Download Diagnostic Test Question 1 Read both of the following excerpts then

Diagnostic Test
Question 1
Read both of the following excerpts then answer the questions provided
Readings Articles of Confederation
- Articles of Confederation, Article II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and
independence, and every Power, Jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this confederation
expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.
- Articles of Confederation, Article III. The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league
of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their
mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to,
or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any
other pretense whatever.
- Articles of Confederation, Article VIII. All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be
incurred for the common defense or general welfare, and allowed by the united States in
congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by
the several States in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted or surveyed
for any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated
according to such mode as the united States in congress assembled, shall from time to time
direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority
and direction of the legislatures of the several States within the time agreed upon by the United
States in congress assembled.
Reading Constitution
— United States Constitution, Section 8 of Article 1
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay
the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but
all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;…
(Congress shall have the power) To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to
that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
(Congress shall have the power) To provide and maintain a Navy;
— United States Constitution, Article IV, Section 4
“The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government,
and shall protect each of them against invasion; and on application of the legislature, or of the
executive (when the legislature cannot be convened), against domestic violence.”
While a primary goal of the Articles of Confederation was to protect the citizens of the states
from an abusive national government or king by empowering state authority, many problems
existed in providing for the common defense and economic security for the states.
According to the excerpts provided, a goal of the framers of the Constitution was to ensure that
the United States provided for the common defense of every state.
In which manner was the national government better able to provide for the common defense
under the Constitution compared to the Articles of Confederation?
Question 1
○ A. Under the Constitution, states are required to provide funds for a national army and navy.
○ B. Under the Constitution, the national government holds the power to collect taxes and raise
and army and navy.
○ C. Under the Articles of Confederation, states contributed equal funds during times of conflict.
○ D. Under the Articles of Confederation, the national government held the power to raise an
army and navy.
Question 2
The writers of the Constitution corrected an economic weakness under the Articles of
Confederation when they
○ A. Granted Congress the power to levy and collect taxes
○ B. Created an executive branch headed by the president
○ C. Granted the president the authority to negotiate treaties
○ D. Created a two-house legislature
Following the American Revolution and the implementation of the Articles of Confederation, a
time of economic struggle led to an armed uprising by citizens known as Shay’s Rebellion. In
this uprising, the rebels were protesting tax and debt collection by use of force and prevention of
government enforcement. At the time, there was legitimate concern that the uprising would
spread throughout the states, and that certain states may be hesitant to aid in the military effort
to put down the rebellion.
Question 3
Shays’ Rebellion (1786) became a concern for many national leaders because it
○ A. Indicated there would be future conflicts over the spread of slavery
○ B. Exposed fundamental weaknesses in government under the Articles of Confederation
○ C. Pointed to the need for federal government regulation of interstate commerce
○ D. Showed that frontier settlements were vulnerable to raids by Native American Indians
“All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; . . .”
— Article 1, Section 7, United States Constitution
The main reason the writers of the Constitution included this provision was to give citizens more
influence over taxation issues. The House of Representatives, in the Constitution’s original
ratified form, was the body of government most directly connected to the people, since the
representatives of the House were directly elected by the people.
Question 4 Extended Response (use the information above concerning article 1 Section 7
to answer)
Explain how the provided provision of the Constitution reflects the Enlightenment promotions of
limited government,democracy, and popular sovereignty.
The industrial revolution in 19th century, which led to the mass production of goods, resulted in
decreased costs of these manufactured goods and improved living conditions for the people,
due to the affordable consumer goods. When the living conditions of the people began to
improve and there was also a huge requirement of people for various jobs at the factories, there
started a mass migration of people, from the rural areas to the cities. This mass migration of
people to the cities, is what is referred to as urbanization during the industrial revolution.
Question 6 Extended Response
Choose ONE of the following prompts and respond to it:
a. Analyze how the rise of corporation transformed the American economy
b. Explain, using examples from the prompt provided, how heavy industry and technological
innovations transformed
the American economy from an agrarian to an increasingly urban industrial society.
Question 7
The trend in the above graph is a result of:
○ A. Industrialization
○ B. Suburbanization
○ C. Immigration
○ D. Naturalization
Picture A
Picture B
Question 8
What was responsible for the changes taken place between picture A and picture B?
○ A. Americans decided living in a city would be less dangerous
○ B. Americans moved to cities because of the technological advances of industry
○ C. Americans moved to slums to find easier ways to get government assistance
○ D. Americans wanted to challenge the theory of Social Darwinism
Question 9
This picture justifies the need for:
○ A. Governmental support of labor unions
○ B. Creating a minimum wage
○ C. Forced public schooling
○ D. Prohibition
Question 10
Consider the following changes that occurred in the late 19th century:
Increases in immigration
Widespread industrialization
Improvements in agricultural technology
Rapid urbanization
Which of the following was a direct result of these developments during this period?
