Download BI101SQ Ch22

General Biology: BI101
Spring, 2007
STUDY QUESTIONS: Ch 22
Bizarre Facts in Biology
Blue Bloods Aren’t Just British
Blue-colored blood is found in most arthropods and mollusks. A molecule in their blood called hemocyanin
transports oxygen. Hemocyanin differs from the more familiar hemoglobin because of the copper in the
molecule that turns blue (http://www.mbl.edu/animals/Limulus/blood/bang.html) when exposed to oxygen.
One particular organism that has this blue blood is the horseshoe crab
(http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/coastline/line0592.htm). Horseshoe crabs are more closely related to spiders
than real crabs and one species (Limulus polyphemus) is commonly found along the Atlantic coast, especially
between Virginia and New Jersey, and in the Gulf of Mexico. Horseshoe crabs feed on a variety of organisms
like clams, marine worms, and algae and are in turn fed upon by immature Atlantic loggerhead turtles.
Ecologically (http://www.horseshoecrab.org/nh/eco.html), the crabs are of importance to migrating shorebirds
that lay over in the Delaware Bay area en route to the birds' Canadian breeding grounds. The birds feast on
the energy-rich horseshoe crabs' eggs, enabling the birds to continue their journey northward. Many other
species eat the eggs and larvae of horseshoe crabs, or live symbiotically
(http://www.brookdalecc.edu/staff/sandyhook/dgrant/field/limulus.htm) with the adult crabs.
Economically, the crabs are of great importance to humans. They've been used in eye research, suture
material production, the development of wound dressings, and are the primary bait used by eel and conch
fisheries. One of the most important uses of the crabs has been for the testing of bacterial contamination of
pharmaceutical products. A substance called Limulus Amebocyte Lystate (LAL)
(http://www.horseshoecrab.org/med/med.html) can be isolated from the blood of the crabs and used to detect
bacterial endotoxins. The LAL assay replaced the expensive and time-consuming use of rabbits to detect
bacterial contamination.
1. When hemoglobin is exposed to oxygen, what color does it become? What mineral is associated with the
color of hemoglobin?
2. Since horseshoe crabs are arthropods, what process must they perform in order to grow in size? What is a
disadvantage to growing in this fashion?
3. In the 1980s, horseshoe crabs began to recover from a period of overharvesting. How was the Delaware
Bay ecosystem impacted by the overharvesting prior to the 1980s and how did the recovery of the crabs
affect this ecosystem?
4. What kind of symbiotic relationship does the horseshoe crab appear to have with the Limulus leech,
Bdelloura?
5. What specific class of bacteria produces the endotoxins for which the LAL assay tests?
Web Investigations:
The Search for a Sea Monster
Estimated time: 10 minutes
Many fascinating creatures can be found in the oceans' depths. This exercise looks at the relatively limited
information available about a few, better-known species.
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Spring, 2007
STUDY QUESTIONS: Ch 22
1. The first whole giant squid specimen was discovered more than 100 years ago. Why are they so difficult to
study (http://seawifs.gsfc.nasa.gov/squid.html)? One fact is well known. Giant squid are a favorite food of
(http://nmml.afsc.noaa.gov/education/cetaceans/sperm2.htm) _______?
2. Probably the most famous deep-sea resident is the coelacanth. Why is it called a "living fossil"
(http://www.seasky.org/monsters/sea7a1b.html)? Is it the ancestor of mammals
(http://www.dinofish.com/biol.htm)? The coelacanth has two biological features
(http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/expeditions/treasure_fossil/Treasures/Coelacanth/coelacan.html) more
characteristic of mammals than fish. What are they?
3. What is the most unusual feature of the gulper eel (http://www.seasky.org/monsters/sea7a1j.html)? Like
many deep water species, gulpers have distinctive markers
(http://www.mbayaq.org/efc/living_species/default.asp?hOri=0&hab=9&inhab=186) on their tails. What are
they?.
4. Many rare deep-sea species are threatened by fishing, habitat destruction, or other human interventions.
What can you do to help (http://www.mbayaq.org/cr/)?
1. Which of the following correctly describes animals?
a. unicellular
b. heterotrophs
c. sessile or stationary
2. A group of similar cells performing a function is a(n):
a. organ.
b. population.
c. tissue.
3. The cells of animals:
a. lack a cell wall.
b. contain a nucleus.
c. contain mitochondria.
