the nucleus
serve?
3. What is the purpose of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
4. How do the Golgi complex and the cytoskeleton work together to transport proteins
or other large molecules from one region of a cell to another?
5. Briefly state the purpose of mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, lysosomes, and
vacuoles.
6. What are some of the purposes of the cell membrane.
DEFINE: centriole, chromatin, DNA, microtubule, nucleolus, nucleoplasm, organelles,
phospholipids, vesicle.
14 – Bio CB 30 Animal Cell
15 – Review Bio CB 31
List five major differences between plant cells and animal cells.
**If you have a MICROSCOPE, PLEASE bring it to class tomorrow.
16 – Quiz.
PEP Lab: Cell Structures
19 – Read 22.3
1. Compare and contrast active and passive transport.
2. Compare and contrast phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
3. Compare and contrast endocytosis and exocytosis.
4. Compare and contrast photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
5. Identify the molecule that supplies the energy needed for active transport.
DEFINE: ATP, cilia, flagellum, homeostasis, osmotic pressure, pH.
20 – Zoo CB 10 Mitosis
Research mitosis from another source (i.e. encyclopedia, internet) and write a brief
description (NO copy and paste—you’re cheating yourself if you do!)
21 – Read 5.2
1. Describe how gymnosperms reproduce.
2. Describe the two types of cones produces by conifers.
3. Compare and contrast angiosperms and gymnosperms.
4. Compare and contrast conifers, cycads, and ginkgoes.
DEFINE: vascular plants, nonvascular plants
22 – Read 5.3
1. Compare and contrast spores and seeds.
2. Compare and contrast sporophyte and gametophyte generations.
DEFINE: club moss, fern, frond, gamete, horsetail, rhizome, sori, sporangium, spores
Bio CB 11 Water Molecules (manual)
Bio CB 12 Unusual Properties of Water (manual)
23 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Properties of Water
26 – Read 5.4
1. Why are the leaf-like and stem-like structures of mosses not considered true leaves or
stems?
2. Describe how mosses reproduce.
DEFINE: bryophytes, capsule, liverwort, moss, peat, peat moss, rhizoid.
Zoo CB 3 Introduction to Protozoans (Yes, we’re working ahead here.)
27 – Read 5.5
1. Explain why dinoflagellates may be classified as plants or animals.
2. Explain why blue-green algae are sometimes classified as cyanobacertia.
3. Describe the classification of algae, including the subphyla, and the basis for
the classification. Give an example of each.
4. What are some more useful products derived from algae?
5. Compare and contrast kelps, rockweeds, and gulfweeds.
6. IDENTIFY: large saltwater algae, algae that can grow 200 feet long, the substance in
mayonnaise, the algae which grows at the greatest depth.
DEFINE: algae, chlorella, colony, desmids, diatoms, diatomaceous earth, filament,
flagellum, fungi, holdfast, plankton, primary consumers, red tide, rusts,
Sargasso Sea, secondary consumers, seaweed, silica.
Zoo CB 4 Paramecium
28 – Read 5.6
1. Explain why biologist have difficulty classifying the bacteria.
2. Compare and contrast autotrophs and heterotrophs.
3. Compare and contrast saprophytes and parasites.
4. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
DEFINE: antibiotic, basidium, fruiting body, fungi, gills, hyphae, lichen, mildews,
molds, mycelium, mycology, rusts, smuts, yeasts.
Zoo CB 5 Amoeba
29 – Read 21.6
1. What are the four main groups of protozoa and their identifying characteristics.
2. Name three diseases caused by protozoa.
3. Compare and contrast locomotion in flagellates, pseudopods, ciliates, and
sporozoans.
Zoo CB 6 Euglena
Zoo CB 11 Reproduction Among Protozoans and Sponges
**If you have a MICROSCOPE, PLEASE bring it to class tomorrow.
30 -- Quiz. (HINT: know your single-celled animals, algae, and fungi)
PEP Lab: Mold, Muck, and Protozoans
NOVEMBER
2 – Read 16.1
1. Compare and contrast the three basic kinds of symmetry found in living organisms.
2. Name three characteristics of all vertebrates?
3. Identify five characteristics of all mammals?
DEFINE: blastula, carnivore, gestation period, herbivore, hibernate, homeothermic,
invertebrates, mammary glands, motile, oviduct, oviparous, sessile, tetrapod,
viviparous.