○ A. Overcrowded living conditions and high competition for housing and jobs
○ B. The decline of labor unions and of business investment
○ C. The spread of plantation agriculture and the decline in mass production
○ D. The construction of highways and the advancements in military spending
Question 11
Although slavery was abolished following the Civil War, many freed slaves fell into a position of
sharecropping which
could have forced conditions considered worse than those faced under slavery. Sharecroppers
would work on farm land
owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the harvested crop. The sharecroppers
could then use the share, sell
it, or trade it to benefit economically for their labor.
After the Civil War, the sharecropping system emerged in the South primarily as a way to:
○ A. Diversify agricultural production
○ B. Provide a labor supply to plantation owners
○ C. Give forty acres of land to freedmen to advance economic competition
○ D. Guarantee economic equality for African Americans
Read and respond to the passage below:
Speaker A: The best way to prevent corruption in government is to allow citizens a direct role in
the legislative
process.
Speaker B: Breaking up trusts and monopolies will increase business competition.
Speaker C: An important goal of the federal government should be the protection of our natural
resources.
Speaker D: Government will only improve when women are granted full suffrage.
During the Progressive Era, many states adopted the use of initiative, referendum, and recall.
Initiatives allow citizens to
propose bills to their representatives. Referendums require a vote on a bill to go to the people to
decide on Election
Day. Recall elections provide citizens with an opportunity to remove elected representatives
from office.
Question 12
Which speaker’s statement is most directly related to the political concepts of initiative,
referendum, and recall?
○ A. Speaker A
○ B. Speaker B
○ C. Speaker C
○ D. Speaker D
“The "beef trust" comprised a few large companies that controlled the Union Stockyards in
Chicago. Upton Sinclairbecame a worker in the stockyards for the purpose of gathering
information that he would later use in his book "The Jungle." Published in 1906, "The Jungle"
exposed the unsanitary conditions under which impoverished workers toiled in
the packing plants. From the publicity generated by the book, pressure was brought on
Congress to conduct investigations, the ultimate result of which was the Meat Inspection Act.
(Retrieved from: http://www.u-shistory.
com/pages/h918.html)
As a companion measure to the Pure Food and Drug Act, the Meat Inspection Act brought the
following reforms to theprocessing of cattle, sheep, horses, swine and goats destined for human
consumption:
prior to slaughter
post-mortem inspection
The Beef Trust fought against passage of the Meat Inspection Act, but could not prevent its
becoming law.”
Question 13
The Meat Inspection Act (1906) and the Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) were efforts by the
federal government to
○ A. protect public health and safety
○ B. support business monopolies
○ C. restrict foreign competition
○ D. regulate child labor
“Approved July 2, 1890, The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was the first Federal act that outlawed
monopolistic business
practices.
The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was the first measure passed by the U.S. Congress to
prohibit trusts. It was named for
Senator John Sherman of Ohio, who was a chairman of the Senate finance committee and the
Secretary of the Treasury
under President Hayes. Several states had passed similar laws, but they were limited to
intrastate businesses. The
Sherman Antitrust Act was based on the constitutional power of Congress to regulate
interstate commerce.”
Question 14
In passing the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), Congress intended to
○ A. prevent large corporations from eliminating their competition
○ B. distinguish good trusts from bad trusts
○ C. regulate rates charged by railroads
○ D. force large trusts to bargain with labor unions
Question 15
The situation shown in the cartoon refers to the:
○ A. expansionist actions of the United States.
○ B. attempt by Congress to restrict immigration.
○ C. involvement of the United States in World War I.
○ D. opposition of state governments to New Deal programs.
Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division
The editorial cartoon depicts President Roosevelt signing a document labeled “U.S.
Neutrality.” Behind him is thespirit of President Wilson (who was the president during World
War I), saying “I hope you have better luck than I did.”
Question 16
The Neutrality Acts passed by Congress and signed by President Roosevelt in the mid1930s were efforts to:
○ A. follow an isolationist policy and avoid mistakes that led our country into World War I
○ B. create jobs for the unemployed in the military defense industry
○ C. support the League of Nations efforts to stop wars in Africa and Asia
○ D. increase the spread of democracy in Europe
The Red Summer refers to the summer and fall of 1919, in which riots exploded in a
number of cities in both the North and South. The three most violent episodes occurred in
Chicago, Washington, D.C., and Elaine, Arkansas. On the afternoon of July 27, 1919, a
stone-throwing melee between blacks and whites began after a black youth mistakenly
swam into territory claimed by whites off the 29th Street beach in Chicago. Amidst the
mayhem, Eugene Williams, a black youth, drowned. When a white police officer refused to
arrest the white men involved in the death, and instead arrested a black man. Fighting
broke out between gangs and mobs of both races. Violence escalated with each incident,
and for 13 days Chicago was in a state of turmoil. By the time the riot ended, 23 blacks and
15 whites were dead, 537 injured, and 1,000 black families were left homeless. The
Chicago riot waspart of a national frenzy of clashes, massacres, and lynchings throughout
the North and the South. All of theincidents were initiated by whites. In Washington, D.C.,
from July 19 to 23, four whites and two blacks were killed;whites were astonished that
blacks dared to fight back.
