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Section 1: Vertebrate Origins
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
All vertebrates share common characteristics.
VOCABULARY
chordate
endoskeleton
notochord
MAIN IDEA: The phylum Chordata contains all vertebrates and
some invertebrates.
1. Circle the letters for the three groups that make up the phylum Chordata.
a. arachnids
b. crustaceans
c. lancelets
d. trilobites
e. tunicates
f. vertebrates
Choose the correct term from the box below to fit the description.
notochord
hollow nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
tail
____________________ 2. extends beyond the anal opening, and contains
segments of muscle tissue used for movement
____________________ 3. runs along the animal’s back, forms from a section
of ectoderm
____________________ 4. slits through the body wall in the pharynx
____________________ 5. flexible skeletal support rod embedded in the
animal’s back
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
0
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 1: Vertebrate Origins
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: All vertebrates share common features.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
6. An endoskeleton is an external / internal skeleton built of bone or cartilage.
7. The growth of an animal differs depending on the type of skeleton it has. An
endoskeleton / exoskeleton can grow as the animal grows, but an
endoskeleton / exoskeleton must be shed in order for the animal to grow.
Write the letter of the description that completes the chart for each
vertebrate class.
a. able to live on land and in water
b. bony fish (skeletons made of bone)
c. can retain moisture; live mainly on land
d. cartilaginous fish (skeletons made of cartilage)
e. have feathers
f. have hair, mammary glands, and three middle ear bones
g. jawless fish
Class
Description
Examples
8. Agnatha
lamprey
9. Chondrichthyes
shark
10. Osteichthyes
parrotfish
11. Amphibia
frog, salamander,
caecilian
12. Reptilia
lizard, crocodile, turtle,
alligator
13. Aves
raven
14. Mammalia
tiger
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
1
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 1: Vertebrate Origins
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Fossil evidence sheds light on the origins of vertebrates.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
15. Most of the early vertebrate fossil evidence has been found in the
_____________________ in the Canadian Rocky Mountains.
16. _____________ are the animals recognized as the first vertebrates.
17. The two groups of jawless fish that still exist today are the ________________
and the ____________________.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the phrase that best completes the sentence.
18. The prefix endo- means “inside,” while the prefix exo- means “outside.”
Therefore, an ______skeleton is on the inside of an animal’s body, and an
______skeleton is on the outside of an animal’s body.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
2
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 1: Vertebrate Origins
Section 2: Fish Diversity
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
The dominant aquatic vertebrates are fish.
VOCABULARY
gill
lateral line
countercurrent flow
operculum
MAIN IDEA: Fish are vertebrates with gills and paired fins.
Use words from the box below to complete the sentence.
blood
circulatory
gills
capillaries
countercurrent flow
opposite
tissue
1. Fish use specialized organs called ___________ to take in oxygen dissolved
in water. Gills are large sheets of frilly _____________ filled with
__________________.
2. Fish ______________________ systems pump blood in a single loop through
a heart with two main chambers.
3. _______________________________ is the ________________ movement
of water against the flow of _________________ in the fish’s gills.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
4. Countercurrent flow works because carbon dioxide / oxygen dissolved in the
water is at a greater concentration than in the fish’s blood. Therefore,
countercurrent flow maximizes the amount of oxygen the fish can pull from
the water by diffusion. Blood is always passing by water that contains
more / less oxygen than found in the blood.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
3
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 2: Fish Diversity
Study Guide A continued
5. Draw a simple sketch of a fish and label the five main types of fins on its
body: dorsal, pelvic, pectoral, anal, and caudal.
MAIN IDEA: Jaws evolved from gill supports.
Circle the word or phrase that best completse the statement.
6. Gill arches are structures made of bone or cartilage that function as a
pump / support for a fish’s gills. Jaws developed from gill arches located
near the mouth.
7. An animal with / without jaws is a less effective predator than an animal
with / without jaws. Therefore, it is an advantage to have jaws.
MAIN IDEA: Only two groups of jawed fish still exist.