Bio CB 91 Kingdoms of the Living World (manual)
3 -- Read 16.2
1. Compare and contrast diurnal and nocturnal animals.
2. Identify the following -- Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia: smallest order (fewest
species), largest order (greatest number of species), flying mammals, egg-laying
mammals, marine mammals, and mammals with trunks.
3. Identify: the chief sensory organ of the platypus when it’s underwater; the slowest
land mammal and possible reasons for lack of speed; the only pouched
animal outside of Australia, the land mammal having the most teeth; five
mammals that eat ants and their distinguishing characteristics.
Zoo CB 2 Organization of the Animal Kingdom: Major Phyla
4 -- Read 16.3
1. Explain how insectivores benefit mankind.
2. Compare and contrast bats, flying squirrels, and flying lemurs and why they are
classed in different orders.
3. Name three diseases which can be spread by rats.
4. List four characteristics of primates.
5. What is a prehensile tail?
6. What characteristic do all rodents have in common?
7. What is the most obvious way to distinguish between an ape and a monkey?
5 -- Read 16.4
1. Compare and contrast artiodactyls and perissodactyls.
2. Compare and contrast horns and antlers.
3. Describe the characteristics of ungulates.
4. Name two aquatic animals of the order Carnivora.
5. What is the largest land-dwelling carnivore?
6. Explain the digestive system of a ruminant.
6 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Classification of Animals and Plants
9 – Read 7.1
1. Name the bones, regions, and curves of the vertebral column.
2. Compare and contrast the axial skeleton and the appedicular skeleton.
3. Describe the functions of the cranium, fontanels, sutures, and sinuses.
4. Describe the functions of the hyoid bone and the middle ear bones.
DEFINE: anterior, cartilage, cervical, cranium, lateral, ligament, lumbar, pelvis,
posterior, scoliosis, thoracic.
10 -- Read 7.2
1. Explain how the bones of the forearm allow the hand to rotate.
2. Identify the bones of the pectoral girdle. (Yes boys, you have a girdle, 2 actually).
3. Identify the bones of the pelvic girdle.
DEFINE: carpus, patella, pelvis, phalanges, tarsus, tendon
Bio CB 100 Skeletal System (manual)
11 -- Read. 7.3 and 7.4
1. Explain how bones are classified.
2. Compare and contrast the epiphyses and the diaphysis.
3. Compare and contrast spongy bone and compact bone.
4. Compare and contrast simple fractures and compound fractures.
5. Compare and contrast ball and socket joints, hinge joints, and pivot joints.
6. Explain how ellipsoid joints, gliding joints, and saddle joints function.
7. What is the most common type of arthritis? Which type is most serious?
DEFINE: arthritis, collagen, dislocation, hydroxyapatite, ligament, ossification,
osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, periosteum, rickets, sprain, synovial fluid,
Wolff’s law.
12 -- Zoo CB 101 Correlative Support Systems
**Review and Study the human skeleton.
13 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Bones
16 – Review definitions.
17 – Review labs.
18 – Review cell structures.
19 – Review quizzes.
20 – PEP BIOLOGY MID-TERM
LAB NOTEBOOKS COLLECTED FOR GRADING.
COLLECT BEFORE LEAVING: Bio CB 110 and your Zoo CB.
23 -- Read 7.5
1. Compare and contrast skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
2. Compare and contrast contraction and relaxation.
3. Identify: the largest muscle of the human body, the two major muscles responsible
for chewing, the type of muscle used in childbirth, the muscles located between the
ribs, the main muscle responsible for shoulder movement.
DEFINE: cardiac muscle, involuntary muscle, muscle fibers, smooth muscle, striated
muscle, voluntary muscle.
Bio CB 101 Musculoskeletal System (manual)
24 – Read 7.6 and 7.7
1. Explain the importance of proper muscle tone.
2. What is meant by the all-or-none response.
3. Compare and contrast white fibers and red fibers.
4. What causes muscle fatigue?
DEFINE: cramp, fascia, motor unit, myofibril, neuromuscular junction,
neurotransmitter, sarcomere, strains
Zoo CB 102 Correlative Muscular Arrangements
25 -- – Read 6.2
1. What are the four basic types of tissue?
2. What are the four types of membranes found in the body?
3. List five important organs once thought to be vestigial and give their known functions.
DEFINE: cutaneous membrane, interstitial fluid, matrix, serous membrane, tissue,
vestigial organ
Bio CB 98 (manual) Cells and Tissues
Thanksgiving and Christmas break begin save the research paper.