Question 17
This riot was in response to mostly:
○ A. racism and prejudice
○ B. nationalism and patriotism
○ C. abolition and temperance
○ D. militarism and colonialism
“The modern housewife has lost the art of cooking. She buys cuts of meat that are easily and
quickly cooked, whereas in the [18] nineties her mother bought big chunks of meat and cut them
up and used them in various ways. Folks today want to eat in a hurry and get out in the car.”
- Robert S. Lynd & Helen Merrell Lynd Middletown: A Study in American Culture 1929
Question 18
Based on the information from the quotation, which conclusion most supports the improvement
of life due to the
automobile?
○ A. Housewives depended too greatly on the traditional methods of cooking, and therefore had
an improvement in the quality of their lives
○ B. The lives of housewives were infringed upon due to the creation of the automobile
○ C. The automobile improved the quality of life for housewives in that women became more
able to spend time with leisure activities and less time with chores like cooking
○ D. The automobile improved the quality of life for housewives in that women were encouraged
to allow their husbands to have the car while they could remain in the house cooking and childrearing
Charles Lindbergh was the first to pilot a trans-Atlantic flight from New York to Paris in 1927.
Question 19
Which of the following best depicts how Charles Lindbergh’s trans-Atlantic flight could result in
cultural changes?
○ A. Free trade would be more readily available
○ B. Governments would be better able to keep up positive foreign relations
○ C. Practices such as religion, language and traditions would be more easily shared and
expressed across borders
○ D. The ideals of democracy and freedom were more easily spread
Question 20
The painting depicted above is a painting from the era of the Harlem Renaissance. How does
the picture depict the social changes that took place during this era?
○ A. A sense of community amongst the African American community
○ B. The idea of segregation amongst the African American community
○ C. A rebirth of slavery amongst the African American community
○ D. An increase of competition for jobs for the African American community
19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Women's Right to Vote
Joint Resolution of Congress proposing a constitutional amendment extending the right of suffrage to
women, May 19, 1919; Ratified Amendments, 1795-1992; General Records of the United States
Government; Record Group 11; National Archives. Passed by Congress June 4, 1919, and ratified on
August 18, 1920, the 19th amendment guarantees all American women the right to vote. Achieving this
milestone required a lengthy and difficult struggle; victory took decades of agitation and protest.
Beginning in the mid-19th century, several generations of woman suffrage supporters lectured, wrote,
marched, lobbied, and practiced civil disobedience to achieve what many Americans considered a radical
change of the Constitution. Few early supporters lived to see final victory in 1920.
Question 21
Based on the knowledge that the 19th Amendment was considered a radical change to the
constitution, which of the following statements best describes the social changes that would be
the result of the women’s suffrage amendment?
○ A. Women would begin to vote other women into office and have a stronger voice in
government
○ B. Women would begin to delay marriage and sustain a greater personal independence within
American society
○ C. Women would begin to have greater purchasing power in the economy and help America’s
finances and tax
decisions
○ D. Women would begin to have more children and encourage the baby boom
Question 22 (Extended Response)
Give TWO explanations why the US economy slumped into the Great Depression:
Question 23
Much of the domestic legislation of the New Deal period was based on the idea that the federal
government should:
○ A. Favor big business over labor and farming
○ A. Assume some responsibility for the welfare of people
○ A. Require local communities to be responsible for social welfare programs
○ A. Own and operate the major industries of the country
Question 24
According to the American propaganda poster, each of the following statements represents the
changes in Americansociety due to the mobilization of military resources EXCEPT:
○ A. Rationing became a way of life for many American civilians
○ B. Civilians were asked to help the war effort by providing leftover goods from their own
homes
○ C. Propaganda efforts were made by the United States government in order to involve
American civilians in the war effort
○ D. Laws and loyalty oaths were enforced in order to get American civilians supporting the war
effort
Question 25
In Korematsu v. United States (1944), the Supreme Court upheld the military order excluding
Japanese Americans from the West Coast on the basis that the action was considered:
○ A. A matter of national security
○ B. A necessity for the economy
○ C. An attempt to limit immigration from Japan
○ D. A way to protect Japanese Americans from anti-Japanese hysteria
The Postwar Boom
Indeed, the U.S. economy recovered quickly from the brief recession of 1946–1947 and then
veritably exploded, making Americans the wealthiest people in the world. For approximately
twenty years, the U.S. economic surge seemed unstoppable. Within just a few years, almost
two-thirds of American families achieved middle-class status. Gross national product (GNP)
more than doubled during the 1950s and then doubled again in the 1960s. By 1960, most
American families had a car, a TV, and a refrigerator and owned their own home—an amazing
achievement given that fewer than half of Americans had any of these luxuries just thirty years
earlier.
Question 26
The rapid growth in personal income in the decade after World War II contributed to:
○ A. a decrease in the birthrate
○ B. a major economic depression
○ C. expansion of the middle class
○ D. shortages in the supply of luxury goods
Question 27 (Extended Response)
What evidence is there to support the economic boom post World War II impacted the American
standard of living in later decades?
Cite two specific examples from the above reading.