4. The vast majority of animals:
a. are vertebrates.
b. lack tissues.
c. are producers.
1. The animal phylum characterized by the absence of tissues is:
a. arthropods.
b. chordates.
c. cnidarians.
d. sponges.
d. system.
d. lack a backbone.
e. echinoderms.
2. Organisms that can be divided into equal halves on many planes through their central axis have _____ symmetry.
a. no
b. radial
c. bilateral
3. An animal phylum characterized by radial symmetry is:
a. platyhelminthes or flatworms.
b. annelids.
d. mollusks.
c. cnidarians.
e. chordates.
4. A true body cavity that develops in the mesoderm is a:
a. coelom.
b. pseudocoelom.
5. All of these animal phyla have coeloms except:
a. arthropods.
b. nematodes or roundworms.
c. echinoderms. d. mollusks.
e. annelids.
6. In protostomes, the _____ develops from the blastopore.
a. mouth
b. coelom
c. anus
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STUDY QUESTIONS: Ch 22
7. The two phyla characterized by deuterostome development are:
a. annelids and arthropods.
b. mollusks and echinoderms.
c. echinoderms and chordates.
d. annelids and mollusks.
e. mollusks and arthropods.
1. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most animals?
a. heterotrophism
b. capable of movement at some point in the life cycle
c. delayed response to external stimuli
d. sexual reproduction
2. Which of the following characteristics is NOT shared by plants and animals?
a. multicellular
b. eukaryotic
c. sexual reproducers
d. heterotrophs
3. Which of the following distinguishes animals from fungi?
a. Animals are multicellular.
b. Animals are heterotrophs.
c. Animal cells lack a cell wall.
d. Animal cells are eukaryotic.
4. How does "radial symmetry" differ from "bilateral symmetry"?
a. A radially symmetrical animal has dorsal and ventral surfaces. Bilaterally symmetrical animals do
not.
b. Radially symmetrical animals can be divided into symmetrical halves with any plane through the
central axis. Bilaterally symmetrical animals can be divided into equal halves by only one specific
plane through a central axis.
c. Radially symmetrical animals possess three embryonic germ layers, while bilaterally symmetrical
animals only possess two.
d. Most radially symmetrical animals are active, free-moving organisms throughout their lives, while
bilaterally symmetrical animals are not.
5. How many planes through the central axis will divide an organism with bilateral symmetry into roughly equal halves?
a. one
b. two
c. many
6. Body symmetry is an important criterion for classification purposes. Label the diagrams below indicating plans of
symmetry and orientation.
7. Among animals with a fixed
body shape, those that are
elongated, such as earthworms
or scorpions, have which type of
symmetry?
a. none
b. bilateral symmetry
c. anterior
d. radial symmetry
e. ventral
8. Animals that have
concentrations of sensory
organs (or even brains) in a welldefined head are a result of the
evolutionary process called
____________________.
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9. An animal with cephalization will have which of the following?
a. a cephalic vein
b. an anus
c. sensory cells/organs and nerve cells clustered at the anterior end of the animal
d. a completely lined fluid-filled body cavity
e. all of the above
10. Which of the following is NOT a function associated with a body cavity?
a. support
. digestion
c. protection of internal organs
d. allowing internal organs to operate independently of the body wall
11. Which of the following is an example of a coelom?
a. an air-filled cavity
b. a fluid-filled cavity
c. a fluid-filled cavity around the digestive tract that is not surrounded by tissues that are
mesodermal in origin
d. none of the above
12. Species of which of these phyla have a pseudocoelom?
a. Annelida
b. Arthropoda c. Mollusca
d. Nematoda
e. Platyhelminthes
13. Species of which of the following animal phyla are deuterostomes?
a. Annelida
b. Arthropoda . Chordata
d. Echinodermata
e. All except the first answer above are correct.
f. Both the third and fourth answers are correct.
14. Which of the following is NOT associated with sponges?
a. epithelial cells
b. connective tissue
e. active larvae
c. oscula
d. collar cells
16. The phylum Porifera shares a similar body plan throughout. Label the structures of this body plan in the diagram
below.
17. Although Cnidarians have both a polyp
and a medusa body form, these two share common structures. Label these structures in the figure
above.
