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Chapter 30 Plant Nutrition and Transport Nutrients and Their Availability in Soils Nutrients are elements needed for _________________________________ o “Big three” elements are ________________________________ o Thirteen others are taken in water through the_____________________ Six elements have deemed_____________________(e.g. N, K, Ca); seven others are __________________________(e.g. Cl, Fe, Zn) Properties of Soil Soil consists of Particles come three sizes: ___________________________________ Clay: the smallest – Plants do best in _______________________, soil with nearly equal proportions of the three particle type. Layers of soil can be classified by profile properties; _______________________, the uppermost, is the most essential layer for plant growth Example of a Soil Profile Leaching and Erosion Leaching: Erosion How do roots absorb water and mineral ions? Absorption Routes Water moves from the soil across the ________________________ to the ______________________, a column of vascular tissue in the center of the ____________________ Sheetlike layer of cells, the _____________________, surrounds the column Water-repellant ______________________________ forces water to move through the cytoplasm of the cells of the endodermis o Therefore, membrane transport proteins help control the types of absorbed ________________ that will become distributed throughout the plant Most flowering plants also have an ___________________, a layer of cells just inside the roots which also has a ________________________ that functions just like the one next to the root vascular cylinder Specialized Absorptive Structure ____________________________, extensions of the root epidermal cells, greatly_____________________ the absorptive surface. ____________________ of legumes harbor bacteria that covert gaseous nitrogen to forms useful in the growth of the plants. (Symbiotic relationship: ____________________________) ________________________________ (Fungi growing around plant roots) aid in absorbing minerals that are supplied to the plant in exchange for sugars, a symbiotic relationship that is beneficial to both Water Transportation Transpiration : Some water is used for ___________________________________, but evaporates into the air by _______________________ Cohesion-Tension Theory of Water Transport Water moves through pipelines called __________________, composed of cells (dead at maturity) called ________________________and ___________________________ Cohesion-Tension Theory of water explains water movement in plants: the drying power of air causes ___________________________, which puts water in the xylem in a state of __________________ leading from _____________________ to _________________ to __________________. o Unbroken fluid columns of water show ____________________ (aided by the hydrogen bonds); they resist rupturing as they are pulled upward under __________________ o As long as water molecules escape from the plant, molecules are pulled up to replace How do stems and leaves conserve water? Of the water that moves through the leaf, _____________ is lost by transpiration, only about 2 percent is used during _________________________ Water Conserving Cuticle Cuticle It coats the outer __________________, which are exposed to air _____________________ are embedded in a matrix of cutin a lipid polymer The cuticle does not bar the entry of ___________________, but does restrict water loss, ___________________ diffusion of CO2, and ______________________ diffusion of oxygen Stomata: Controlled water loss Regulates the passage of ________________________________________. A pair of ___________________________ defines each opening In sunlight, a drop in carbon dioxide levels in the guard cells causes____________________ and_____________________ to move into the guard cells causing them to swell (_______________________); this creates an opening for carbon dioxide entry (___________________) and water loss (______________________) At night, potassium and water move out and the ____________________ collapse to close the gap and conserve water How are Organic Compounds Distributed Through Plants? Phloem: o o o o _____________________________ are alive at maturity and are interconnected from leaf to root __________________________ also participate in a supportive role Storage forms of organic molecules (examples: Starch, fats, and proteins) are _____________________ for transport throughout the plant body They are therefore converted to more soluble forms, _____________________ Translocation Most often used to signify the transport of ___________________ and other compounds through phloem Observations of aphids feeding show that sugars inside the _________________________ are being moved under pressure Pressure Flow Theory Movement of molecules through phloem from __________________ (mostly leaves) to _____________________ (flowers and fruits) According to the pressure flow theory, translocation depends on _____________________________ Solutes are loaded by active transport into the_________________________ from a source; water follows As pressure builds in the tubes it pushes the ________________-laden fluid out of the leaf into the stem, and on to the sink