Download ACP Semester 2 Final Review

ACP Semester 2 Final Review
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Directions: Write all definitions on a separate piece of paper. Use flashcards if desired.
Physical Science
Ch. 9 Motion
9.1 Describing and Measuring Motion
Define the following:
motion
reference point
centiInternational System of Units
yard
millifoot
meter
kiloScientists around the world use the ________________________, a system of
measurement based on the number ten.
An object is in ________________________ when its distance from a(n)
________________________ is changing.
The prefix that means “one hundredth” is ________________________.
A meter is a little longer than a ________________________.
The basic SI unit of length is the ________________________.
9.2 Speed and Velocity
Define the following:
Speed
average speed
Velocity
slope
instantaneous speed
9.3 Acceleration
Define the following:
Acceleration
1. What kind of motion does acceleration refer to?
2. How is acceleration calculated?
3. What graphs can be used to analyze the motion of an accelerating object?
4. Members of a track club are running a 1.5 km race. What is this distance in meters?
5. Your father is driving to the beach. He drives at one speed for two hours. He drives at a different speed
for another two hours and a third speed for the final hour. How would you find his average speed for all
five hours?
6. Two objects traveling at the same speed have different velocities if they…
7. An object used as a reference point to determine motion should be…
8. A change in position with respect to a reference point is called…?
9. You do not know an object’s velocity until you know its…?
10. If you know a car travels 30 km in 20 minutes, you can find its…?
11. Acceleration is a change in speed or…?
12. The rate at which velocity changes is called…?
13. What is the SI unit for acceleration?
14. What does the slope on a speed-versus-time graph represent?
15. A passenger walks toward the rear of a moving train. Describe her motion as seen from a
reference point on the train. Then describe it from a reference point on the ground.
16. Which has a greater speed, a heron that travels 600 m in 60 seconds or a duck that travels
60 m in 5 seconds? Explain.
17. You have a motion graph for an object that shows distance and time. How does the slope of
the graph relate to the object’s speed?
18. An insect lands on a compact disc that is put into a player. If the insect spins with the disc, is
the insect accelerating? Why or why not?
19. Convert 119 cm to meters.
20. Convert 22.4 km to meters.
21. During a slap shot, a hockey puck takes 0.5 second to reach the goal. It started from rest and
reached a final speed of 35 m/s. What is the puck’s average acceleration?
Ch. 10 Forces
10.1 The Nature of Force
Define the following:
Force
Newton
Net Force
Unbalanced Forces
balanced forces
10.2 Friction and Gravity
Define the following:
Friction
static friction
sliding friction
rolling friction
Fluid friction
gravity
mass
weight
Free fall
air resistance
terminal velocity projectile
10.3 Newton’s First and Second Laws
Define the following:
Inertia
Newton’s 1st Law
Newton’s 2nd Law
10.4 Newton’s Third Law
Define the following:
Newton’s 3rd Law
momentum
law of conservation of momentum
Satellite
10.5 Rockets and Satellites
Centripetal force
22. When an unbalanced force acts on an object, what is the overall force?
23. Air resistance is what type of friction?
24. What is an example of a projectile?
25. The resistance of an object to any change in its motion is called what?
26. What is the formula for momentum?
27. Draw a picture of balanced and unbalanced forces.
28. Four children pull on the same toy at the same time, yet there is no net force on the toy. How
is that possible?
29. Why do slippery fluids such as oil reduce sliding friction?
30. Will a flat sheet of paper dropped from a height of 2 m accelerate at the same rate as a piece
of paper crumpled into a ball? Why or why not?
31. Explain how force, mass, and acceleration are related by Newton’s second law of motion.
32. Suppose you are an astronaut making a space walk outside your space station when your jet
pack runs out of fuel. How can you use your empty jet pack to get you back to the station?
33. Draw a diagram showing the motion of a satellite around Earth. Label the forces acting on the
satellite. Is the satellite accelerating?
34. Four children pull on the same toy at the same time, yet there is no net force on the toy. How
is that possible?
35. Why do slippery fluids such as oil reduce sliding friction?
36. Will a flat sheet of paper dropped from a height of 2 m accelerate at the same rate as a piece
of paper crumpled into a ball? Why or why not?