Use the words in the box below to complete the sentence.
cartilage
electroreceptive
lateral line
sensory
chimeras
Holocephali
muscular
sharks
Elasmobranchs
internal
rays
skates
8. Members of phylum Chondrichthyes have skeletons made of
___________________.
9. The two groups within phylum Chondrichthyes are the _________________
and the ______________. The Holocephali include ________________, also
called ratfish. The Elasmobranchs include _____________, ______________,
and _________________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
4
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 2: Fish Diversity
Study Guide A continued
10. While the cartilaginous fish as a group may be ancient, they have many
advanced features. They have _______________ fertilization, and many
species give birth to live young.
11. Fish can sense their prey’s movements at a distance with a sensory system
called the _____________________.
12. Many fish also have _____________ organs that detect the electrical currents
made by ________________ contractions in other animals. These sensory
organs are called _________________________ cells because they receive
electrical signals.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
13. The term operculum comes from a Latin word which means “to cover.” An
operculum is a bony cover over a fish’s ______________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
5
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 2: Fish Diversity
Section 3: A Closer Look at Bony Fish
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Bony fish include ray-finned and lobe-finned fish.
VOCABULARY
ray-fin
lobe-fin
swim bladder
MAIN IDEA: Ray-finned fish have a fan of bones in their fins.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
1. A ray-fin is shaped like a fan and helps a ray-finned fish to maneuver in the
water. Ray-fins are light / heavy, rigid / collapsible, and easy to move / detach.
2. Ray-finned fish are the least / most diverse group of living vertebrates. They
make up nearly / over half of all vertebrate species.
3. The swim bladder is a buoyancy / urinary organ that helps a fish float higher
or lower in the water.
MAIN IDEA: Lobe-finned fish have paired rounded fins supported by a
single bone.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
4. The lobe-finned fish are significant in evolution, because they include the
____________________ of all terrestrial vertebrates.
5. Lobe-fins are paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are ____________ in shape.
The fins are thick and fleshy, and they are arranged in a branching series of
_______________ struts.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
6
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 3: A Closer Look at Bony Fish
Study Guide A continued
6. For each of the following characteristics, place a check mark in the appropriate
column to indicate whether it is a characteristic of ray-finned fish, lobe-finned
fish, or both.
Characteristic
Ray-Finned
Fish
Lobe-Finned Fish Both
a. bony fish
b. fins arranged in
branching series of
bony struts
c. fins a fan-shaped array
of bones
d. the most diverse group
e. a less diverse group
f. ancestors of terrestrial
vertebrates
7. The two types of lobe-finned fish that still exist today are the
_____________________ and the _____________________.
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
8. A ___________________________ is a buoyancy organ that fish use to float
______________ and ______________ in the water. In a similar manner,
scuba divers use a buoyancy compensator to control their buoyancy and help
them float higher or lower in the water.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
7
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 3: A Closer Look at Bony Fish
Section 4: Amphibians
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Amphibians evolved from lobe-finned fish.
VOCABULARY
tetrapod
tadpole
amphibian
MAIN IDEA: Amphibians were the first animals with four limbs.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. A tetrapod is a vertebrate that has ____________ limbs.
2. Amphibians are animals that can live both on __________________ and in
_________________.
3. Amphibians can use different methods to breathe. Some breathe through their
_______________, while others breathe with the use of __________ or lungs.
4. Use the following words and phrases to complete the following concept map
about amphibian adaptations.
a. food
b. large shoulder and hip bones
c. middle ear
d. mobile, muscular tongue
e. more weight
f. outside of water
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
8
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 4: Amphibians
Study Guide A continued
Amphibians
have
to support
to capture
to hear
MAIN IDEA: Amphibians return to the water to reproduce.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
5. Amphibians cannot travel too far away from a source of water, because they
risk drying out. Water is constantly evaporating from their thin / thick and
dry / wet skin.
Circle the letters for all of the statements that are true about amphibians.
