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Chapter 1-3
Forces Shaping the Earth
Pg 34
Inside the Earth
- Three layers Layers of the earth
-
o Core
 Center of the earth
 Inner core
 Solid hot iron and other
metals
 Outer core
 Liquid hot iron and other
metals
o Mantel
 Surrounds the outer core
 1,800 miles thick
 consists of 2 parts
 part nearest the core is solid
 rock on the outer mantel
sometimes melts
o comes out of active
volcanoes
 known as magma
when it is still
within the crust
 known as lava when
it comes outside the
crust
o Crust
 Uppermost layer
 Thin
 Only 31-62 miles thick
 Thinnest on the ocean floor
 Thickest on the 7
continents - Continents
o Massive land areas
 North America
 South America
 Europe
 Australia
 Asia
 Africa
 Antarctica
Forces Beneath the Earth’s Crust
- earthquakes and volcanoes
Plate Tectonics-Movement
- Theory
o States that the crust in not an
unbroken shell but consists of
plates
 Huge slabs of rock that move
 Floating on liquid rock just
below the crust
 Move in different directions
-
 Pg 36
 Plate Tectonics
o Notice how the pieces of the
puzzle fit together.
 CD 3-D atlas
 S. America fits into Africa
o Pangaea
 Page 45
 Pangea
 Super continent
 A single landmass that existed
millions of years ago.
 Broke apart through tectonic
activity
 Still moving today
 Aka “continental drift”
 Alfred Wegener
 4 inches per year
 same rate as my beard
grows
 western edge of SA moves
about 1.8 inches per year
o similar to the rate at
which your fingernails
grow
When Plates Meet
- Sometimes the plates spread away
from each other
- Sometimes the plates move toward
each other
o If the 2 plates are “continental
plates” the collision produces high
mountain ranges – Himilayas
o If one plate is continental and one
is oceanic the collision thicker
continental plate slides over the
thinner oceanic plate
 Forms volcanic mountains
o Sometimes the plates move by
sliding next to each other.
 This movement creates faults
 Cracks in the earth’s
surface
 Sudden movements can cause
earthquakes
-
 A sudden movement in the
earth’s crust
 Can cause severe damage
o Pg 37
o San Andreas fault
 California
 San Fran 1906
 Loma Preada 1989
 New Madrid
 New Madrid
 Alaskan
 Can cause a tsunami
o A tidal wave
o Causes severe coastal
flooding
o Indonesia December
2005
 Tsunami
Forces Shaping Landforms
- Weathering and Erosion
Forces on the earth’s surfaces that
create change in landforms
Weathering
- the process of breaking surface rock
into boulders, gravel, sand, and soil
- Mechanical weathering
o Frost wedging
 Water seeps into cracks of
rocks freezes and expands
o Plant root growth
- Chemical weathering
o Acid rain
 Pollution mixes with
precipitation and falls to the
earth
 The chemicals eat away at
the surface of anything
o Carbonic acid
 Water mixes with carbon
dioxide and forms a mild acid
that causes rocks to break down
chemically
 Creates caves
o Stalagmites
 stalagmites
o Stalagtites
 Stalagtites
Erosion
- Process of wearing away or moving of
weathered materials
- Water
o Most powerful agent of erosion
o Grand Canyon National Park,
Photos
- Wind
o Video: The Dust Bowl
o Create “wind dunes” – Loess
o Loess
- Glaciers
o Glacier Classification
o Continental
 Antarctica
 Greenland
o Mountain
 Thousands found around the
world
 Melting due to global warming
o When a glacier melts it is known as
a “receding glacier”
o Leaves behind debris
 Moraine
 Glacier moraine
 SD Glacial Lakes
Chapter 3 Assessment pg 38