Happy Holidays!
My research paper topic is:
________________________________________
Research papers should include:
title page, outline, Table of Contents, the report, and
bibliography with at least 4 sources, half of which must NOT be internet based. Length: at
least 10 pages, no more than 12, including all of the above criteria (hence report is 6 – 8 pages).
Use size 12 font in either Times New Roman or Arial (the 2 most common automatic settings)
and 1.5 space for your lines.
Please remember to write in your own words as plagerism receives an “F”. Quotations are
allowed as long as you credit their source; footnotes are expected to reference your quotes.
Manage your TIME. This term (research) paper should be completed BEFORE Christmas so you
can enjoy your holidays and family time.
REMEMBER to begin regular homework on January 4th
in order to prepare for our first lab of 2010!
Happy Christmas and a Blessed New Year to you ALL!
2010
January
1 – Happy New Year! Watch a parade and have fun.
4 – Read 8.1
1. Compare and contrast the central nervous system and peripheral nervous
system.
2. Identify the three broad categories of neurons and the main function of each.
3. Compare and contrast gray matter and white matter.
4. Explain how the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous
system interact with each other to regulate body activities.
DEFINE: cerebrospinal fluid, cranial nerves, ganglion, glial cells, meninges, motor
nerve, myelin, nerve center, neurology, neurons, plexus, sensory nerve, spinal
cord, spinal nerves
Bio CB 110 Nervous System
5 -- Read 8.2
where do these questions divide by section???
1. Explain the importance of Schwann cells and oliodendrocytes in nerve tissue.
2. Explain how a nerve cell transmits a nerve impulse.
3. Explain how a reflex arc functions.
4. Describe the structure of a nerve.
5. Explain why damage to nerve cells is so serious.
6. List five good habits to develop and five bad habits to avoid if you want good
neurological health.
DEFINE: amnesia, cerebral palsy, coma, epilepsy, meningitis, reflex, REM, synapse
6 -- Read 8. 4 (Yes, in preparation for the lab we are taking this out of order.)
7 – Read 8.3
1. Explain the location and basic functions of the cerebrum, cerebellum, and
brain stem.
2. Explain the differences between the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
3. Explain why the brain and the mind are not the same thing.
4. Describe the location and function of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
lobes.
DEFINE: cerebral cortex, cerebral palsy, corpus callosum, gray matter, hypothalamus,
limbic system, longitudinal fissure, medulla oblongata, midbrain, pons,
reticular formation, thalamus, white matter
Zoo CB 107 Correlative Nervous Systems
8 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Brain Dissection
11 -- Read 8.5
1. Compare and contrast the somatic senses and the special senses.
2. Identify the three broad categories of sensory receptors in the skin.
3. What are your two chemical senses?
4. What organ is responsible for your sense of balance?
5. How are pain receptors stimulated?
DEFINE: accommodation, decibel, lysozyme, primary odors, taste bud, thermoreceptors,
tinnitus
12 – 8.5 continued
1. Describe the structure and function of the eyes.
2. Compare and contrast the sclera, the uvea, and the retina.
3. Compare and contrast aqueous humor and vitreous humor.
4. Many animals designed for night vision have only rod cells in their retinas and lack
cone cells entirely. Why would this arrangement improve the animal’s ability to see
in near darkness? What disadvantages would such an arrangement have for seeing in
daylight?
DEFINE: astigmatism, cornea, fovea, glaucoma, iris, persistence of vision, primary
colors, pupil, rhodopsin
13 – Anatomy CB 137 Nervous System Visual System I (manual)
Anatomy CB 140 Nervous System Auditory System I (manual)
14 -- Read 11.1
1. Describe the symptoms and treatment for first-, second-, and third-degree
burns.
2. Compare and contrast the three layers of the skin.
3. What are three functions of the skin?
4. How do sweat glands help your body maintain a stable internal environment?
DEFINE: albino, arrector pili, collagen, dermatitis, elastin, hair follicle, melanin, pore,
psoriasis, sebaceous glands, sebum, sweat ducts, typhus
Bio CB 111 Integumentary System
Zoo CB 100 Specialization of Vertebrate Skin
15 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Making Sense of Your World:
Eye Dissection and Touch Experiment
18 – Read 9.1
1. What are the four main elements of which living cells consist?
2. What type of food do our bodies use as the main source of energy for doing things?
3. What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins?
4. Identify the types of nutrients and the primary function of each.
DEFINE: cellulose, chemical compound, element, essential amino acid, glycogen,
hydrogenated oil, incomplete protein, oxidation, lipid, polyunsaturated fat,
starch
19 – Read 9.2
1. List the water soluble vitamins and several good food sources of each.
2. List the fat soluble vitamins and several good food sources of each.
3. Explain the importance of the minerals calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine, sodium,
potassium, and magnesium in body metabolism. Identify a good food source of
each.
