Download d64 - met ocean

REFERENCE NO.: D64 - MET OCEAN
1. COURSE NAME: Meteorology & Oceanography
2. COURSE DESCRIPTIONS: The course includes the Meteorological Elements,
Atmospheric Pressure Systems, Weather Reports/Recording and
Reporting
Weather
Observations,
Weather
Forecasting,
Oceanography and Waves
3. NUMBER OF UNITS FOR LECTURE AND LABORATORY:
2 LECTURE, 0 LABORATORY = 2 UNITS
4. NUMBER OF CONTACT HOURS:
2 LECTURE, 0 LABORATORY = 2 HOURS
5. PREREQUISITE: NONE
6. COURSE OBJECTIVE: The student shall be able to state how the
atmospheric pressure is distributed around the earth and explain its
effect on the prevailing winds and ocean surface currents, obtain
relevant meteorological information from available sources, use
shipborne meteorological instruments to make observations and
forecast the weather.
FUNCTION: F1 - Navigation at the Operational Level (STCW Code, Table AII/1)
7. COURSE OUTLINE:
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
The student shall be able to . . . . . .
7.1
Shipborne Meteorological Instruments
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.1.4
7.1.5
7.1.6
D64 – MET OCEAN
state the basic principle of a mercurial barometer
state the basic principles of an aneroid barometer
read the atmospheric pressure from an ordinary aneroid
barometer
read the temperature from a thermometer
state the function of a hygrometer
state the basic principles of wind sensors, take and log ordinary
readings of wind speed
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7.2
The Atmosphere, its Composition and Physical Properties
7.2.1 describe the composition of the earth’s atmosphere, mentioning
dry air and its constituents, water vapour and aerosols
7.2.2 draw and label a typical vertical temperature profile through the
lower 100 km of the earth’s atmosphere
7.2.3 define ‘troposphere’, ‘tropopause’, stratosphere’, ‘stratopause’,
‘mesosphere’, mesopause’, and ‘thermosphere’
7.2.4 describe the main features of the troposphere
7.2.5 state the importance of the sun as the principal energy source for
atmospheric processes
7.2.6 describe the nature of solar radiation, (scattering, reflection and
absorption)
7.2.7 explain the effect on insolation of a variation in latitude
7.2.8 explain the effect on insolation of a variation in the sun’s
declination
7.2.9 explain the effect on insolation of a variation in the length of
daylight
7.2.10 define ‘water vapour’
7.2.11 describe the properties of water vapour in the atmosphere
7.2.12 define ‘evaporation’, condensation’, latent heat of vaporization’
7.2.13 define ‘saturated air’
7.2.14 describe the processes of mixing, cooling and the evaporation of
water vapour, by which a sample of air may be brought to
saturation
7.2.15 define ‘dewpoint’, absolute humidity’, relative humidity ‘vapour
pressure’
7.3 Atmospheric Pressure
7.3.1 state that pressure equals force per unit area
7.3.2 state that the atmosphere exerts a pressure on any surface
placed within it
7.3.3 state that the atmosphere pressure on a unit area of a surface is
equal to the weight of the “air column” extending from that surface
to the outer fringes of the atmosphere
7.3.4 explain that atmospheric pressure decreases with height above
sea level
7.3.5 state that atmospheric pressure acts in all directions
7.3.6 state that the basic unit of pressure is N/m2
7.3.7 state that 1 millibar = 10-3bar = 102 N/m2
7.3.8 state that 1 hectoPascal (hPa) - 1 millibar
7.3.9 state that the atmospheric pressure at sea level normally varies
between about 940 hPa and 1050 hPa
7.3.10 state that the average pressure at sea level is 1013.2 hPa
D64 – MET OCEAN
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7.3.11 explain that the surface pressure rises if air is added to the
‘column’ above the surface, and vice versa
7.3.12 define ‘isobar’
7.4 Wind
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.4.6
7.4.7
7.4.8
7.4.9
7.4.10
7.4.11
7.4.12
7.4.13
7.5
define wind
describe the Beaufort scale of wind force
explain qualitatively the pressure gradient force
explain qualitatively the Coriolis (geostrophic) force
explain the surface wind circulation around high and lowpressure centres
insert surface wind directions on a map showing pressure
circulation around high and low pressure distribution and
indicates relative wind speeds at various places within
thepressure field
state Buys-Ballot’s law
explain the method of estimating the strenght of the wind from
the appearance of the sea surface, using the Beaufort wind scale
state the factors, other than the wind speed, which affect the
appearance of the sea surface
explain the difference between apparent and true wind
determine the true wind velocity by using a vector diagram, given
the apparent wind and the ship’s course and speed
describe the method of estimating the wind direction from the
appearance of the sea surface
demonstrate the use of a geostrophic wind scale
Cloud and Precipitation
7.5.1 explain that clouds form when air containing water vapour rises,
cools adiabatically and becomes saturated
7.5.2 state the need for and define condensation nuclei
7.5.3 states that a cloud can consist of ice crystals, supercooled water
droplets, water droplets or any combination of these
7.5.4 name and describe the ten basic cloud types
7.5.5 state the probable base heights of the ten principal cloud types
7.5.6 define “precipitation”
7.5.7 define “rain”, “drizzle”, “hail” “snow” and “sleet”
7.6
Visibility
7.6.1
7.6.2
state the visibility is reduced by the presence of particles in the
