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Ch 2 Mixture and Solutions When elements combine to form a _______________, the elements no longer have their original properties. A __________________s a combination of substance in which the individual components ______________________ properties. Ex: Sand and sugar A ________________ is mixture in which one or more substances (solute) are ____________________________ in another substance (solvent). Ex: Kool-aid *The ___________________ of solute is important to organisms A _____________________ is a mixture of water and nondissolved materials Acids and Bases ____________________________ can occur only when conditions are right; they depend on the pH of the environment ____ is a measure of how ______ or _______ a solution is/ a _______________ with values ranging from 0 to 14 is used to measure pH 0 1 2 more acidic 3 4 5 6 7 8 neutral 9 10 11 12 13 14 more basic ________ is any substance that forms ___________ (H+) in water. Ex: HCl (H+) and (Cl-) has a pH of below 7 ________ is any substance that forms ____________(OH-) in water. Ex: NaOH (Na+) & (OH-) has a pH above 7 _________ dissolved compounds that control pH in the body; they are weak _________ or _________ that can react with strong acids or bases to prevent sharp sudden changes in pH. Importance of Acids and Bases to Biological Systems: Chemical reactions in organisms depend on the _____ of the _____________________. Ex: ________________ is an enzyme that works best in the acidic human stomach Certain ____________ require a certain pH environment for __________________ growth Organism A__________ Organism B --------------- 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Life Substances 1. _________________ compounds are derived from ___________ things and contain ____________ 2. ________________ compounds are derived from ______________ things Carbon compounds : easily form __________________________ bonds to create ______________________________________________________________ Polymerization: when a large compound (___________) is produced from smaller compounds (_______________) as the smaller compounds are joined together. Macromolecules: large _____________________ Condensation Reaction (____________________________) to make or ________________________________ 3. 4 Major Organic Compounds: _________________, ________________, _____________, _______________________ 4. CARBOHYDRATES : composed of _________ in approximate ratio ___________ Monosaccharide: ________________ molecular formula for all 3: ________________ GLUCOSE __________________________ FRUCTOSE__________________________ GALACTOSE_________________________ Disaccharides formed by 2 sugars Sucrose = glucose + ______________ Maltose = glucose + ______________ Lactose = glucose + ______________ Polysaccharides formed by more than _________ Starch-______________________ Glycogen-___________________ Cellulose-___________________ 5. What makes them different from another is the arrangement of the individual atoms (________________). _____________ - compounds that differ in structure but not in __________________ composition. 6. LIPIDS: Fatty Compounds Made of ___________ with a ___________ number in __________ atoms and a _________________ number of ______ atoms than carbohydrates. (________________) Examples: fats, oils, waxes (____________________________) Many common lipids are constructed of a unit of: ____________________ (3-Carbon Alcohol) combined by dehydration synthesis 3 _______________ - hydrocarbon chain with an Carboxyl Group –COOH Hydrophilic End (______________________ -carboxyl end that is polar) Hydrophobic End (______________________-hydrocarbon end that is nonpolar) Functions: form much of __________________________to serve as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell ________________________ for cells Examples: _________________________________________ 7. PROTEINS: _____________compounds made of _____________________ Polymer made of _________________ (monomers); organisms have thousands of proteins Amino Acids: ____ different kinds that form ______________ - has 5 Groups: Central ___ atom Single ___ atom Carboxyl Group (_______) Amine group (_______) R group (repeating ______________ of different lengths) _________________: 2 amino acids bound together covalently by _____________________(a molecule of H2O is lost) – held together by peptide bonds Polypeptide: a _________________ of amino acids held together by ___________ bonds Examples of Proteins: Insulin (___________), _________________, and _______________ 8. NUCLEIC ACID: complex organic molecules that __________________________________ in the cell. 2 important types of nucleic acids are _____ and _____ DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): _____________________________________________ all cell activities – including ________________________ RNA (ribonucleic acid): __________________________________________________ Nucleotides: __________ that make up both DNA & RNA – made up of 3 main components: ______________ Group Five-Carbon __________ ______________Base (ring)