4. Why is water necessary for life?
DEFINE: deficiency disease, edema, enriched foods, extracellular fluid, hemoglobin,
hypervitaminosis, intracellular fluid, mineral, trace element, vitamin
20 – Read 9.4
1. What are the three functions of the alimentary canal?
2. Describe the functions of the tongue, salivary glands, teeth, and pharynx in the
process of digestion.
3. In a paragraph, describe the process of digestion from the time food enters the mouth
until it reaches the stomach.
DEFINE: bolus, gingivitis, epiglottis, palate, periodontitis, peristalsis
Bio CB 107 Digestive System
Zoo CB 105 Correlative Digestive System
21 – Read 9.5 and 9.6
1. Explain how the stomach wall is protected by the acids and digestive enzymes inside
the stomach.
2. How do hydrochloric acid and bile salts help digest food?
3. Identify the following organs of the digestive system and the primary purpose of
each: appendix, colon, esophagus, liver, pancreas, stomach, small intestine, rectum.
3. Which organ of the digestive system is considered the primary organ of digestion and
absorption?
4. What is the source and function of sodium bicarbonate in digestion?
5. Name three ways that good health practices can help prevent gastrointestinal
disorders.
DEFINE: diarrhea, dysentery, emulsification, feces, glucagons, insulin, intestinal
glands, peptic ulcer, urea
22 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Alimentary Canal
25 – Read 10.1
1. Explain the basic function of arteries, veins, and capillaries.
2. Explain the design and function of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
3. Explain the importance of the Rh factor.
4. Describe the components of blood.
5. Where in the body are new red blood cells produced?
6. Name the four main blood types.
DEFINE: anemia, hemoglobin, hemophilia, leukemia, oxyhemoglobin, phagocyte,
plasma, pus, shock, sickle-cell anemia, spleen.
26 – Read 10.2
1. Describe the pericardium and the three layers of heart tissue.
2. Describe the four chambers and valves of the heart.
3. Describe the circulation of blood through the heart.
4. Describe the symptoms of a heart attack and first aid for a heart attack.
5. Compare and contrast systole and diastole.
6. IDENTIFY: aorta, heart murmur, pulmonary veins, septum, venae cavae,
ventricular fibrillation
27 – Read 10.3
1. Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries.
2. Compare and contrast arterioles and venules.
3. Compare and contrast systemic, pulmonary, portal, and renal circulation.
4. Explain the method of measuring blood pressure and pulse.
DEFINE: atherosclerosis, carotid arteries, cirrhosis, hypertension, jugular vein,
lobules, viral hepatitis
Zoo CB 103 Correlative Circulatory Systems
Bio CB 102 Cardiovascular System (manual) and study (HINT)
28 – Read 10.4
1. Describe how the medulla oblongata regulates the rate of breathing.
2. Describe the pathway of air from the nose to the lungs, inhalation.
3. Describe the process of exhalation.
4. Describe some of the more common disorders of the respiratory system.
5. Compare and contrast external respiration, internal respiration, and cellular
respiration.
6. In a paragraph describe the function and structure of the lungs.
7. Using what you know abut inhalation and exhalation, explain why a puncture wound
to the chest cavity that allows air to pass through can cause a lung to collapse.
Zoo CB 104 Correlative Respiratory Systems
Bio CB 105 Respiratory System (manual)
29 – Quiz
OR Lung Experiment (soda bottles, balloons, etc.)
PEP Lab: Heart Dissection. View and illustrate blood cells.
FEBRUARY
1 – Read 11.3 (No mistake, we’re taking this chapter out of order.)
