Download Chapter Two Review - Wappingers Central School District

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Mr. P’s Final Exam Review
***** Culture and Early Civilizations *****
Vocabulary
artifact – a man-made object that humans leave behind (pot, tool, weapon)
archaeology - the study of evidence left behind by early people
culture - the entire way of life a people has developed
stereotype - falsely applying an individual characteristic or trait to an
entire group of people (often beginning with the word “all”)
Beringia - land bridge connecting Asia and North America during the Ice Age
environmental adaptation - making changes because of your surroundings to survive
Key Ideas
1. How/why did early humans migrate to North America?
- crossed the Beringia land bridge in search of food
2. How did different groups of Native Americans adapt to their environment?
- ate different foods (such as deer and buffalo), and built different shelters
(such as teepees and longhouses)
3. Name several advanced civilizations that existed in Central and South America
before the arrival of Columbus and other European explorers.
- Aztecs, Mayas, and Incas
***** Iroquois *****
Vocabulary
self-sufficient - able to grow, collect, or make everything needed to survive
longhouse - shelters made of saplings covered with tree bark
Eastern Woodlands – culture area/region in which the Iroquois lived
Key Ideas
1. Name the five tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy.
- Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk (SCOOM)
2. Why was the Iroquois Confederacy important?
- political union that allowed 5 member nations (tribes) to live together in peace
***** European Exploration *****
Vocabulary
E-S-P
 Economic – the “how” & “why” people work
- $, banks, jobs, factories, natural resources, trade, wealth
 Social – the “how” & “why” people live together
- housing, education, cities, recreation, religion, lifestyles
 Political – the “how” & “why” people govern themselves
- government, elections, voting, constitution, laws, democracy
Columbian Exchange – transfer of plants, animals, & diseases between the Old World
(Europe, Africa, & Asia) and the New World (North & South America)
colony - people in a new land who are ruled/controlled by the country they came from
Key Ideas
1. What was the first permanent English colony in the New World?
- Jamestown, VA
2. How did people make money in New France?
- fishing and fur trading
3. Why did groups like the Pilgrims, Puritans, and Quakers come to America?
- religious freedom
4. What were 3 effects of the Columbian Exchange?
- African slaves were brought to the New World
- European diseases killed millions of Native Americans
- new foods, cattle, and horses were introduced to the Americas
***** 13 Colonies *****
Vocabulary
toleration - willingness to let others practice their own beliefs
religious persecution - treating others unfairly because of their religious beliefs
Quakers - peace-loving that came to Pennsylvania for religious freedom
racism - belief that one race is superior (better) than another
Middle Passage – overcrowded, disease-filled slave trip from Africa to the Americas
mercantilism - economic theory (idea) that nations like England would become wealthy
and strong by having colonies, increasing their gold supply, and trading
indentured servant - person who agreed to work without pay for 4-7 years in return for
passage to the Americas
apprentice – person who worked without pay for a master craftsmen to learn a trade
Key Ideas
1. What was a result of the Puritans’ lack of tolerance?
- new colonies were formed as other groups sought religious freedom
2. What European country first settled the Hudson River Valley?
- Holland (Dutch)
3. What did the House of Burgesses and the Mayflower Compact have in common?
- both were early forms of democratic government
4. What group was able to vote in the 13 English colonies?
- white males over 21 who owned property
5. What was a major difference between indentured servants and slaves?
- Indentured servants were free after working for 4-7 years
6. What event helped to establish freedom of the press in the colonies?
- John Peter Zenger court case
7. Why were New York and Pennsylvania called the “breadbasket” colonies?
- fertile river valleys allowed them to produce large quantities of grain
***** Road to Revolution *****
Vocabulary
Proclamation of 1763 - prohibited colonists from settling west of Appalachian Mountains
boycott – economic protest in which people refuse to buy or use goods and services
Stamp Act - British law that taxed legal documents, newspapers, playing cards, and dice
(and created hardships for English merchants)
Intolerable Acts – harsh punishment for the Boston Tea Party that united the colonies
Boston Massacre – riot in which five Boston civilians were killed by British troops