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18. What are the two functions of the gastrovascular cavity of a cnidarian?
a. digestion and prey capture
b. respiration and sexual reproduction
c. digestion and distribution of nutrients
d. movement and response to threats
e. filter blood and remove waste
19. A gastrovascular cavity, with a single opening, is the characteristic digestive system of animals in which phylum?
a. Arthropoda
b. Nematoda
c. Mollusca
d. Platyhelminthes
e. Porifera
20. Which of the following is associated with or characteristic of a parasitic flatworm like a tapeworm?
a. hooks and suckers
b. eyespots
c. a respiratory system
d. cilia
e. a complex digestive system
22. Some worms (such as flukes) possess both male and female reproductive organs. Flukes are considered
____________________ because of this trait.
24. Animals in which of the following phyla are segmented?
a. Annelida
b. Arthropoda
. Echinodermata
d. Mollusca
e. Both the first and second answers are correct. f. Both the first and fourth answers are correct.
25. Annelids (segmented worms) have many structures comparable to those observed in vertebrates (like you). Which
of the following is a vertebrate structure to which there is nothing comparable in an annelid?
a. heart
b. kidney
c. lung
d. teeth
26. Label the typical annelid structures on the
earthworm shown on the left.
27. Which of the following is NOT a mollusk?
a. barnacle
b. clam
c. octopus
d. slug
e. snail
28. The success of the cephalopods as predators is
supported by the presence of _________.
a. beaklike jaws
b. a complex eye
c. a large and complex brain
d. tentacles
e. all of the above
29.On the left is a diagram of a typical mollusk.
Label the structures indicated.
30. Arthropods are a highly diverse, successful, and
fairly complex group of invertebrates. Which of the
following evolutionary trends is associated with the
arthropods?
a. an absence of tissues
b. a gastrovascular cavity
c. a pseudocoelom
d. cephalization
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31. Shedding an old, small exoskeleton to allow a larger one to grow is called ____________________.
32. Insects have a stage that is non-feeding and
persists through metamorphosis. An insect in this stage
is called a ____________________.
33. Arthropods have a typical body structure
exemplified by the grasshopper on the left. Label the
structures indicated.
Thinking Through the Concepts
1. The class Insecta is the largest taxon of animals on Earth. Its greatest diversity is in the Tropics, where habitat
destruction and species extinction are occurring at an alarming rate. What biological, economic, and ethical
arguments can you advance to persuade people and governments to preserve this biological diversity?
2. Discuss at least three ways in which the ability to fly has contributed to the success and diversity of insects.
3. Discuss and defend the attributes you would use to define biological success among animals. Are humans a
biological success by these standards? Why?
1. List the distinguishing characteristics of each of the phyla discussed in this chapter, and give an example of each.
2. Briefly describe each of the following adaptations, and explain the adaptive significance of each: bilateral
symmetry, cephalization, closed circulatory system, coelom, radial symmetry, segmentation.
3. Describe and compare respiratory systems in the three major arthropod classes.
4. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the arthropod exoskeleton.
5. State in which of the three major mollusk classes each of the following characteristics is found:
a. two hinged shells
b. a radula
c. tentacles
d. some sessile members
e. the best-developed brains
f. numerous eyes
6. Give three functions of the water-vascular system of echinoderms.
7. To what lifestyle is radial symmetry an adaptation? Bilateral symmetry?
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Essay Challenge
1. What are some advantages and disadvantages of exhibiting radial symmetry?
2. Why do some species of worms and other animals have both male and female reproductive organs?
3. Explain why a free-living flatworm like a Planarian has cilia, eyespots, and a pharynx which are structures that are
absent from a parasitic flatworm like a tapeworm.
4. Why do earthworms die on the dry sidewalks when it stops raining?
5. Most mollusks have open circulatory systems. However, the organisms in the class of cephalopods have closed
circulatory systems. Explain why this difference exists.
6. What causes the supply of soft-shelled crabs (for eating purposes) to vary throughout the year?
Figure Caption Questions and Answers
Figure 22-5 The diversity of sponges
Question: Sponges are often described as the most "primitive" of animals. How can such a primitive organism
have become so diverse and abundant?
Figure 22-6 Cnidarian diversity
Question: In each of these photos, is the pictured organism a polyp or a medusa?
Figure 22-10 The life cycle of the human pork tapeworm
Question: Why have tapeworms evolved a long, flat shape?
Figure 22-11 An annelid, the earthworm
Question: What advantage does a digestive system with two openings have relative to digestive systems with
only a single opening (like that of the flatworms)?
Figure 22-12 Diverse annelids
Question: Why does pouring salt on a leech harm it?
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