atmosphere, near the earth’s surface
define “fog”, “mist”, “haze’
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7.6.3
7.6.4
7.6.5
7.6.6
7.6.7
7.6.8
7.7
apply the concept of processes leading to supersaturation to a
classification of fogs as mixing, cooling or evaporation fogs
explain qualitatively the formation of radiation fog, mentioning
areas, seasons and reasons for dispersal
state the effect of pollution on the formation of radiation fog
explain qualitatively the formation of advection fog, mentioning
areas, seasons and reasons for dispersal
explain qualitatively the conditions leading to the formation of sea
smoke, and typical areas where a smoke may be encountered
describe methods of estimating the visibility at sea, by day and
by night, and the difficulties involved
The Wind and Pressure Systems Over the Oceans
7.7.1
explain qualitatively, with the aid of sketches, the circulation cells
which would exist on a rotating earth, not inclined to its orbit of
rotation around the sun, and with homogenous surface
7.7.2 draw the mean surface pressure and wind distribution over the
earth’s surface in January and July
7.7.3 describe the characteristics and location of the doldrums,
intertropical convergence zone, trade winds, sub-tropical oceanic
highs, westerlies and polar easterlies
7.7.4 describe a monsoon regime
7.7.5 state the areas which experience a true monsoon regime
7.7.6 apply previous concepts to a qualitative explanation of the
causes of monsoon regimes
7.7.7 apply previous concepts to a qualitative explanation of the
weather associated with the January and July monsoons of the
Indian Ocean, China Sea. north coast of Australia and west
coast of Africa
7.7.8 explain qualitatively the monsoon-type weather along the northeast coast of Brazil
7.7.9 apply the concept of horizontal temperature differences to a
qualitative explanation of the formation of land and sea breezes
7.7.10 explain the formation of anabatic and katabatic winds
7.7.11 state the regions of occurrence of anabatic and katabic winds
7.7.12 state examples of local winds
7.8
Structure of Depressions
7.8.1
7.8.2
7.8.3
7.8.4
define ‘air mass’
explain the formation of an air mass
define ‘source region’
describe the characteristics required of a source region
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7.8.5
7.8.6
7.8.7
7.8.8
7.8.9
7.8.10
7.8.11
7.8.12
7.8.13
7.8.14
7.8.15
7.8.16
7.8.17
7.8.18
7.8.19
7.8.20
7.9
describe the source-region characteristics of arctic, polar, tropical
and equatorial air-mass types
define ‘warm front’, ‘cold front’
recognize the symbols for warm and cold fronts and identifies
them drawn on a weather map
describe, with the aid of a diagram, the weather experienced
during the passage of an idealized warm front
describe, with the aid of a diagram, the weather experienced
during the passage of an idealized cold front
define ‘depression’
identify the depression on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart
describe the stages in the life cycle of a polar front depression
describe a family of depressions
draw a diagram of a polar front depression, for both northern and
southern hemispheres, showing isobars, warm and cold fronts,
with circulation and warm sector
draw a cross-section through a polar front depression, on the
poleward and equatorial side of the centre, showing fronts, cloud
and precipitation areas
describe the usual movement of a polar front depression
apply previous concepts to an explanation of the weather
changes experienced when a frontal depression passes with its
centre on the poleward side of an observer in the northern
hemisphere and in the southern hemisphere
describe the process leading to the occlusion of a polar front
depression
identify a tough of low pressure on a surface synoptic or
prognostic chart
describe the weather associated with the passage of a trough
Anticyclones and Other Pressure Systems
define ‘anticyclone’
draw a synoptic pattern of an anticyclone, for both northern and
southern hemispheres, showing isobars and wind circulation
7.9.3 identify an anticyclone on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart
7.9.4 describe the weather associated with anticyclones
7.9.5 define a ridge of high pressure
7.9.6 draw a ridge of high pressure
7.9.7 draw a synoptic pattern for a ridge showing isobars and wind
directions
7.9.8 describe a typical weather sequence during the passage of a
ridge between depressions across the observer’s position
7.9.9 define a col
7.9.10 draw a synoptic pattern for a col, showing isobars and wind
directions
7.9.11 describe the weather associated with a col
7.9.1
7.9.2
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7.9.12 identify ridges and cols on a surface synoptic or prognostic chart
7.10 Weather Reports/Recording And Reporting Weather Observations
7.10.1 describe the source of weather information available to shipping;
7.10.2 describe the information generally needed from ships to
meteorological offices;
7.10.3 state the basic services provided for ships by meteorological
offices and demonstrate ability to utilize this service to obtain
relevant information;
7.10.4 describe the type of information received by facsimile machine;
7.10.5 describe the services provided for storm warnings;
7.10.6 use the ship’s code and decode book to decode a reduced report
from a shore station and vice versa;
7.10.7 use Beaufort abbreviations for present and past weather
including clouds.
