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Origins/Early years of the Cold War Lesson 1 of Unit 7 Name: ____________________Key_____________________ Date: ________________ Hour: ______ SCORE: /20 Objective: Examine events that led to the Cold War. Background: In many ways the Cold War began even before the guns fell silent in Germany and in the Pacific in 1945. Suspicion and mistrust had defined U.S./Soviet relations for decades and resurfaced as soon as the alliance against Adolf Hitler was no longer necessary. Competing ideologies and visions of the postwar world prevented U.S. president Harry S. Truman and Soviet premier Joseph Stalin from working together. Launch Activity/Bell Ringer/Foundation Material: Would you be willing to sign an oath swearing you are not a communist? Why? Why not? Answers will vary Unit 7 – U.S. History Individual: Read the portion of your text about the origins of the Cold War. Create a three-column chart summarizing the results of the postwar conferences. List the conference name in the left column, the issues facing the world leaders in the middle column, and the results (or decisions reached) in the right hand column. Conference Name Issue Plan postwar world What to do with Poland – Soviets Yalta - a Soviet resort on the Black Sea encouraged Polish Communists to up a new government - Roosevelt and Churchill argued that Poles should be free to choose their own government How would liberated Europe be governed? 7.1 What would be done with Germany? How would they pay their war debt? - Stalin demanded Germany pay heave reparations - Roosevelt agreed but insisted that reparations be based on Germany’s ability to pay Potsdam Results - Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to recognize the Polish government set up by the Soviets. - Stalin agreed that the government would include members of the prewar Polish government and that free elections would be held as soon as possible. - Also agreed to the Declaration of Liberated Europe. The declaration asserted “the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they will live” - Germany would be divided into four zones. Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and France would each control one zone. The four would also divide Berlin into four zones even though it was in the Soviet zone. - Germany would pay reparations with trade goods and products instead of cash. The Allies would be allowed to remove industrial machinery, railroad cars, and other equipment from Germany as reparations. Work out a deal on Germany – Truman - to work out a compromise, Truman offered took a stand against heavy reparations. He felt that industry was crucial to Germany’s survival. - Stalin felt that he needed Germany’s reparations and actually wanted Germany to pay much more Stalin a small amount of German industrial equipment from the other zones, but required the Soviets to pay for part of it with food shipments from their zone. He also offered to accept the new German-Polish border the Soviets has established. - Stalin agreed though suspicious of Truman Group Activity: In a small group read the following Primary Source excerpts and answer the questions that follow. Interpreting Primary Sources: Origins of the Cold War: The Containment Policy Reading 1: Soviet power...bears within itself the seeds of its own decay, and the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced...[If] anything were ever to disrupt the unity and efficacy of the Party as a political instrument, Soviet Russia might be changed overnight from one of the strongest to one of the weakest and most pitiable of national societies....This would...warrant the United States entering with reasonable confidence upon a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counter-force at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world. George Kennan Reading 2: At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. Truman Doctrine, 1947 Reading 3: The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products-principally from America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.... Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. The Marshall Plan, 1947 Reading 4: Article 5 The parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all; and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them...[will take] such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. The North Atlantic Treaty, 1949 Reading 5: Why, by inter-weaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and property in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humour, or caprice? It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world. George Washington, 1796 Reading 6: The security of the United States would again be seriously endangered if the entire European continent were once more to come under the domination of a power or an association of powers antagonistic to the United States....Today, the weakened condition in which the nations of Europe find themselves as a result of the destruction and privation of war has afforded a golden opportunity for a new aggressor....It is believed essential to the security of the United States, therefore, that it consolidate the friendship and support which it now enjoys from free and friendly nations. State Department Reading 7: The pact destroys the chances of European recovery. A permanently militarized Europe is doomed to living on an American dole. The pact is not an instrument of defense but a military alliance designed for aggression. It bypasses the United Nations and violates its Charter in a most flagrant manner. It divides the world permanently into two armed camps. And it provocatively establishes military bases on the borders of the Soviet Union. Henry Wallace Questions 1. Describe the containment policy. What was its goal? Answers will vary: May discuss keeping communism from spreading. 2. Why did the United States decide to broaden its overseas commitments? Did the Soviet threat justify this expansion of America's commitments? Answers will vary: May discuss isolationism which would prevent the U.S. from entering into alliances with other nations. May discuss the threatened security of the United States if Europe were to fall 3. Was the containment policy essentially offensive or defensive? Answers will vary Reading Activity: Joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was an important and controversial issue after World War II. There was a lot of discussion over the degree of involvement that the United States should take in foreign affairs. Opinions ranged from isolationism to an active role in the post-war world. Use the information provided in your text as well as the provided reading on NATO and the Warsaw Pact to prepare a persuasive argument for or against entering the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________ Answers will vary _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Reteaching Activity: Complete the following matching section. 1. m United States delivery of food and supplies into West Berlin a. Truman Doctrine 2. G Conference intended to plan the post war world b. Security 3. K Communist countries in Europe that were controlled by the soviets c. Reparations 4. E d. NATO 5. L Proposed recovery program which would give European nations American aid to rebuild their economies Separated the Communist nations of Eastern Europe from the West e. Marshall Plan 6. I Era of confrontation and competition between the United States and the f. Containment Soviet Union 7. N Conference intended to reach an agreement on Germany g. Yalta Conference 8. F United States practice of keeping the Soviets from expanding their power h. 9. A U.S. promise to fight the spread of communism worldwide i. Declaration of Liberated Europe Cold War 10. O Message containing the proposal for the American policy of containment j. Economy 11. D Mutual defense alliance between North America and Western Europe k. Satellite Nations 12. H l. Iron Curtain 13. B The right of people to choose the form of government under which they will live As WWII ended, the soviets were concerned with m. Berlin Airlift 14. J As WWII ended, the United States was concerned with n. Potsdam Conference 15. C Payments that Germany must make due to war damage caused o. Long Telegram