6. Amphibians use several strategies to keep their eggs moist.
a. Some carry eggs in pouches on their backs.
b. Some carry eggs in special sacs called tetrapods.
c. Some lay eggs directly in another amphibian’s nest.
d. Some lay eggs directly in water or on moist ground.
e. Some wrap eggs in leaves.
7. The following sentences describe the changes a tadpole goes through during
metamorphosis into an adult frog.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
The gills are developed / reabsorbed and the lungs develop.
The circulatory system is reorganized to send blood / lymph to the lungs.
The tail fin is created / reabsorbed.
The limbs / gills grow and the skeleton, muscle, and nervous system are
reorganized.
The digestive system is rebuilt to handle a carnivorous / herbivorous diet.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
9
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 4: Amphibians
Study Guide A continued
MAIN IDEA: Modern amphibians can be divided into three groups.
Write the letters for the descriptions of each amphibian group in the chart below.
8. a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
are legless burrowing amphibians.
are the largest group of amphibians.
have a long body.
have banded bodies.
have bodies adapted for jumping.
have four walking limbs and a tail.
live in nearly every environment.
live in the tropics.
walk side to side.
Group
Description
Salamanders are carnivorous.
_______
Frogs
_______
_______
have a tailless body, long muscular hind limbs, webbed feet,
exposed eardrums, and bulging eyes in their adult form.
_______
Caecilians
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
_______
are predators.
_______
_______
Vocabulary Check
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.
9. If the suffix -pod means “foot,” then the term tetrapod means
having __________ feet.
10. A(n) ___________________ can live both on land and in the water. In a
similar manner, an amphibious vehicle can be driven both on the road and in
the water.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
10
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 4: Amphibians
Section 5: Vertebrates on Land
Study Guide A
KEY CONCEPT
Reptiles, birds, and mammals are adapted for life on land.
VOCABULARY
amniote
amniotic egg
keratin
placenta
MAIN IDEA: Amniotes can retain moisture.
Circle the word or phrase that best completes the statement.
1. An amniote is a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranous sac that
encloses the embryo or fetus during birth / development.
2. Humans are / are not amniotes, because they are mammals / people.
3. Keratin is a protein that binds to lipids inside the cell. Keratin creates a
permeable / waterproof layer that keeps water inside / outside the animal from
reaching the skin. Therefore, keratin helps an amniote to retain moisture.
4. An amniote’s kidneys and intestines contain tissues that reabsorb / release
water. These organs are bigger in amniotes than in amphibians, so the
smaller / larger surface area of their tissues lets amniotes absorb more water
internally.
5. List three examples of familiar animals that are amniotes.
_________________, ____________________, _____________________
MAIN IDEA: Amniotes do not need to return to water to reproduce.
Fill in the blank with the word or phrase that best completes sentence.
6. The amniotic egg allows amniotes to live permanently on land, because it is an
almost completely waterproof container that keeps the ___________________
from drying out as it develops.
7. Rattlesnakes retain their eggs until they hatch. Rattlesnakes use this method to
protect the eggs from being eaten by ____________________.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
11
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 5: Vertebrates on Land
Study Guide A continued
8. The placenta is a membranous organ that develops in female mammals during
pregnancy. Its function is to carry __________________ from the mother to
the embryo and to remove _____________________ from the embryo.
Vocabulary Check
Choose a term from the box below that best fits the description.
amniote
________________
amniotic egg
keratin
placenta
9. a vertebrate that has a thin, tough, membranous sac that
encloses the embryo or fetus during development
________________ 10. a protein that binds to lipids inside a skin cell, forming a
water-repellent layer that keeps water from escaping
________________ 11. an almost completely waterproof container that keeps
the embryo within from drying out
________________ 12. a membranous organ that develops in female mammals
during pregnancy
Be Creative
13. Draw a cartoon that illustrates the benefits of the amniotic egg.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Holt McDougal Biology
Study Guide A
12
Vertebrate Diversity
Section 5: Vertebrates on Land