1. Explain how the endocrine system differs from the nervous system.
2. Explain the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands.
3. Explain why the pituitary gland is called “the master gland of the body”.
4. Describe the location and activities of each of the endocrine glands.
5. List five diseases caused by malfunctions of the endocrine system.
DEFINE: gonadotropins, gonads, hormone, hypothalamus, islets of Langerhans
2 – Bio CB 108 Endocrine System (manual)
3 – Read 11.2
1. Explain the basic purpose and importance of the excretory system.
2. How is the activity of the kidneys regulated?
4. Describe the proper care of the kidneys.
5. Describe some of the common disorders of the kidneys and urinary system.
Zoo CB 106 Correlative Excretory/Urinary Mechanisms
4 – 11.2 continued
DEFINE: Bowman’s capsule, CAPD, dialysis, excretion, glomerulus, nephron,
reabsorption, renal tubule, renin, ureters, urethra, urinalysis, urinary bladder.
Bio CB 106 (manual)
5 – Quiz.
PEP Lab: Kidney Dissection
8 – Zoo CB 31 Introduction to Segmented Worms: Phylum Annelida
Zoo CB 34 Earthworm: II Nervous and Circulatory System
9 – Read 21.5
1. What are the three groups of flatworms mentioned in the text? Which of these
groups is not parasitic?
2. How does a tapeworm obtain nutrients, since it has not digestive system?
3. List four parasitic nematodes (roundworms) and describe each.
4. Briefly describe the life cycle of a hookworm and a trichina worm. State how a host
is harmed by each parasite.
need more on flat worms here next time
DEFINE: elephantiasis, eyespots, scolex, sheepliver fluke, trichinosis
10 – Read 21.4
1. Describe the processes of digestion and excretion.
2. Describe how an earthworm moves and breathes.
IDENTIFY: the “heart” of an earthworm; the largest class of segmented worms.
DEFINE: nephrida, parapodia, setae.
Zoo CB 33 Earthworm: I External Surface, Digestive and Excretory Systems
11 – Zoo CB 35 Earthworm: III Reproductive System
Zoo CB 36 Earthworm: IV Cross Sectional View and Locomotion
12 – Quiz. Identify the Zoo CB homework for next week based upon the lab.
PEP Lab: Earthworm Dissection Don’t do Clams
15 – Read 21.3
1. List four characteristics of coelenterates.
2. Compare and contrast polyp form and medusa form.
3. What body form (medusa or polyp) characterizes the following: a hydra, an adult
jelly fish, an anemone, a coral?
4. Identify the “flowers” of the ocean.
5. Compare and contrast sea anemones and corals.
6. Explain how sponges are classified.
Zoo CB 8 Introduction to Sponges
16 – Read 21.2
1. Describe the general structure of an echinoderm.
2. What purposes does an echinoderm’s water-vascular system serve?
3. How do rotifers demonstrate that small organisms are not necessarily simple?
Zoo CB 58 Introduction to Echinoderms: Phylum Echinodermata
(Zoo CB 59 Sea Star External & 60 Sea Star Internal = Bonus)
17 -- Read 21.1
1. Describe the distinguishing characteristics of a mollusk.
2. Describe the formation of a pearl.
3. Compare and contrast the body structure and the locomotion of bivalves and of
univalves.
4. Explain the movement of water into and out of a bivalve’s mantle cavity. Why is
this activity critical for a bivalve?
Zoo CB 51 Introduction to Molluscs: Phylum Mollusca
Zoo CB 53 Clam External Structure
18 – 21.1 continued
1. Identify the largest known invertebrate.
2. Identify the invertebrate with the most highly developed brain.
3. Identify the only cephalopod with an external shell.
4. What are three differences between a squid and an octopus?
Zoo CB 54 Clam Internal Structure
Zoo CB 55 Clam Circulatory System
19 -- Quiz.
PEP Lab: Clam Dissection
22 -- Read 20.1
1. Describe the general characteristics of arthropods.
2. List the five classes of arthropods, describing the main characteristics of each.
3. Describe specific characteristics of insects.
4. Describe how insects hear.
5. To which body segment of an insect are the insect’s legs and wings attached?
6. Compare and contrast complete and incomplete metamorphosis.
DEFINE: arthropod, chitin, compound eye, entomologist, exoskeleton, inbertebrae,
mouthparts, nymph
Zoo CB 41 Introduction to Arthropods: Phylum Arthropoda
Zoo CB 45 Some Beneficial/Harmful Insects
23 – Read 20.2
1. List the important orders of insects and give an identifying description of
each.