37.Explain how force, mass, and acceleration are related by Newton’s second law of motion.
38. Suppose you are an astronaut making a space walk outside your space station when your jet
pack runs out of fuel. How can you use your empty jet pack to get you back to the station?
39. Draw a diagram showing the motion of a satellite around Earth. Label the forces acting on the
satellite. Is the satellite accelerating?
40. What kind of friction allows you to walk without slipping?
41. You are moving fast on a skateboard when your wheel gets stuck in a crack on the sidewalk.
Using the term inertia, explain what happens.
42. Look at the diagram below of two students pulling a bag of volleyball equipment. The friction
force between the bag and the floor is 15 N. What is the net force acting on the bag? What is the
acceleration of the bag?
43. When you drop a golf ball to the pavement, it bounces up. Is a force needed to make it
bounce up? If so, what exerts the force?
44. A 7.3-kg bowling ball accelerates at a rate of 3.7 m/s2. What force acts on the bowling ball?
45. A 240-kg snow-mobile travels at 16 m/s. The mass of the driver is 75 kg. What is the
momentum of the snowmobile and driver?
46. Use the formula for momentum to find the momentum of each ball before and after the
collision. Assume the mass of each ball is 0.4 kg.
47. Find the total momentum before and after collision. Is the law of conservation of momentum
satisfied in this collision? Explain.
48. The table below shows the mass and velocity of four animals. Which animal has the greatest
momentum?
Life Science
Ch. 17 Respiration and Excretion
17.1 The Respiratory System
Define the following:
Respiration
cilia
pharynx
Bronchi
lungs
alveoli
Larynx
vocal cords
17.2 Smoking and Your Health
Define the following:
Tar
Carbon monoxide
Addiction
bronchitis
Atherosclerosis lung cancer
17.3 The Excretory System
Define the following:
Excretion
urea
Ureter
urinary bladder urethra
trachea
diaphragm
nicotine
emphysema
kidney
urine
nephron
49. What is the process by which your body processes glucose and oxygen?
50. The trachea divides into two tubes called what?
51. What is your voice produced by? (not the voice box)
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the
statement true.
52. Dust particles trapped in mucus are swept away by tiny, hairlike alveoli.
53. Clusters of air sacs in the lungs are bronchi.
54. Tar is a chemical in tobacco smoke that makes the heart beat faster.
55. Urine leaves the body through the ureter.
56. Urine is stored in the urethra.
57. Explain the difference between breathing and respiration.
58. Explain how the alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange in the lungs.
59. Describe how the diaphragm and rib muscles work together to control inhaling and exhaling.
60. Describe what happens when carbon monoxide enters the body. How does this affect the
body?
61. Explain two ways in which the kidneys help to maintain homeostasis in the body.
62. Explain how babies can develop smoking-related respiratory problems.
63. Do you think that drugstores, which sell medicines, should also sell cigarettes and other
tobacco products? Why or why not?
64. If the walls of the capillary cluster in a nephron were damaged or broken, what substance
might you expect to find in urine that is not normally present? Explain.
65. Which has a greater surface area, a cube that is 2 cm × 2 cm on a side, or eight cubes that
are each 1 cm × 1 cm on a side? Show your work.
66. Use your knowledge of the excretory system and the information in the data table below to
answer Questions 22–25.
67. Identify the major source of water loss during normal weather and the major source of water
loss during hot weather.
68. How do the data for normal weather and hot weather show that the body is maintaining
homeostasis?
69. What is the total amount of water lost on a hot-weather day? What is the total amount of
water lost during extended heavy exercise?
70. Use the data to explain why it is important to drink a lot of water when you are exercising
heavily.