Key Ideas
1. How did the French and Indian war lead to the American Revolution?
- Britain imposed many taxes on colonies to help pay for the cost of the war
2. What was the “shot heard around the world” at Lexington?
- fighting that began the American Revolution
***** American Revolution *****
Vocabulary
patriot - person who supported independence
loyalist - person against independence who wanted remain under English rule
Key Ideas
1. What were the three parts of the Declaration of Independence?
- natural rights of man, list of British wrongs, announcement of independence
2. Who was the principal (main) author of the Declaration of Independence?
- Thomas Jefferson
3. How did African Americans and women contribute to the American victory?
- African Americans were soldiers (more than 5,000), sailors, and guides
- women managed farms and shops, cooked for and nursed soldiers
4. What was the turning point of the American Revolution? Why?
- Battle of Saratoga, which led to French support
5. What American disadvantage was revealed by the order to “Don’t shoot until you
see the whites of their eyes” at Bunker Hill?
- the Continental Army was often short of gunpowder and musket balls
***** The U.S. Constitution & Civics *****
Vocabulary
Articles of Confederation – weak and ineffective 1st constitution of the U.S.
constitution – plan for organizing and operating a government
Bill of Rights - 1st 10 amendments (changes) to U.S. Constitution
democracy – government in which the people (citizens) hold power
separation of powers - power of national government is split into different branches
checks and balances - each part of the federal government can check or limit the power
and actions of the other branches
federalism – principle of shared power between the states and the national government
bill - a proposed law
veto - to reject a bill
override - power of Congress to overrule a veto (requires 2/3rds vote)
impeach - to charge an elected official, such as a president, with a crime
census – periodic count of a country’s population
Key Ideas
1. Why did the Articles of Confederation create a weak national government?
- states were afraid of strong national government with too much power
2. Why was Shays’ Rebellion important?
- it showed that the Articles of Confederation were not working
3. Why was the Great Compromise at the Constitutional Convention so important?
- it resolved the issue of representation in Congress
4. What is the main responsibility of each of the following?
Legislative Branch - makes or passes the laws
Executive Branch – carries out or enforces the laws
Judicial Branch – interprets the laws
5. Why was the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution?
- to protect individual freedoms and limit the power of national government
6. What are the two “houses” of the United States Congress?
- House of Representatives and Senate
7. How is representation for the two parts of Congress determined?
- House of Representatives is based on each state’s population
- Senate is two per state
8. What could happen if a census shows a large change in a state’s population?
- the state could gain or lose representation in the House of Representatives
9. Why was freedom of religion included in the 1st Amendment?
- many colonists had suffered religious persecution in Europe
10. What is freedom of assembly?
- the right of people to gather peaceably to discuss concerns about government
11. What are 3 examples of “checks and balances” in our national government?
- Presidents may veto bills passed by Congress
- The Senate must approve presidential appointments to the Supreme Court
- The Supreme Court may declare laws passed by Congress to be unconstitutional
12. What principle of the Constitution allows both New York state and the federal
government to tax citizens?
- federalism
13. Why do people create political parties?
- people have different views/opinions about issues and the role of government
***** Washington’s Presidency *****
Vocabulary
precedent - an act or decision that sets an example for others to follow
tariff - tax on foreign goods brought into a country
judicial review - right of the Supreme Court to decide if presidential acts or laws passed