2. List three distinct differences between moths and butterflies.
3. What is the scientific definition of a bug?
4. What is themeaning of the suffix –ptera?
Zoo CB 42 OR 46 Crayfish OR Grasshopper
24 -- Read 20.3
1. Describe the major differences between insects and spiders.
2. Compare and contrast the anatomy of a spider and of a daddy longlegs.
3. Compare and contrast centipedes and millipedes.
DEFINE: arachnida, book lung, cephalothorax, chelicerae, mygalomorph, pedipalp,
scopula, spinneret.
Zoo CB 43 OR 47 Crayfish OR Grasshopper
25 -- Read 20.4
1. Describe the general characteristics of crustaceans.
2. List the appendages of a crustacean, stating the purpose of each.
3. Compare and contrast the circulatory system of a crustacean and an insect (20.1).
DEFINE: carapace, green glands, maxillipeds, rostrum, swimmerets, telson, uropod
Zoo CB 44 OR 48 Comparison of Some Crustacean Body Forms OR Grasshopper
26 – Quiz.
PEP Lab: Arthropod Dissection and the Wonder of a Spider Web
MARCH
1 – Read 19.1
1. Describe the two basic differences between fish and other vertebrates.
2. Where are the taste buds on a bony fish?
3. Explain how the age of a fish can be determined.
4. IDENTIFY: scientists who study fish, the smallest and the largest living fish, the three
distinct body regions of a bony fish, a bony fish’s fins and their function.
DEFINE: myomere, operculum.
2 – Read 19.2
1. Compare and contrast blood circulation through a two-chambered heart and
four-chambered heart.
2. Identify a fish’s keenest sense.
3. Describe the structure of a fish’s gills.
DEFINE: gill chamber, lateral line, milt, roe, spawn, swim bladder, urogenital opening
Zoo CB 70 Introduction to Fishes
3 – Read 19.3
1. Name the five cartilaginous species identified in this text.
2. Compare and contrast the scales of bony and cartilaginous fish.
3. Describe how the teeth of sharks differ from those of other vertebrates.
4. Which two sharks can remain buoyant and not sink if they stop swimming? Why?
5. IDENTIFY: the two largest sharks and their prey, nonvenomous rays, two
cartilaginous fish that lack jaws, the fish with a dangerously toothed
tongue.
4 – Zoo CB 76 Bony Fish: Skeleton
Zoo CB 77 Bony Fish: Internal Viscera
5 – PEP Lab: Boney Fish Dissection
8 – Read 17.1.
1. What are the nine characteristics that help equip a bird to fly?
2. What is the largest living bird in North America?
3. What bird of prey is noted as the world’s fastest animal?
4. Which bird is the only one that drinks with its head down?
5. Observe and identify four birds (this text, internet research or a bird book may help with
identification or you may get lucky and see some very common birds).
DEFINE: bipedal, ornithologist.
Zoo CB 88 Introduction to Birds
9– Read 17.2.
1. How is nest-building an example of an instinct?
2. Name three ways that adult birds nourish their developing young.
3. How does the territoriality of birds help ensure their survival?
DEFINE: albumen, altrical, brood patch, chalaza, crop milk, ethology, flock, flyways,
incubation, instinct, migration, precocial.
Zoo CB 89 Pigeon Skeleton and Feathers
10 – Read 17.3.
1. What are the three basic types of feathers on a bird and their function?
2. Explain how a bird’s excretory system functions to conserve water and
how marine birds eliminate excess salt.
3. Explain the features of a bird’s circulatory system that help it fly and maintain a high
rate of metabolism.
4. Explain the chief differences in the respiratory system of birds and that of mammals.
5. Briefly describe the four major forms of flight patterns.
DEFINE: barbules, cloaca, crop, gizzard, nictating membrane, salt gland, syrinx.
11 -- Read 18.1
1. How does a coldblooded animal regulate its body temperature?
2. List five characteristics common to most reptiles.
3. What is the smallest lizard? The largest lizard?
DEFINE: lizard, ovoviviparous, poikilotherm
(Quiz HINT: The dissection is on birds therefore prepare for a quiz on birds.)
12 – Quiz
PEP Lab: Bird Dissection
15 – Read 18.2
1. Describe the methods of locomotion used by snakes.
2. IDENTIFY: the largest family of snakes, the family having the three largest snakes,
the olfactory organ which enables a snake to follow its prey, the type of
snake having a sensory organ which is highly sensitive to heat, the
continent containing the greatest percentage of venomous snakes, the
largest venomous snake, the substances which neutralize the effects of
hemotoxins and neurotoxins.