7.11 Weather Forecasting
7.11.1 apply previous concepts to the interpretation of symbols and
isobaric patterns on weather charts and facsimile charts;
7.11.2 apply previous concept to the interpretation of synoptic and
prognostic chart to ascertain wind direction, areas of strong
winds, clouds and precipitation areas;
7.11.3 explain how weather observations from a ship can be used to
improve the forecast derived from synoptic and prognostic
charts.
7.12 Oceanography
7.12.1 Ocean currents
7.12.1.1 explain the interrelation between the global wind
systems and the current systems of the ocean;
7.12.1.2 explain the main causes of ocean currents, wind-drift
currents and gradient currents;
7.12.1.3 explain the effect of evaporation and the effect of a
wind blowing a coastline and how these effects
influence the current;
7.12.1.4 explain the characteristics of ocean currents;
7.12.1.5 describe how to observe ocean current;
7.12.1.6 use available information and estimate the speed and
direction of the ocean current for a given position at a
given time;
7.12.1.7 explain the various methods of charting the currents;
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7.12.1.8
7.12.2 Waves
7.12.2.1
7.12.3
8.
describe the main current system of North Atlantic
Ocean, North Indian Ocean, south Indian Ocean,
North Pacific Ocean, and South Pacific Ocean.
explain the formation of waves;
7.12.2.1.1 explain why waves travel in group and
describe the variation in wave height
within a group;
7.12.2.1.2 describe how duration and fetch influence
the significant wave height;
7.12.2.1.3 illustrate the difference between waves
and swell;
7.12.2.1.4 explain wave refraction in shallow water;
7.12.2.1.5 explain how the decreasing depth in
shallow water causes an increasing wave
height and eventually breaking waves.
Ice on the Sea
7.12.3.1 state areas where fast ice is expected;
7.12.3.2 show the limits and movements of arctic and Antarctic
icebergs;
7.12.3.3 explain the danger of sailing in ice and iceberg areas;
7.12.3.4 state the normal signs of being in an iceberg area;
7.12.3.5 describe the conditions in which accumulation of ice
on ship occurs.
EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, CHEMICALS, TEACHING AIDS:
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
Aneroid Barometer
Barograph
Hygrometer/Psychrometer
Anemometer
Drawings/pictures of cloud formations
Various drawings/pictures of the condition of the sea under various
wind forces related to the Beaufort Scale
8.7 Maps showing predominant currents, and seasonal changes in
different areas of the world (Pilot charts)
8.8 Facsimile receiver
8.9 Admiralty list of radio signals - Vol. 3
8.10 At least one fully operational VHF Transmitter/Receiver for
radiotelephony and DSC, but preferably two sets
8.11 International Code Signals, including special flags and pennants and
their meaning as “one letter signals”
8.12 One dedicated MF/HF Watch Receiver for the DSC distress
frequencies
8.13 One dummy SART
8.14 One dummy satellite EPIRB
D64 – MET OCEAN
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9.
REFERENCES:
9.1 Meteorological office: Meteorology for Mariners. London HMSO, 3 rd
Edition.
9.2 Meteorological office: Mariners Observer’s Handbook. London
HMSO, 10th Edition.
9.3 IMO Model Course 7.03, 1999 Edition. ISBN 92-801-6105-9.
9.4 Ahustin, Anthony S. and Antojado, Danilo S. Meteorology and
Oceanography.
D64 – MET OCEAN
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