by Congress are constitutional
Key Ideas
1. Name two precedents set by George Washington.
- establishing a Cabinet (advisors) and serving only two terms as President
2. Why was Marbury vs. Madison such an important Supreme Court case?
- established the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review
***** Thomas Jefferson to War of 1812 *****
Vocabulary
Lewis & Clark Expedition - 1804-1806 exploration of the Louisiana Purchase
Sacagawea – Native American woman who helped guide Lewis & Clark
impressment – British forced our sailors into their navy (cause of War of 1812)
War of 1812 – 2nd war between U.S. and Britain (no clear winner)
Star Spangled Banner – our national anthem (written during War of 1812)
Battle of New Orleans - huge victory for U.S. and Andrew Jackson in War of 1812
Key Ideas
1. Why was the Louisiana Purchase so important?
- doubled the size of the United States
2. Name four reasons why many Americans supported the War of 1812.
- impressment of sailors, nationalism, more land (Canada), and to stop Indian raids
3. Name some examples of primary source documents.
- letters, diaries, journal entries, emails, photographs, political cartoons
***** Industrial Revolution *****
Vocabulary
Industrial Revolution - machine-made goods replaced hand-made goods, and new sources
of power (water and steam) replaced human/animal power
Erie Canal - waterway linking New York City to the Great Lakes
Key Ideas
1. Why was the Erie Canal so important to America’s economic growth?
- allowed for fast and cheap transportation of people and goods
2. How were factory machines powered in the early 1800s?
- water (fast-flowing rivers in New England)
3. Name five new advances in transportation during the 1800s.
- turnpikes, canals, steamboats, clipper ships, railroads
4. What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?
- to warn European nations not to seek colonies from newly independent
nations in Latin America
5. Who developed new forms of manufacturing during the Industrial Revolution?
- Francis Lowell (factory system)
- Eli Whitney (interchangeable parts and cotton gin)
6. What was a negative effect from the invention of the cotton gin?
- spread of slavery
***** Andrew Jackson *****
Key Ideas
1. How did democracy expand during the time of Andrew Jackson?
- right to vote expanded to all white men over 21
2. Why was Andrew Jackson sometimes portrayed as a king?
- he vetoed laws and many people thought he was too powerful
3. What was the Trail of Tears?
- forced march of the Cherokee nation to land west of Mississippi River during
which thousands perished
- Indian removal supported by Andrew Jackson
***** Manifest Destiny *****
Vocabulary
Manifest Destiny - belief that Americans had the right and the duty to settle all land
between the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans
annex – to add on (as in territory)
Key Ideas
1. Why did many Americans want to move westward in the 1800s?
- fertile soil (Oregon & Texas), religious freedom (Mormons), gold (California), and
the idea of Manifest Destiny
2. List four ways America gained new territory in the West.
- annexation (Texas), peaceful agreement (Oregon), war (Mexican Cession), and
purchase (Louisiana Territory & Gadsden Purchase)
3. What was an important reason why the United States went to war with Mexico?
- Texas annexation
***** Worlds of North and South *****
Vocabulary
discrimination - policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups of people
abolitionists – people who wanted to end slavery (examples: Frederick Douglass and
William Lloyd Garrison)
Underground Railroad – secretive route to freedom for runaway slaves
Harriet Tubman – led slaves to freedom on Underground Railroad (“Black Moses”)
suffrage - the right to vote
Seneca Falls Convention (1848) - first meeting to call for equal rights for women
***** Road to the Civil War *****
Vocabulary
popular sovereignty - voters in western territories vote whether or not to allow slavery
compromise - settlement in which each side gives up some demands to reach agreement
secede - to withdraw from a political organization
Key Ideas
1. List 4 events that helped lead to the Civil War.
- Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Decision, John Brown’s raid
2. What event immediately caused the South to secede from the Union?
- Lincoln’s election as president
***** The Civil War *****
Vocabulary
total war – military strategy that seeks to destroy an enemy’s will to fight (used by
General Sherman to force the South to surrender)
Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln’s declaration that freed slaves in areas of the South
controlled by the Confederacy (started process of abolition)
Key Ideas
1. List four advantages of the North at the beginning of the Civil War.
- population, industry (factories & manufacturing), Lincoln’s leadership, railroads
2. What was Lincoln’s MAIN goal during the Civil War?
- restore the Union
3. What was the turning point of the Civil War?
- Battle of Gettysburg