Download I. Rocks - keller-earth

Cycles and classification
I.
Rocks - a collection (by natural processes)of one or more minerals, or can be made of solid organic
matter
A.
Igneous rock
1.
formation
a.
Igneous = from fire
b.
formed from Magma (Bowen's Reaction Series)
(1)
as magma cools different minerals solidify at different temperatures
(2)
when crystals form from cooling magma it changes the comp. of the magma changes
(3)
different minerals begin to form as a result.
(4)
uses partial melting
(5)
fractional crystallization
(opposite of Partial melting)
(a)
the crystallization of certain mineral depending on the freezing point of the
mineral.
c.
i)
Highest freezing point 1st -larger crystals (most time to grow)
ii)
lowest last
textures
(1)
where did the magma cool???
(a)
Intrusive igneous rock
i)
forms inside the Earth's crust
ii)
cooling is slow
iii) course grained rock
(b)
extrusive igneous rock
i)
forms on the Earth's surface.
ii)
cooling is quick
iii) fine grained rock
(c)
others
i)
porphyritic texture
(1) cooling starts slow and speeds up as it approaches Earth
(2) course grain embedded in fine grain mineral
ii)
glassy (Obsidian)
(1) magma contains little dissolved gases
(2) magma cools too quickly for crystals to form and ions to align
themselves
iii) Vesicular (Pumice)
(1) large amounts of dissolved gases
(2) magma cools quickly like in glassy but gases come out of magma
forming a "foam"
(3) the rock solidifies trapping gases in vesicles
2.
classification
a.
felsic
(1)
large amounts of Silica
(2)
light color of main mineral parts.
(a)
(3)
(4)
b.
also contains
(a)
plagioclase
(b)
feldspar
(c)
Biotite
(d)
mica
(e)
muscovite mica
common rocks
(a)
granite
(b)
rhyolite
(c)
obsidian
(d)
pumice
mafic
(1)
rich in Mg and Fe
(2)
main components
(a)
(3)
(4)
c.
Potassium feldspar and quartz
plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene minerals
dark ferromagnesium minerals
(a)
hornblende
(b)
olivine
common rocks
(a)
basalt
(b)
gabbro
Intermediate rocks
combination of mafic and felsic rocks
(1)
d.
common rocks
(a)
diorite
(b)
andesite
structures
(1)
Batholiths
(a)
spans >100 sq. km
(b)
hearts of mountains
(2)
stock
span < 100 sq. km.
(3)
laccolith
magma flows between rock
B.
Sedimentary Rocks
a combination of different types of sediment cemented or compacted together.
1.
formation
a.
b.
compaction
(1)
loose mud is pressed together the water mixed with the sediments squeezed out
(2)
Pore space b/t sediment & volume is less
Cementation
loose sediment is glued together by sediment deposited by the water
2.
classes
a.
include how they are put together (chemical, organic, and clastic)
b.
Size
c.
shape
d.
composition of sediments rock is composed of.
e.
chemical
(1)
from minerals that were dissolved in soln. and then precipitate out when water
evaporates
f.
g.
(2)
left behind minerals are called evaporites.
(3)
Gypsum & Halite
organic
(1)
forms from the remains of old organisms
(2)
Coal & limestone
clastic
(1)
made of rock particles carried from their source by wind, water, or some other
means.
(2)
conglomerate
rounded pebbles ranging in size from minute mud to boulders cemented together
(3)
Breccia
similar to conglomerate but has angular corners.
(4)
sandstone
sand size particles cemented together
(5)
(a)
made of quartz
(b)
has pores which can contain water, oil or natural gas.
shale
clay size particles cemented/compacted together. Pressed into flat layers that easily
flake apart.
C.
Metamorphic Rocks
Rock that forms when igneous or sedimentary rock is altered by intense heat &/or pressure
1.
Contact Metamorphism
small area of rock around magma intrusion is changed by the heat.
2.
Regional Metamorphism
large areas from intense pressure of tectonic plates colliding
3.
classification
a.
foliated rocks
texture in which minerals arranged in bands
(1)
include
(a)
slate
from intense pressure on shale
(b)
schist
course grained, from intense pressure on slate.
(c)
gneiss
Banded minerals, from intense pressure on schist.
b.
non-foliated
no bands or aligned minerals (only 1 type of mineral)
(1)
include
(a)
Quartzite
from sandstone
i)
very hard
ii)
(b)
forms hills after other rock has weathered & eroded.
marble
from limestone
II.
i)
makes many ancient statues & monuments
ii)
Ca is vulnerable to chem. weathering by acid rain.
Cycles in the Earth systems
A.
Types
1.
Open System
a system in which materials can be introduced from the outside and material can leave the
system
2.
Closed System
a system in which materials can NOT leave or enter the system from the outside
B.
Nitrogen Cycle
cycle
a group of processes in which matter and energy repeatedly move through a series of reservoirs.
Reservoir
a device in which matter & energy are stored
1.
Reservoirs
a.
Atmosphere
78%of Atm. is Nitrogen gas
b.
soil
(1)
Bacteria fix N from atmosphere
fix Nitrogen =convert gaseous nitrogen to ammonia
live in nodules in plant roots
c.
Plants
absorb ammonia from soil through roots to make proteins
d.
Animal
eat plants
die & decompose
C.
Carbon Cycle
1.
Reservoirs
a.
Atmosphere (Carbon dioxide & Methane)
b.
Plants
c.
Animals
2.
d.
limestone
e.
fossil fuels
Pathways
a.
Plants convert Carbon dioxide to CH20
b.
Animals eat plants
c.
animals
(1)
Convert CH20 to C02 (Respiration)
(2)
Some Convert Carbon to Carbonate (shells & Bone)
d.
D.
Phosphorus Cycle
1.
2.
E.
Some plants & animals are converted to fossil fuels & released later as CO2 & CH4
Reservoirs
a.
Roils & Soil
b.
Plants
c.
Animals
Pathways
a.
Rock break down & P dissolve in water
b.
Plants absorb P thru roots
c.
Animals eat plants
d.
Animals die & decompose
Water Cycle
1.
2.
Reserviors
a.
Atm.
b.
Surfaces Ground water
Pathways
a.
water evaporates to vapor
b.
Vapor condenses to liquid
c.
liquid falls to surface as precipitation
Nitrogen cycle
I.
Atmosphere
A.
soil
1.
Plants
a.
Carbon Cycle
I.
Atm.
Animals
A.
Plant
1.
Animals
a.
2.
Limestone
fossil fuels
Phosphorus Cycle
I.
Rocks
A.
Plant
1.
Animals
Water Cycle
I.
Surface water
A.
water vapor in Atm.
1.
Precipitation