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Running head: ASSEMBLERS 1 Assemblers Student Name Professor’s Name Course Title Running head: ASSEMBLERS 2 Assembler refers to a unique program that takes basic computer directives and transfigures them to different patterns of bits that the processor uses to execute its daily operations, also known as assembly language. Every computer uses a particular set of basic instructions that corresponds to specific machine operations performed by the computer (Hyde, 2010). For instance, load instructions that cause the processors to move a string of bits from a given location to another locality called a register. A set of these assembler instructions is referred to a source code, which is specified by the assembly program whenever the program is started. The output of this language is called the object code whereas the sequence of 0’s and 1’s that makes the program is referred to as the machine language. Mnemonic is memory aid and represents an operation in assembly language entered in the operation code field of each program's instruction. They comprise of pseudo-ops, data allocation statements and directives that are not case-sensitive. Mnemonics are machine instructions that specify the operation to be done, for instance, br is a pseudo code for the branch predict instruction. Other mnemonic instructions comprise of optional completers and suffixes that are used to indicate the variations on the core operations in the assembler language. A period (.) are used to separate completers and suffixes, for example, branch call instruction (br.call) include suffixes, and it is a variation of basic branch instruction (Hyde, 2010). Consequently, completers are italicized to show a difference between the mnemonics suffixes instructions. Additionally, addressing modes in assembler language are an aspect of instruction set architecture in most central processing units designs used to determine how language instructions are identified operands of each instructions. Operand or address of the results represents the information in the instructions code. For example, Li $3, 5 loads the instant value of 3 into the register $3. On the other hand, status Bits register comprises of a collection of bits that offers a Running head: ASSEMBLERS 3 summary of the axis and can be addressed by appending the bit tag to the name “Axis[n].StatusBits” where n is the number representing the axis. Pseudo operations are also referred to as assembler directive that comprises of keys words, which are not translated into machine instructions directly. Assembler directives includes .else, .end, .eject, .dim, .double, .data among others (Lawrence E. Cline, 2014). Pseudo operations help the software program to send code commands that have not be compiled to a hardware device, which translates the instructions into machine language. ASCII pseudo operation is used to assemble every string into successive locations, finally adds a null, and mostly uses backslash escape characters. END is an assembler directive that sets or signals the end of a given procedure. Programmers use this pseudo operation mostly whenever they want to generate data for the debuggers. Pep8 assembler is an advanced assembler language that uses mnemonic codes to symbolize machine language instructions. Moreover, cross assembler is a kind of an assembler that creates machine code of a computer other than the one it is running in. Cross assembler is mostly used to program programs for computer devices on a chip used in particular applications that are either powerless of controlling development software or too small. In conclusion, Assembler language plays a prominent role in the creation of primary computer directives that are transfigured into different patterns of bits that the processor used to execute its daily operations. Therefore, assembly language plays a paramount part in ensuring smooth learning environment of different software’s installed on various computers depending on their specifications. Running head: ASSEMBLERS 4 References Hyde, R. (2010). The Art of Assembly Language, 2nd Edition No Starch Press Series. No Starch Press Series. Lawrence E. Cline, S. S. (2014). Pseudo Operations and Counterinsurgency: Lessons from Other Countries. LULU Press.