DEFINE: hemotoxin, herpetologist, Jacobson’s organ, neurotoxin, quadrate bone
Zoo CB 78 Introduction to Amphibians and Reptiles
Zoo CB 79 Frog Skeleton
16 – Read 18.3
1. Compare and contrast turtles and tortoises.
2. What are the largest living reptiles?
3. Compare and contrast the four groups of crocodilians.
4. What are two obvious differences between alligators and crocodiles?
5. What two creatures mentioned in the book of Job might have been dinosaurs?
DEFINE: estivation, plastron, terrapin, tortoise, turtle.
Zoo CB 80 Frog Musculature (Ventral)
Zoo CB 81 Frog Musculaure (Dorsal)
17 – Read 18.4
1. Describe the characteristics of amphibians.
2. What re the three major groups of amphibians?
3. Explain how a frog obtains sufficient oxygen while under water for an extended
period of time.
DEFINE: amphibian, amplexus, buccal respiration, cutaneous respiration, fat body,
mesentery, vomerine teeth.
Zoo CB 83 Frog Heart and Arterial System
Zoo CB 84 Frog Venous System
Zoo CB 85 Frog Digestive and Respiratory Systems
18 – Read 18.5
1. Describe the characteristics of salamanders.
2. Describe the characteristics of lizards.
3. Compare and contrast paedomorphosis and metamorphosis.
4. Compare and contrast newts and efts.
5. What is the largest living amphibian?
DEFINE: axolotl, caecilian, sire, spermatophore
Zoo CB 82 Frog Dissection
Zoo CB 86 Frog Urogenital System
19 – Quiz. Review for Final.
PEP Lab: Frog Dissection
19 – Review definitions.
20 – Review Labs.
21 – Review Quizzes.
22 – Review the mid-term.
PREPARE AND BRING A SELF-ADDRESSED STAMPED ENVELOPE (with extra
postage) for return of your final exam and grades.
23 – PEP BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM. Tests will be graded and mailed with
final results of the class.
LAB NOTEBOOKS COLLECTED FOR GRADING—
PICK-UP LAB NOTEBOOKS BEFORE LEAVING AS THEY
WILL NOT BE MAILED.
Parents, for the items we were unable to cover in class I suggest the following to
complete your student’s year of Biology. It amounts to eleven days of homework
at the current pace, more should you desire to cover creation and evolution. If
nothing else, do try to complete Chapter 12: Disease the Body’s Immune System.
Chapter 6 Fearfully and Wonderfully Made
– Read 6.1
1. List the location of each body cavity and name the organs it contains.
2. Identify the main function of each of the body’s systems and the major organs of each.
DEFINE: alimentary canal, endocrine glands, hormone, organ, system, uterus,
visceral organs.
– Read 6.3
1. How is a baby nourished through gestation?
2. Describe the structure of the developing child at 12 weeks (text), 24 months (research),
and 36 weeks (research).
DEFINE: abortion, amniotic fluid, amniotic sac, placenta, umbilical cord
Bio CB 00 (manual) Tissues and Organs
Chapter 12 Disease and the Body’s Immune System
--Read 12.1
1. What distinguishes an acute disease from a chronic disease?
2. Lift five categories of noninfectious diseases.
3. What causes autoimmune diseases? List three examples of autoimmune diseases.
4. What is the most common cause of nutritional diseases in underdeveloped nations?
In developed nations?
5. What are some ways to reduce your risk of cancer?
DEFINE: allergy, cancer, carcinogen, congenital disease, degenerative disease, hormonal
disease, malnutrition, microbe, pathogen, psychosomatic disease
-- Read 12.2
1. Explain the difference between communicable and non-communicable infectious diseases.
2. How are new viruses produced? How might this process cause harm to the infected cell?
3. How can Koch’s postulates help researchers to determine whether a particular bacterium
causes a particular disease?
4. What are some ways to control the spread of infectious diseases?
DEFINE: aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria, antiseptic, bacterium, bacteriologist, binary
fission, carrier, chemosynthesis, endospore, epidemic, germ concept of disease,
incubation period, rickettsiae, STD, virus, virologist
-- Read 12.3
1. What is considered the key component of the immune system?
2. How do antibodies help fight infections?
3. What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
DEFINE: antibodies, interferon, interleukins, lymph, lymphatic system, lymph ducts, lymph
node, lymph vessels, tissue fluid, white blood cells
Bio CB 103 Lymphatic System I (manual)
Bio CB 104 Lymphatic System II (manual)
-- Read 12.4
1. Describe how your skin, mucous membranes, stomach acid, and tears help prevent
harmful bacteria from entering the body.