Ch. 18 Fighting Disease
18.1 Infectious Disease
Define the following:
Pathogen
infectious disease
toxin
18.2 The Body’s Defenses
Define the following:
Inflammatory response
phagocyte
immune response lymphocyte
T Cell
antigen
B Cell
antibody
AIDS
HIV
18.3 Preventing Infectious Disease
Define the following:
Immunity
active immunity
vaccination
Vaccine
antibiotic
passive immunity
18.4 Noninfectious Disease
Define the following:
Noninfectious disease
allergy
allergen
histamine
Asthma
insulin
diabetes
tumor
Carcinogen
71. What is the name of the poisons that bacteria produce?
72. What do B Cells produce that will help the human body?
73. What is a common chemical that will kill or slow the growth of bacteria?
74. Very high levels of glucose in the blood can be a symptom of what noninfectious disease?
75. Carcinogens cause what type of noninfectious diseases?
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the
statement true.
76. Bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protists are the major human phagocytes.
77. A T cell engulfs pathogens and destroys them.
78. Vaccination produces active immunity.
79. During an allergic reaction, cells in the body release the chemical insulin.
80. A tumor is a mass of cancer cells.
81. List four ways in which a person can become infected with a pathogen.
82. Explain why it is difficult for pathogens to get to a part of the body in which they can cause
disease.
83. What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?
84. Describe two ways in which active immunity is acquired. What do they have in common?
85. How does diabetes harm the body?
86. Identify two factors that can make a person likely to develop cancer.
87. Identify each structure labeled below and its role in the immune response.
88. Why is the immune system successful in fighting most pathogens but is unsuccessful in
fighting HIV?
89. Compare and contrast active immunity and passive immunity. Then, describe one way in
which a person can acquire each type of immunity.
90. What precautions can people take to decrease their risk of cancer?
91. Use the graph to answer Questions 22–25.
A glucose tolerance test can check for diabetes. A doctor gives a patient a sugar drink and
measures the blood glucose level over a 2 hour period. The graph below shows the results of this
test for two people.
92. What was each person’s glucose level at the start of the test?
93. Which person’s blood glucose level rose more quickly during the first 30 minutes?
94. Which person’s blood glucose level returned to near the starting level after 2 hours? Which
person’s blood glucose level remained elevated after 2 hours?
95. Which person may have diabetes? Explain your answer.
Ch. 19 The Nervous System
19.1 How the Nervous System Works
Define the following:
Stimulus
response
neuron
nerve impulse
Dendrite
axon
nerve
sensory neuron
Interneuron
motor neuron
synapse
19.2 Divisions of the Nervous System
Define the following:
Central nervous system peripheral nervous system brain
Spinal cord
cerebrum
cerebellum
Brain stem
somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system
Reflex
concussion
19.3 The Senses
Define the following:
Cornea
pupil
iris
lens
retina
Nearsightedness farsightedness
eardrum cochlea
semicircular canal
19.4 Alcohol and Other Drugs
Define the following:
Drug
drug abuse
tolerance
addiction
Withdrawal
depressant
stimulant
anabolic steroid
Alcoholism
96. What is a change or signal in the environment called?
97. Draw and label all structures of a neuron.
98. Which structure links the brain and the peripheral nervous system together?
99. Which structure adjusts the size of the pupil?
100. Draw and label all structures of the eye.
101. What is it called when someone is physically dependent on a drug?
If the statement is true, write true. If it is false, change the underlined word or words to make the
statement true.
102. A nerve message is also called a synapse.
103. The cerebrum is the part of the brain that controls involuntary actions.
104. In nearsightedness, a person can see distant objects clearly.
105. The cochlea is part of the inner ear.
106. Alcohol is a depressant.
107. Compare the functions of axons and dendrites.
108. How do the cerebrum and cerebellum work together when you ride a bicycle?
109. What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
110. What is the result if the spinal cord is cut?
111. Describe how lenses in eyeglasses correct nearsightedness and farsightedness.
112. List in order all the structures in your ear that must vibrate before you hear a sound.
113. How do anabolic steroids affect the body?
The diagram below shows a synapse. Explain how a nerve impulse crosses the gap.
A person with normal vision stood at different distances from an eye chart and tried to identify the
letters on the chart. The line graph gives the results.
114. What variable is plotted on the x-axis? On the y-axis?
115. As the distance from the eye chart increases, what happens to the percentage of letters
identified correctly?
116. What was the manipulated variable in this experiment? What was the responding variable?
117. How would you expect the results to differ for a farsighted person? Explain.