Download Final Study Guide

Final Study Guide
Physiology 2
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Name:
Per:.
This test will cover all of the topics described below. It is worth 10% of your grade.
You may bring one 8.5” x 11” page with handwritten notes to the exam.
Digestion and Nutrition
1. Identify the components of the digestive system and describe its general function: oral cavity, salivary glands,
pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder and pancreas.
2. Explain the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion. What organs aid in each type of digestion?
3. Name, describe, and state the function of the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract, and the lumen.
4. For all organs in the digestive system:
 Describe the anatomical structure
 Explain the role of mechanical digestion
 Explain the role chemical digestion (including names of enzymes)
 Explain the role of absorption
5. For each macronutrient (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) and water, vitamins and minerals:
 Describe the process of mechanical digestion
 Describe the process of chemical digestion
 Describe the process of absorption
 Identify dietary sources
 Identify uses in the body
6. Identify the hormones responsible for blood glucose homeostasis, and describe negative feedback as a homeostatic
mechanism.
7. Compare and contrast Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
8. Referring to the article “Which one will make you fat?”, compare and contrast the Energy Imbalance Theory and
the Hormone Imbalance Theory.
Heart Disease/Cardiovascular System
Heart Anatomy
1. Describe the size and shape of the heart, and indicate its location and orientation in the thorax.
2. Describe the structure and function of the pericardium.
3. Describe the structure and functions of the four heart chambers. Provide the name and general route of each
chamber’s associated great vessel.
4. Trace the pathway of blood through the heart, lungs, and body.
5. Name the heart valves and describe their location, function, and mechanism of operation.
6. Compare and contrast the structure and function of the following: atria/ventricles, right ventricle/left
ventricle, aorta/vena cava, tricuspid valve/pulmonary semilunar valve.
Heart Physiology
1. Name the components of the internal conduction system of the heart and trace the conduction pathway.
2. Draw a diagram of a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing: name the individual waves and intervals, and
indicate what each represents.
3. Describe the events of the cardiac cycle. How do changes in volume relate to changes in pressure? How does
the ECG relate to changes in volume and pressure?
4. Explain what causes normal heart sounds.
Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries
1. Describe three layers that form the wall of a blood vessel, and state the function of each.
2. Describe the structure and function of arteries and veins.
3.
4.
Explain how and why artery structure differs from vein structure.
Describe the structure and function of capillaries.
Cardiovascular Diseases
1. Describe causes, anatomy and physiology of atherosclerosis.
2. Describe heart attack and blood clots.
Immune Response/Stress
1. Explain how the immune response works to prevent, recognize, respond and remember any invading pathogen.
2. Compare and contrast the specific and nonspecific defense system.
3. Describe the following nonspecific immune responses mechanisms: inflammation, fever, phagocytosis.
4. Distinguish between the primary immune response and secondary immune response.
5. Compare and contrast the cell-mediated immune response and the antibody-mediated immune response.
6. Describe the structure and function of the following cells: B cells, plasma cells, and memory B cells.
7. Describe the function of antibodies and how they work to enhance the immune response.
8. Describe the structure and function of the following cells: helper T cells, cytotoxic (killer) T cells, and memory T
cells.
9. Explain how vaccinations confer immunity against a particular disease, and distinguish artificial and natural
immunity.
10. Describe how the immune response is related to allergies and autoimmune disorders.
11. Describe herd immunity
Brain/Nervous System
Neurons and neurophysiology
1. Describe the organization of the nervous system and the neural pathway. Include the following terms: central
nervous system, peripheral nervous system, sensory nerves, motor nerves, somatic nerves, autonomic nerves
2. Summarize neuron structure/function using the terms dendrite, axon, synapse, cell body, myelin sheath, Node of
Ranvier. Label a diagram of a neuron.
3. Explain the function of the myelin sheath. What is the difference between gray matter and white matter in the
central nervous system?
4. Describe how nerves send impulses using the following terms: resting potential, depolarization, action potential,
repolarization, Na+, K+.
5. Describe the role of neurotransmitters in synapse transmission of nerve impulses. Distinguish between
excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.
Brain Lab
 For each anatomical structure and region of the brain listed below:
 be prepared to label the structure on a diagram.
 be prepared to describe the function.
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Diencephalon
Cranial and Spinal
Meninges
Ventricle
Cerebrospinal fluid
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Corpus callosum
Brain Stem
Gray matter
Optic chiasma
Optic nerves
Motor cortex
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe
White matter
Gyri/Sulci/Fissures
Olfactory bulb
Sensory cortex
Reproductive System
Gametogenesis
1. Outline the events of spermatogenesis. Label associated structures in spermatogenesis: scrotum, testes,
epididymis, seminiferous tubules, spermatogonium, spermatocyte, and spermatozoa.
2. Explain how hormones control the activities of male reproductive organs and the development of male
secondary sex characteristics. Describe how negative feedback regulates spermatogenesis.
3. Outline the events of oogenesis. Label associated structures in oogenesis: ovary, primary follicle, secondary
follicle, mature follicle, antrum, oocyte, zona pellucida, and corpeus luteum.
4. Explain how hormones control the activities of female reproductive organs and the development of female
secondary sex characteristics. Describe how negative feedback regulates oogenesis.
5. Trace the pathway of structures a sperm encounters in the journey to the fallopian tubes.
6. Compare and contrast the structure of egg and sperm cells. How does the structure of an egg/sperm cell relate
to its function?
7. Compare and contrast the process of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
Human Development
1. Describe the major events of human embryonic and fetal stages of development, including a timeline and
structures produced at each stage.
2. Describe the structures and functions of the placenta
3. Compare and contrast female and male organogenesis
Short Answer – You will answer two of the following questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Discuss the mechanical digestion, chemical digestion and absorption of peanut butter and jelly sandwich on
whole wheat bread. Be sure to include all the major nutrients in your discussion.
Compare and contrast the role of high blood pressure and high cholesterol in the development of heart
disease.
Compare and contrast the cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses.
Compare and contrast nervous system structures involved in somatic and autonomic functions.
The mature ovum is one of the largest cells in the human body, while a mature sperm is among the smallest.
Provide a quantitative comparison of this size differential, and discuss its relationship to the function of each
cell type.
Discuss the process of negative feedback as it applies to either oogenesis or spermatogenesis. Please indicate
clearly which process you will discuss.