2. How do the “friendly” bacteria of your digestive tract help protect you from pathogens?
3. Name two ways that a fever helps your immune system fight invading pathogens.
4. Describe three major types of immunity and their causes.
5. What are three immune-deficiency diseases mentioned in the text? Which one is
thought to be a communicable infectious disease?
6. How do vaccines and antibodies help your body fight diseases?
7. Explain the importance of proper diet, rest, and exercise in preventing disease.
DEFINE: AIDS, antibiotics, chemotherapy, immunity, lysozymes, serum, vaccine
Chapter 23 Heredity: The Continuity of Life
-- Read 23.1
1. What is the difference between oogenesis and spermatogenesis?
2. How many chromosomes are in most human cells? How many are in a human gamete?
3. Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis.
DEFINE: diploid, haploid, heredity, reduction division, zygote.
Bio CB 66 Meiosis (manual)
Bio CB 67 Summary of Mitosis and Meiosis (manual)
Review Zoo CB 10 on Oct. 17th for a review of Mitosis
-- Read 23.2
1. Who is referred to as the father of genetics?
2. Briefly state the law of dominance, the law of independent assortment, and the law of
segregation.
3. Draw a Punnett square and determine the possible genetic combinations if you crossed a
pure tall (TT) pea plant with a pure dwarf (tt) pea plant. What are the possible genetic
combinations between a pure tall plant and a hybrid tall plant (Tt)? If both plants are
hybrids (Tt) and (Tt)?
DEFINE: allele, dihybrid, dominant traits, genetics, heterozygous, homozygous, incomplete
dominance, linage groups, recessive trait, sex chromosomes
-- Read 23.3
1. Genetically, what is the difference between a person with sickle-cell trait and one with
sickle-cell anemia?
2. Compare and contrast polygenic inheritance and pleiotropy.
3. Using a Punnett square, find the genotype and the phenotype of the possible offspring if
the blood of the male is a homozygous type A and the blood of the female is a
heterozygous type B.
4. What are some ways that man’s advancing genetic knowledge can be used for good?
What are some ways it can be misused?
DEFINE: carrier, eugenics, gene frequency, genotype, multiple gene inheritance, phenotype,
pleiotropy, polygenic inheritance
Chapter 24 DNA: The Regulation of Life
-- Read 24.1
1. Where in a cell is the cell’s DNA found?
2. What two scientists are credited with discovering the structure of the DNA molecule?
3. What are the four types of bases found in a DNA molecule? Which type pairs only with
adenine? With guanine?
DEFINE: chromatin, chromosome, DNA, double helix, gene
Bio CB 82, 83, and 84 DNA (manual)
-- Read 24.2
1. Why is DNA replication necessary in a cell? Why must it be very accurate?
2. Name five differences between DNA and RNA.
3. Explain the roles of DNA and the three types of RNA in protein synthesis.
DEFINE: mRNA, mutation, replication, RNA, transcription, translation, tRNA
Additonally, we did not cover creation and evolution. High school students should be aware of
the terminology used for evolution yet have a clear understanding of creation requiring a creator.
Understanding the terminology now will aid them in college science courses but I leave those
chapters (14 & 15) to your discretion.
Summary of the PEP Biology Labs
2009 – 2010
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Leaves – Their Shapes and Margins
Botanical Identification (flowers) and Taproots vs Fibrous Roots
Leaves and Leaf Patterns
Flower Dissection and Seed Sprouting (Preparation)
Stems and Seedlings
Roots and Osmosis or Diffusion
Cell Structures
Properties of Water
Mold, Muck, and Protozoans
Classification of Animals and Plants
Bones
Mid-term Test
Brain Dissection
Making Sense of Your World: Eye Dissection and Touch Experiment
Alimentary Canal Dissection
Heart Dissection. View and illustrate blood cells.
Kidney Dissection
Earthworm Dissection
Clam Dissection ??
Arthropod Dissection and the Wonder of a Spider Web
Boney Fish Dissection
Bird Dissection
Frog Dissection
Final Test
Lab Notebooks are reviewed quarterly as part of the grade for each semester.
The Research (Term) Paper will be graded as part of the second semester grade.
A Grade for each semester will be assessed as will a final grade for the class.
For transcript purposes this course has been evaluated by a high school science teacher as an
Honors Biology class with lab.